劉珩,劉思國,武藝,馬梓力,劉煜,張愛民,陳建泉,成國祥
1 同濟(jì)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,上海 200092
2 上海轉(zhuǎn)基因研究中心,上海 201210
3 中國藥科大學(xué) 生化教研室,南京 210009
醫(yī)學(xué)與免疫生物技術(shù)
一種具有人VEGF結(jié)合活性的人源單一重鏈可變區(qū)的克隆與表達(dá)
劉珩1,2,劉思國2,武藝2,馬梓力1,2,劉煜3,張愛民2,陳建泉2,成國祥2
1 同濟(jì)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,上海 200092
2 上海轉(zhuǎn)基因研究中心,上海 201210
3 中國藥科大學(xué) 生化教研室,南京 210009
為避免一種來自五特征轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠的全人VEGF單克隆IgM抗體分子量大的不足,本研究探討了該抗體單一重鏈可變區(qū)的功能特性。首先,PCR獲得該抗體的重鏈可變區(qū),將該序列克隆至pET28a表達(dá)載體內(nèi),在大腸桿菌中進(jìn)行了誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)。通過變性純化和復(fù)性等方法獲得了具有生物學(xué)活性的16 kDa重組抗體片段——rhVVH。體外結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,rhVVH保留有完整免疫球蛋白的人VEGF結(jié)合活性。人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞 (HUVEC) 增殖抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:rhVVH可以劑量依賴性的抑制 HUVEC的增殖。上述結(jié)果揭示了該抗體單一重鏈可變區(qū)保留有完整抗體的部分功能,為進(jìn)一步開展全人源VEGF單克隆IgM抗體小型化研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
全人抗體,VEGF,單域抗體,重鏈抗體
Abstract:In the application of therapeutic antibodies, large molecular weight of antibodies is always a problem that prevents them from penetrating into tissues or binding to antigenic determinants. To overcome this problem, we investigated the function of the heavy chain variable domain of a monoclonal anti-VEGF human IgM antibody derived from the Five-Feature Translocus Mice. We cloned the cDNA of the heavy chain variable domain, which was then inserted into pET28a vector and expressed inEscherichia coli. After purification and renaturation of the denatured recombinant protein, we obtained a 16 kDa antibody fragment,which is named as rhVVH. By immunoassaying its VEGF-binding capabilityin vitro, we proved that rhVVH retains this activity as the complete IgM. Importantly, rhVVH is shown to inhibit the HUVEC cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Ourresults indicate that the single heavy chain variable domain might inherit part of the biological function of the complete IgM antibody, which provided a valuable potential in further research on antibody miniaturisation.
Keywords:human antibody, vascular endothelial growth factor, sdAbs, heavy-chain antibody
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子 (Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF) 在腫瘤的血管發(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮極其重要的作用。抑制VEGF及其受體可有效地抑制腫瘤從無血管期向血管期轉(zhuǎn)變,從而抑制腫瘤生長,并降低癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率[1]。FDA目前已批準(zhǔn)兩種靶向 VEGF的治療性抗體上市,即 Avastin和 LUCENTIS[2],另有數(shù)種靶向 VEGF的治療性抗體正在不同階段的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)。Avastin自 2004年上市以來被證明對于轉(zhuǎn)移性直腸癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤均有顯著的抑制效果。
