• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看

      ?

      牧草中水溶性碳水化合物及其影響因素

      2011-06-08 08:22:24黃德君毛祝新傅華
      草業(yè)學報 2011年6期
      關鍵詞:雞腳黑麥草碳水化合物

      黃德君,毛祝新,傅華

      (蘭州大學草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學院,甘肅 蘭州730020)

      植物中水溶性碳水化合物(water soluble carbohydrate,WSC)是指構(gòu)成植物細胞壁及細胞內(nèi)容物中可溶或易溶性碳水化合物的總稱[1],主要包括果聚糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、棉子糖和水蘇糖等。一些研究表明,提高飼草中WSC含量可以促進反芻動物對蛋白質(zhì)的利用[2]和干物質(zhì)的吸收[3-5],提高奶蛋白產(chǎn)量[5],減少溫室氣體的排放[6-10]。顯然提高牧草中WSC的含量,對反芻家畜生產(chǎn)和減少環(huán)境污染具有重要意義。牧草中WSC的含量與遺傳、環(huán)境和生長時期等因素密切相關[11-14]。本研究就遺傳與環(huán)境等因素對牧草WSC的影響及機理方面的研究進展進行綜述,旨在為進一步的深入研究提供參考。

      1 牧草種、生長時期與部位

      1.1 牧草種與品種

      牧草WSC的含量及各組分的比例與其遺傳特性有關,不同的牧草種、品種含量差異很大(表1)。一般禾本科牧草的WSC總量比豆科牧草的高12%~15%[15,16],且果聚糖含量高于豆科牧草,青貯時不用添加劑就可穩(wěn)定發(fā)酵[17]。溫帶禾本科牧草中,黑麥草 WSC含量最高,有些品種達干物質(zhì)的30%以上,雞腳草最低,僅4%[18-20]。豆科牧草小葉錦雞兒和白三葉WSC含量高于沙打旺和小冠花[16]。同種牧草生長在熱帶其WSC含量低于溫帶[6,7]。同種牧草的不同品種間WSC含量也有差異:Henderson[19]分析了多年生黑麥草的二倍體和四倍體材料后,發(fā)現(xiàn)四倍體WSC含量高于二倍體[21,22],Volaire和Lelievre[23]在雞腳草的研究中也得到類似結(jié)論。在相同處理條件下,同一部位意大利黑麥草 WSC含量高于多年生黑麥草[24-26]。Sanada等[20]研究表明,晚熟品種的雞腳草比早熟品種WSC含量高。

      1.2 生長時期

      牧草WSC含量的日變化受光合作用的影響,其含量從清晨到傍晚先逐漸增加,而后下降[38,45,46]。Lechtenberg等[46]研究高羊茅得出,這種日變化主要由蔗糖和葡萄糖含量變化引起。牧草WSC的季節(jié)變化從萌動開始增加到展葉期含量有所下降,而后很快增加,一年內(nèi)可能出現(xiàn)一個或多個峰值,峰值的出現(xiàn)因環(huán)境而異[47]。通常禾本科牧草在開花前WSC的含量最高[48]。Waite和Boyd[18]通過田間試驗證明,多年生黑麥草莖基部 WSC含量在營養(yǎng)生長期積累,在生殖生長期減少,此時WSC轉(zhuǎn)化為淀粉儲存在種子中。這一結(jié)論在后續(xù)研究中在多種植物中被證實[30,49]。

      表1 各種牧草中WSC含量Table 1 The content of water-soulble carbohydrate in a variety of grass

      1.3 牧草部位

      WSC在牧草各組織器官中并不均勻分配[24],牧草莖基部和根(根莖、鱗莖)中所含WSC一般較多,但是禾本科植物的葉鞘也是WSC貯存的主要器官[50,51],另外,在牧草生長組織(葉伸長區(qū)、根尖)WSC含量較高;土壤水分條件良好的植株葉基部WSC最高,比葉鞘高2倍以上,且幼嫩葉片比成熟葉片的WSC含量高[52]。意大利黑麥草殘茬中的WSC含量最高,隨后是伸長及擴展的葉片和根,這主要是因為葉鞘沒有從殘茬中分離出來,所以殘茬碳水化合物的水平較高,又由于伸長的葉片代謝比擴展的葉片高,導致增加的果聚糖存儲在伸長的葉片組織中[28]。Turner等[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)雞腳草與雀麥莖稈中距地面11~20mm區(qū)域WSC含量最高,且70%WSC集中在2種牧草0~60mm的莖中,鴨茅莖中離地面41~100mm部分WSC含量基本穩(wěn)定,而雀麥為逐漸減少(表2)。且莖基部-根冠的WSC介于根與莖之間[26],莖節(jié)比節(jié)間的WSC含量低[24],但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雞腳草和牛尾草(Festucaelatior)莖葉部 WSC含量高于根部[54]。

