胥瀟云

英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，光靠語(yǔ)法并不能解決一切，但是不熟練掌握語(yǔ)法是萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不能的！解析近五年的高考英語(yǔ)題，處處離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)法。因?yàn)檫@幾年的考題表面上看似淡化了語(yǔ)法，但其實(shí)不然。只是高考英語(yǔ)單選題中對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考查更偏重于結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和綜合知識(shí)。除了單項(xiàng)選擇題，完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)和寫作等題型中其實(shí)都融合了對(duì)語(yǔ)法的考查。總之，現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法考查的綜合性更強(qiáng)。所以，應(yīng)對(duì)2009年高考語(yǔ)法，一定要了解它的命題特點(diǎn)，對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行過(guò)濾，圍繞核心內(nèi)容來(lái)備考。

高考語(yǔ)法題的特點(diǎn)

具體來(lái)說(shuō)，高考語(yǔ)法命題有以下三大特點(diǎn)。我們結(jié)合2004~2008年高考英語(yǔ)單選真題來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。

語(yǔ)法題考查的內(nèi)容均為高考考試大綱中所列的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，包括時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、連詞、詞義辨析及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析、情景交際等，且難度基本持平。以下為2004～2008年全國(guó)卷I的單選真題舉例。

時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1. — Has Sam finished his homework today?

— I have no idea. He ______ it this morning. (2004)

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

2. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn't taste like anything I _______ before. (2005)

A. was having B. have

C. have ever had D. had ever had

3. The house belongs to my aunt but she ________ here any more. (2006)

A. hasn't lived B. didn't live

C. hadn't lived D. doesn't live

4. The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time. (2007)

A. sold B. had been sold

C. were sold D. would sell

5. — Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?

— Yes, since she ________ the Chinese Society. (2008)

A. has joined B. joins

C. had joined D. joined

【分析】2004~2008年連續(xù)五年都有對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查。2004年的這道題考查的是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，選C；2005年的這道題考查的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，選C；2006年的這道題考查的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，選D；2007年的這道題考查的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，選C；2008年的這道題考查的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，選D。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

1. — Isn't that Ann's husband over there?

— No, it ______ be him. I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. (2004)

A. can't B. must not

C. won't D. may not

2. Tom, you ______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005)

A. wouldn't B. mustn't

C. needn't D. may not

3. There's no light on. They ______ be at home. (2006)

A. can't B. mustn't

C. needn't D. shouldn't

4. — How's your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

— It ______ be, but it is now heavily polluted. (2007)

A. will B. would

C. should D. must

【分析】情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法中的一個(gè)必考點(diǎn)，全國(guó)卷I連續(xù)幾年也都考查了這一考點(diǎn)。2004年考查的是“can't表否定的推測(cè)”，選A；2005年考查的是“mustn't(禁止、不準(zhǔn))，needn't（沒(méi)必要），may not（或許不）和wouldn't(不愿意)”四者的區(qū)別，選B；2006年考查的是“can't用于否定的推測(cè)，must用于肯定的推測(cè)”，選A；2007年考查的是“should表對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)”，選C。盡管2008年全國(guó)卷的單選中沒(méi)有專門的題目考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但很多地方卷中都考查了這一考點(diǎn)。

除了時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，連接詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、情景交際等在每年的高考題中都有體現(xiàn)，在此就不再一一列舉。

2004~2008年的高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法考查強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合性和語(yǔ)境化，重點(diǎn)考查語(yǔ)法在特定情景中的應(yīng)用，并且考查的重點(diǎn)突出，對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查較為密集，體現(xiàn)了其發(fā)展變化的特點(diǎn)。例如：

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1. "We can't go out in this weather," said Bob, ______ out of the window. (2004 全國(guó)卷II)

A. looking B. to look

C. looked D. having looked

2. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses ______ vacation to China. (2005 北京)

A. paying B. paid

C. to be paid D. being paid

3. I like getting up in the summer. The morning air is so good _________. (2008 全國(guó)卷I)

A. to be breathed B. to breathe

C. breathing D. being breathed

【分析】以上三題均是對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查。2004年全國(guó)卷II對(duì)這一考點(diǎn)的考查相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，考生只要能判斷出“現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、表伴隨進(jìn)行”就可輕松解題，選A。2005年北京卷的這道題在考查上有了些變化，加入了連詞and進(jìn)行干擾。很多考生看到題，誤以為連詞and連接的是兩個(gè)并列句，不知道該如何解題?？芍灰屑?xì)分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)and連接的就是兩個(gè)名詞，paid是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)修飾expenses，選B。2008年全國(guó)卷I的這道題的考查方式也有所變化。這道題考查不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不用被動(dòng)式的情況，在特定的語(yǔ)境中設(shè)置考題，用干擾項(xiàng)A來(lái)加大解題難度，簡(jiǎn)單中見(jiàn)真工夫。這道題選B。類似2008年的這類題可用一種方法來(lái)解：將該不定式置于句首，看句子是否成立。如：To breathe the morning air is so good. To answer the question is difficult.

時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1. — What would you do if it ______ tomorrow?

— We have to carry it on, since we've got everything ready. (2005 全國(guó)卷I)

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

2. The water _______ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. (2006 全國(guó)卷I)

A. was felt B. is felt

C. felt D. feels

【分析】以上兩題均是對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查。2005年的這道題是結(jié)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考點(diǎn)考查的，應(yīng)該選B。而2006年的這道題是結(jié)合被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中“感官動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)”這一特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象考查的，選C。

除了穩(wěn)定性、發(fā)展性這兩大特點(diǎn)，高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法題在設(shè)置上還具有很大的靈活性。語(yǔ)法題中有相當(dāng)一部分是根據(jù)學(xué)生的思維定式而設(shè)計(jì)的“陷阱題”。命題人主要通過(guò)增加句子的復(fù)雜程度、改變句子的正常結(jié)構(gòu)、利用相似易混的句式結(jié)構(gòu)等來(lái)設(shè)置干擾信息，增強(qiáng)對(duì)考點(diǎn)的考查力度。例如：

1. I won't call you, ________ something unexpected happens. (2007 全國(guó)卷I)

A. unless B. whether

C. because D. while

2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ________ to arrive. (2008 全國(guó)卷I)

A. is expected B. is expecting

C. expects D. will be expected

【分析】以上兩題均涉及“在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，若主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)”，也就是我們常說(shuō)的“主將從現(xiàn)”。但我們可以看到，對(duì)同一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，2007年和2008年的這兩道題的考查方式卻十分靈活：2007年的這道題側(cè)重對(duì)連接詞的考查，選A；而2008則把重心放在從句的時(shí)態(tài)上，同時(shí)還加入了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查，選A。

通過(guò)以上的分析，我們了解了高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法題的三大特點(diǎn)。下面我們來(lái)看一下該如何應(yīng)對(duì)。