目前幾乎所有被 FDA批準(zhǔn)上市或正在進(jìn)行臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)的治療性抗體都是人源化或嵌合IgG1抗體,具有分子量大和鼠源性兩方面的不足。大分子很難穿透組織或結(jié)合隱藏在抗原內(nèi)部的抗原決定簇[2]。抗體內(nèi)的鼠源成分會引起 HAMA反應(yīng) (Human anti-mouse antibody),在臨床應(yīng)用時(shí)導(dǎo)致抗體被迅速降解和清除[3]。目前克服這些不足的主要方法是制作全人抗體和對抗體進(jìn)行小型化改造 (如 Fab片段、單鏈抗體、單域抗體和CDR模擬抗體等)。其中,由單一重鏈或重鏈可變區(qū)構(gòu)成的單域抗體被證明具有出眾的進(jìn)入抗原分子表面空隙 (Cavity)的能力,同時(shí)還具有體積小、可溶性高、熱穩(wěn)定性好、重折疊能力強(qiáng)和體內(nèi)組織穿透性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),能夠較高水平保留完整抗體的抗原識別能力和親和力[4]。
我們使用人 VEGF165免疫五特征小鼠 (Fivefeature translocus mice),得到了一種具有治療效果的全人源VEGF單克隆IgM抗體 (HVmAb)[5]。為進(jìn)一步探索 HVmAb的抗原結(jié)合特性,降低抗體分子量,本研究克隆并表達(dá)了該抗體的重鏈可變區(qū)(VH),獲得了全人源VEGF抗體的小型片段,并探索了其功能特性。
1.1 培養(yǎng)物與試劑
V75 雜交瘤細(xì)胞系為本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存;pMD19-T載體購自 TaKaRa公司;pET28a表達(dá)載體購自Novagen公司;DH5α大腸桿菌和BL21 (DE3) 大腸桿菌為實(shí)驗(yàn)室自存;人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞 (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC) CRL-1730細(xì)胞株購自ATCC。
限制性內(nèi)切酶、LATaq聚合酶以及 RNA LA PCRTMKit (AMV) Ver.1.1反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購自TaKaRa公司;DMEM (High glucose) 培養(yǎng)基、0.25%胰蛋白酶購自Invitrogen公司;RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清購自 PAA公司;凝膠回收試劑盒、質(zhì)粒大提試劑盒購自 Qiagen公司;T4 DNA連接酶購自NEB公司;His親和層析純化試劑盒購自 Novagen公司;鼠抗His抗體和HRP標(biāo)記抗鼠第二抗體購自上海欣百諾生物科技有限公司;人VEGF標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品購自Sigma公司;VEGF多抗兔血清 (NB100-698) 購自 Novus公司;HVmAb單抗為本單位自制,提取自V75雜交瘤;鼠抗人λ鏈抗體購自Santa Cruz公司;Costar 96孔酶標(biāo)板購自Corning公司;聚組氨酸標(biāo)簽蛋白 (6×His) (BS-0287P) 購自北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司;CCK-8活細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)試劑盒購自日本同仁化學(xué)研究所;PCR引物合成和 DNA測序由上海Invitrogen公司完成。
1.2 重鏈可變區(qū)的克隆
雜交瘤細(xì)胞 V75的培養(yǎng)參照文獻(xiàn)[5]進(jìn)行。總RNA提取和反轉(zhuǎn)錄按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。參照文獻(xiàn)[6]進(jìn)行人免疫球蛋白重鏈可變區(qū) (Heavy chain variable region,VH) 擴(kuò)增,所用PCR引物見表1。PCR反應(yīng)條件為:94℃預(yù)變性 3 min;94℃變性30s,69℃退火30s,72℃延伸30s,30個(gè)循環(huán);最后72℃延伸7 min。預(yù)期大小的PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后回收,克隆入pMD19-T載體中。
1.3 序列分析
獲得的VH序列經(jīng)NCBI IgBLAST和IMGT分析VH區(qū)的功能片段。
表1 擴(kuò)增VH所使用的通用引物Table 1 Primers used to amplify VH region
1.4 VH重組蛋白的誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)
利用Hind III和NdeI酶切位點(diǎn)將VH片段定向插入pET28a表達(dá)載體中,形成重組質(zhì)粒pET-VH。將pET-VH轉(zhuǎn)入BL21受體菌,摸索最佳誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)溫度 (28℃、32℃和37℃) 和誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)時(shí)間 (1 h、2 h和 3 h)。
利用SDS/PAGE和Western blotting分析目的蛋白的表達(dá)情況和純化結(jié)果。Western blotting一抗為鼠抗6×His單抗,二抗為HRP標(biāo)記的抗鼠IgG抗體。
1.5 VH的純化
參照 Novagen HisBind純化試劑盒說明進(jìn)行rhVVH重組蛋白的純化。主要試劑配方為:結(jié)合緩沖液為:5 mmol/L咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.9);洗滌緩沖液為:60 mmol/L咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.9);洗脫液為:1 mol/L咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.9)。