      2 環(huán)境

      2.1 水分

      水分脅迫影響植物體中碳水化合物代謝過程。一些試驗表明,在干旱前期,牧草的 WSC[55,56]和果聚糖含量增加[23],隨著脅迫加劇,WSC含量減少[57,58],即干旱脅迫時,植物體內(nèi)WSC含量表現(xiàn)為先增加后減少的趨勢[59]。Thomas[57]認為多年生黑麥草蔗糖和果聚糖含量在干旱時增加,低聚三糖、四糖含量降低。雞腳草在干旱50d后葉組織中WSC含量增加40%~50%[23]。但也有試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),在干旱條件下,多年生黑麥草莖基部組織的蔗糖和己糖濃度增加,而果聚糖和其他 WSC含量減少[60,61],主要是因為干旱時果聚糖水解為小分子化合物,增加了植物的滲透勢,降低水勢[60],增加植物的抗干旱能力[61,62]。而水分脅迫條件下,雞腳草體內(nèi)果聚糖含量增加,但水解過程也有所加強[23]。

      Jiang和Wang[63]發(fā)現(xiàn)在水淹脅迫條件下,匍匐翦股穎(Agrostisstolonifera)芽的WSC含量增加,這主要是缺氧條件下,牧草根和芽的碳水化合物含量增加[64]。

      表2 牧草各部位WSC的含量[53]Table 2 The water-soluble carbohydrate relations to segment of grasses

      2.2 溫度

      植物光合和呼吸作用是在一系列酶促反應下完成,溫度通過調(diào)節(jié)酶的活性來影響植物體內(nèi)的生化反應。Baker和Jung[65]對梯牧草、雀麥、雞腳草和草地早熟禾進行溫度控制試驗,結(jié)果顯示,夜晚溫度從1.8℃增加到18.3℃幾種牧草WSC含量減少的幅度大于白天溫度從18.3℃增加到34.8℃,因為適宜地增加白天溫度可使光合作用和呼吸作用都增強,而增加夜晚溫度特別是高于最適溫度僅使植物的呼吸作用增強[66]。低溫使WSC含量增加[11,67],植物根中的 WSC含量在低溫(1.2~2.3℃)要比高溫(20.4~32.7℃)高近3倍[68]。冬季在光照充足且溫度適宜時,牧草 WSC濃度最高[69-71],主要是由于這時有較低的呼吸速率,Sanada等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn) WSC含量與雞腳草的抗寒性呈正相關關系。由此可見,在低溫條件下,牧草葉片中可溶性糖的積累是其適應低溫環(huán)境的一種反應。

      2.3 光照

      光照強度和光照時間影響植物的光合速率和WSC含量。黑麥草WSC含量在相同溫度條件下(白天15℃,晚間10℃),低光照強度(90g/kg DM)僅是高光照強度的1/4[72]。Fulkerson和 Trevaskis[73]研究表明,葉片和刈割后殘茬中的WSC含量變化與每天的光照時間和太陽輻射量呈正相關關系,但是在試驗最后6d的陰云天氣下,殘茬和葉片的WSC含量下降50%以上。Mackenzie和Wylam[74]發(fā)現(xiàn)遮光的黑麥草蔗糖含量在24h內(nèi)迅速下降,而果聚糖含量在24h后保持不變,48h后稍有減少。Ciavarella等[38]觀察喜濕虉草遮光后除蔗糖以外的WSC成分都減少,但是在除去遮蓋物2~4h后,減少的量又恢復,Waite和Boyd[18]及 Marais等[75]在意大利黑麥草的研究中也得出相同結(jié)論。由此可見,減少光照強度會降低牧草WSC含量。

      2.4 鹽分

      可溶性糖既是植物生長中合成其他有機物的碳架和能量來源,又是滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì),鹽脅迫對WSC含量也有影響。劉華等[36]對2年生的堿茅經(jīng)硫酸鹽混合液處理約半月之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其葉片和根系中非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物(淀粉+可溶性糖)含量在低鹽和高鹽脅迫下均降低。肖強等[35]對不同鹽濃度溶液培養(yǎng)的互花米草研究表明,在高鹽度(50‰)海水下,互花米草葉片中可溶性糖含量隨鹽濃度增加總體上呈上升趨勢。Chiy和Phillips[15]研究了添加鈉對白三葉和多年生黑麥草的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)鈉鹽使多年生黑麥草WSC含量增加,而使白三葉減少。這可能是由于鈉使豆科牧草固氮能力增強,導致固氮菌消耗了較多的WSC,使植物WSC含量減少[76];而在多年生黑麥草中鈉可以刺激液泡膜上的ATP酶活性,來增加蔗糖含量[77],或者在喜鈉植物中激活淀粉合成酶增加WSC的含量。