rhVVH的變性純化方法為:菌體經(jīng)超聲裂解(強(qiáng)度 80,間隔 2 s,超聲 30s后間隔 30s,重復(fù)5次),5 000 ×g離心收集包涵體沉淀。用含有6 mol/L尿素的結(jié)合緩沖液溶解包涵體,0.45 μm濾膜過濾后,進(jìn)行Ni-NTA色譜柱純化。主要試劑配方為:結(jié)合緩沖液為:5 mmol/L咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,6 mol/L 尿素 (pH 7.9);洗滌緩沖液為:60 mmol/L 咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,6 mol/L 尿素 (pH 7.9);洗脫液為:1 mol/L咪唑,0.5 mol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,6 mol/L尿素 (pH 7.9)。
在4℃條件下,將變性純化獲得的rhVVH依次經(jīng)含4、2、1、0 mol/L尿素的50倍體積PBS透析復(fù)性。最后將復(fù)性好的rhVVH經(jīng)0.22 μm濾膜過濾除菌,4℃保存。
1.6 VEGF結(jié)合能力檢測
rhVVH的VEGF結(jié)合能力參考文獻(xiàn)[7]進(jìn)行,具體為:用0.5 μg/mL的人VEGF標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品包被酶標(biāo)板,每孔100 μL。將rhVVH做倍比稀釋,以HVmAb和VEGF多抗作為陽性對照組,pET28a空載體提取物作為陰性對照組。各組稀釋濃度、所用抗體情況如表2,每組3個(gè)重復(fù)。最后以O(shè)PD顯色,測定各樣品在490 nm處的光吸收值,計(jì)算平均值和方差。
1.7 HUVEC細(xì)胞的增殖抑制檢測
復(fù)蘇HUVEC細(xì)胞至100 mm培養(yǎng)皿,以含10%FBS的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)至90%密度,0.25%胰酶消化后計(jì)數(shù),按照每孔6×103個(gè)細(xì)胞鋪至24孔板。待 8 h細(xì)胞貼壁后,分別加入不同濃度rhVVH。陽性對照為兔抗人 VEGF多抗,6×His聚組氨酸標(biāo)簽蛋白和PBS作為陰性對照,每組3個(gè)重復(fù)。2~4 d后使用CCK-8試劑盒測定活細(xì)胞數(shù)量,測定450 nm處吸光度。
表2 樣品稀釋和抗體使用情況Table 2 Sample Concentration and antibodies used in ELISA
2.1 重鏈可變區(qū)的克隆和序列分析
經(jīng)引物配對嘗試確定,引物 VH5-1和引物VH3-3配對可高效擴(kuò)增出約350 bp的VH片段 (圖1A)。將該片段插入到pMD19-T載體中,酶切鑒定正確 (圖 1B)。
經(jīng)測序表明,所克隆的片段屬于人抗體重鏈基因家族。經(jīng)IgBLAST和IMGT/V-QUEST分析,得到了 VH區(qū)中的功能區(qū)域劃分 (圖 2)。該片段屬于人VH1家族,其中FR1到FR3區(qū)的296個(gè)堿基與IGHV1-2*02基因100%同源。
2.2 重組抗體片段的誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)和純化
圖1 VH片段瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析Fig.1 Agarose electrophoresis of cloned VH segment. (A) specific band of VH observed in PCR product at the predicted position(about 350 bp). (B) ampicillin selected T-Vector clones indentified withBamH I-Hind III. 1: clone I digested withBamH I-Hind III;2: clone II digested withBamH I-Hind III. (C) ampicillin selected T-Vector clones indentified withXbaI-XhoI. 1: clone I digested withXbaI-XhoI; 2: clone II digested withXbaI-XhoI.
圖2 VH片段序列分析和功能區(qū)劃分Fig.2 Sequence and domains analysis of VH.
圖3 rhVVH在BL21大腸桿菌中誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)條件的摸索Fig.3 SDS-PAGE analysis of the induction conditions of the expression of rhVVH in BL21E. coli. Proteins were separated by 15%SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. 1?2: lysis supernatant and debri of BL21 cell with no transferred plasmid induced at 37°C for 3 hours, as negative control; 3?8: lysis of BL21 cell harbouring the recombinant plasmid induced at 37°C; 9?14:lysis of BL21 cell harbouring the recombinant plasmid induced at 28°C; 15?20: lysis of BL21 cell harbouring the recombinant plasmid induced at 32°C. 3,4,9,10,15,16 indicate BL21 induced for one hour; 5,6,11,12,17,18 indicate BL21 induced for two hours;7,8,13,14,19,20 indicate BL21 induced for three hours; 3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 indicate lysis supernatant of BL21 cells;4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 indicate lysis debri of BL21 cells.
圖4 rhVVH表達(dá)和純化結(jié)果的鑒定Fig.4 SDS-PAGE (A/B) and Western blotting (C) analysis of expressed and purified rhVVH. (A) 1: lysis supernatant of rhVVH expression BL21 cell; 2: lysis debri of rhVVH expression BL21 cell. (B) Samples collected in denatured purification. 1: flow through; 2: wash; 3: eluted rhVVH. (C)Samples identified by an Anti-6×His tag Western blotting. 1:lysis supernatant of rhVVH expression BL21 cell; 2: lysis debri of rhVVH expression BL21 cell, as positive control; 3: flow through; 4: wash; 5: eluted rhVVH.
pET-VH轉(zhuǎn)入大腸桿菌BL21菌株,經(jīng)過嘗試后發(fā)現(xiàn)rhVVH在BL21表達(dá)系統(tǒng)中主要以包涵體形式表達(dá)(圖4A)。OD600≈0.6時(shí),加入1 mmol/L IPTG,32℃誘導(dǎo)3 h (圖3 樣品19)。Western blotting實(shí)驗(yàn)(圖4C樣品1、2) 驗(yàn)證了約16 kDa大小的特異條帶確為pET-28a中所帶片段表達(dá)的重組蛋白,大小亦符合預(yù)期。在非變性條件下,在多次嘗試誘導(dǎo)條件 (圖3) 后,仍難以得到較大量的可溶目的蛋白,而且非變性rhVVH的純化效果比較差 (數(shù)據(jù)未顯示),因此決定采用變性純化 (圖4B)。經(jīng)蛋白定量計(jì)算,每升菌液可獲得4.8 mg的rhVVH純品。
2.3 重組抗體結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)
將復(fù)性好的rhVVH純品與包被在ELISA板上的人VEGF進(jìn)行反應(yīng),然后通過6×His標(biāo)簽單抗進(jìn)行ELISA檢測。盡管實(shí)驗(yàn)各組所用一抗和酶標(biāo)抗體不一致,抗原抗體反應(yīng)效果不盡相同,但從圖5可見:與來源于V75雜交瘤的完整IgM單抗 (HVmAb組) 相比,rhVVH仍有較好的 VEGF結(jié)合能力,OD490呈現(xiàn)有較好的濃度梯度。
2.4 HUVEC細(xì)胞體外抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)
加入rhVVH后48 h觀察細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞數(shù)量可見明顯差異 (圖6),75 ng/mL rhVVH實(shí)驗(yàn)組顯示了與陽性對照接近的抑制HUVEC細(xì)胞增殖的效果,并在與加VEGF組的對比中顯示了與VEGF的拮抗作用。
放大給藥濃度重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn),在培養(yǎng)120 h后使用CCK-8試劑盒對活細(xì)胞數(shù)進(jìn)行測定 (圖 7),結(jié)果顯示rhVVH對HUVEC細(xì)胞有一定抑制作用,且抑制作用與濃度正相關(guān)。
圖5 rhVVH結(jié)合VEGF活性實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度曲線Fig.5 VEGF-binding activity assay of rhVVH. (A)ELISA results of rhVVH, HVmAb, VEGF-pAb and NC. Lane 1 to lane 5 of each sample were added following the concentrations shown in Table 2. (B) Statistics ofOD490for ELISA. 50 ng per well VEGF was coated; rhVVH with concentration ranged from 5.926 μg/mL to 480 μg/mL (1:3 dilution for 4 times); polyclonal rabbit VEGF antibody (VEGF-pAb) with concentration ranged from 0.309 μg/mL to 25 μg/mL (1:3 dilution for 4 times) as positive control;HVmAb with concentration ranged from 6.173 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL (1:3 dilution for 4 times) as another control; Empty pET28a vector 6His-tagged expression extract with concentration ranged from 6.173 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL (1:3 dilution for 4 times) as negative control; OPD working solution added to VEGF coated well as blank.
通過IgBlast和IMGT比對所得的VH序列,發(fā)現(xiàn)VH屬于人免疫球蛋白 VH1家族,F(xiàn)R1到 FR3的 296個(gè)堿基與 IGHV1-2*02有 100%同源性。1987年,Schroeder等[8]在研究人死亡B細(xì)胞的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了IGHV1-2*02,具體功能不詳。本研究揭示該基因編碼的重鏈可變區(qū)多肽具有人VEGF的結(jié)合活性。ELISA結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,與完整抗體相比,rhVVH保留了體外VEGF結(jié)合活性,符合通常認(rèn)為的:重鏈在結(jié)合抗原過程中起主要作用,輕鏈的缺失會降低抗體與抗原的親和力[10]。
圖6 HUVEC細(xì)胞典型密度Fig.6 Typical HUVEC cell density. (A) 100 ng/mL polyclonal rabbit anti-VEGF antibody with 3 ng/mL VEGF.(B) 100 ng/mL polyclonal rabbit anti-VEGF antibody. (C)75 ng/mL 6×His with 3 ng/mL VEGF. (D) 75 ng/mL 6×His. (E)0.1% (V/V) PBS with 3 ng/mL VEGF. (F) 0.1% (V/V) PBS. (G)75 ng/mL rhVVH with 3 ng/mL VEGF. (H) 75 ng/mL rhVVH.(I) 15 ng/mL rhVVH with 3 ng/mL VEGF. (J) 15 ng/mL rhVVH. (K) 3 ng/mL rhVVH with 3 ng/mL VEGF. (L) 3 ng/mL rhVVH.
圖7 HUVEC細(xì)胞抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)Fig.7 HUVEC inhibition result. HUVEC cell cultured with different concentration (ranged from 62.5 ng/mL to 2 000 ng/mL)of rhVVH added in medium. Equal volume of PBS were added as negative control.
在細(xì)胞增殖抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)中,rhVVH顯示出了抑制HUVEC CRL-1730細(xì)胞的增殖活性。前期研究已表明,HVmAb所識別的 VEGF表位可以有效阻斷VEGF的血管促生活性,并抑制腫瘤生長[5]??梢姡瑀hVVH抗體片段可被應(yīng)用于篩選和生產(chǎn)高親和力的工程抗體,這種篩選過程可通過近年來發(fā)展起來的丙氨酸替換、胚系基因熱點(diǎn)突變等技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)[11-12]。
圖8 獲得的無義輕鏈可變區(qū)序列Fig.8 Sequence and domains analysis of VL.
將抗體的CDR區(qū)獨(dú)立拼裝組成的CDR多肽也能夠保留原抗體的抗原結(jié)合活性[13]。筆者在嘗試相關(guān)研究過程中 (結(jié)果未發(fā)表),克隆出了一條無義HVmAb輕鏈 (圖8) 和一條有義HVmAb輕鏈可變區(qū)的基因,該無義輕鏈基因來源于 λ鏈基因所在的22號染色體,與V2-4P序列99.2%同源。造成兩種輕鏈基因共存的原因,筆者認(rèn)為可能與五特征小鼠中人源和小鼠的內(nèi)源抗體基因共存有關(guān)。五特征小鼠攜帶有人重鏈、κ鏈和λ鏈基因,小鼠的內(nèi)源重鏈和κ鏈基因被抑制,而λ鏈基因仍處于激活狀態(tài)[14]。Ren等[15]也曾報(bào)道過這種異源抗體基因共存引發(fā)抗體基因異常表達(dá)的現(xiàn)象,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種源于 SP2/0的雜交瘤細(xì)胞中都存在 κ鏈基因的異常重排和表達(dá)。不過,目前關(guān)于Vλ家族中的假基因在B細(xì)胞成熟過程中如何影響抗體序列的重排還無定論,也不排除假基因在抗體形成過程中發(fā)揮有重要功能 (如雞的抗體形成[16])。由此看來,五特征小鼠可作為研究人免疫球蛋白λ鏈重排機(jī)制的模型動(dòng)物。
IgM 是免疫球蛋白各個(gè)亞型中較早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類,并很快應(yīng)用于短期感染的檢測。但是由于 IgM分子量巨大,很難被用于體內(nèi)免疫治療。本研究,證實(shí)了來源于全人源VEGF單克隆IgM抗體的重鏈可變區(qū)仍保留有完整抗體的部分功能,這為進(jìn)一步開展抗體小型化和功能特性分析奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
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Cloning and expression of a single human immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable domain with vascular endothelial growth factor binding activity
Heng Liu1,2, Siguo Liu2, Yi Wu2, Zili Ma1,2, Yu Liu3, Aimin Zhang2, Jianquan Chen2,and Guoxiang Cheng2
1School of Life Science and Technology,Tongji University,Shanghai200092,China
2Shanghai Transgenic Research Center,Shanghai201210,China
3Department of Biochemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,Nanjing210009,China
Received:February 10, 2010;Accepted:May 10, 2010
Supported by:National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30672478), Science and Technology Major Projects of Major New Drug Development of China (No. 2009ZX09103-654).
Corresponding author:Siguo Liu. Tel: +86-21-51380637; E-mail: lsg@cngenon.com
國家自然科學(xué)基金 (No. 30672478),國家新藥創(chuàng)制重大專項(xiàng) (No. 2009ZX09103-654) 資助。