      3 管理

      3.1 氮、磷、鉀

      氮素是構(gòu)成蛋白質(zhì)的主要成分,能促進植物的光合作用和干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn),是植物生長的重要元素之一。土壤中礦物質(zhì)缺乏時,牧草體內(nèi)部分有機化合物不能合成,使得WSC的利用率降低,含量相對增加。但長期缺乏會使牧草的生長受阻,葉面積也會受到影響,最終WSC含量也會下降,因此,適量施肥(氮、鉀)增加牧草WSC含量[75,78-80],只有過多施用時,WSC才會降低[81]。但更多的研究表明,增施氮肥可增加牧草中粗蛋白含量,降低WSC含量[82-84]。Reid和Strachan[82]對多年生黑麥草進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),牧草粗蛋白含量增加一個單位,WSC含量降低一個單位,但是這種增加是短期的。氮肥的長期施用可以提高牧草產(chǎn)量和 WSC含量[72,85],這是因為氮肥施加以后經(jīng)過一段時間,牧草吸收利用增加了植株光合葉面積而使 WSC含量增加[86]。李焰焰[81]研究表明,氮肥分次施用比一次基施對提高小黑麥(Triticale)生育中期(拔節(jié)到抽穗)的全株可溶性糖含量效果要好。磷、鉀等的缺乏常導致植株光合效率下降,光抑制增強,從而使植株光合產(chǎn)物的積累減少,進而影響光合產(chǎn)物的運轉(zhuǎn)分配。但是牧草中此類研究報道較少,僅有一些缺磷、鉀對大豆(Glycinemax)、菜豆(Phaseolusvulgaris)等水溶性碳水化合物在植物中的含量和分配的研究報道[87]。

      3.2 CO2濃度

      CO2是植物光合作用的原料,但大氣中的CO2一般不能滿足植物光合作用的需求,所以它常是光合作用的限制因子[88]。因此,CO2可作為肥料,提高環(huán)境中CO2的濃度能夠增加豆科牧草苜蓿[89]和落地三葉草葉片中的淀粉含量[90]。Baxter等[91]在CO2濃度分別為680和340μmol/mol條件下比較了細弱翦股穎(A.capillaris)、F.vivipara和高山早熟禾3種牧草中WSC含量的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)105d后,高濃度下F.vivipara及高山早熟禾葉片及葉鞘WSC含量增加,而細弱翦股穎在58d后,葉片和葉鞘WSC減少;高濃度的CO2使F.vivipara及細弱翦股穎根部的WSC分別減少25%和55%,但對高山早熟禾根部WSC含量沒有影響。Baxter等[91]也證明短期在適宜范圍內(nèi)提高CO2濃度,能促進植物光合同化的能力,但時間延長反而會影響光合作用的進行。

      3.3 家畜采食與刈割

      草地管理影響牧草體內(nèi)養(yǎng)分分配及其含量。Grant等[92]報道,增加家畜采食和刈割的強度(減少留茬高度,會導致多年生黑麥草中的WSC含量減少[93,94]。Donaghy[95]證實家畜的采食間隔時間越短,牧草中WSC含量就越低,這一結(jié)論與Fulkerson[96]研究一致。張光輝[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),在羊草刈割后第1天內(nèi),牧草地上根莖部 WSC含量表現(xiàn)為增加的趨勢,第2天開始(除蔗糖外)逐漸降低,第6天降至最低值,尤其是果聚糖和甘露醇,其降幅分別達到50%和70%;至刈割后第12天,各種WSC的含量開始逐漸增加。WSC的分配方式可刺激牧草的分蘗[30],直接影響其再生[97,98]。另外,第2茬牧草比第1茬的 WSC含量低[99]。王靜等[98]對放牧干擾下冷蒿種群葉綠素、可溶性糖含量的變化進行了研究,結(jié)果表明,在不同的放牧梯度上,1年齡冷蒿,可溶性糖含量隨著放牧強度的增加顯著降低;在多年齡冷蒿中,可溶性糖含量隨著放牧強度的增加變化不顯著。

      4 小結(jié)

      碳水化合物代謝作為植物最基本的代謝過程之一,其在牧草體內(nèi)含量的變化受到遺傳、部位和不同生長時期的影響,另外溫度、水分、鹽等非生物脅迫均對植物WSC含量有不同程度的影響。不同營養(yǎng)元素對牧草WSC的代謝影響也不盡相同,在適宜范圍內(nèi),能提高可溶性糖的含量,促進植物生長;而過量時,則對植物生長及可溶性糖積累起反作用。草地管理措施得當也能有效地促進可溶性糖向植物的生殖器官輸入。綜上所述,植物對各種外界因素的響應,均能通過植株體內(nèi)可溶性碳水化合物的變化表現(xiàn)出來。已有研究結(jié)果表明,可溶性碳水化合物中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和低聚合度的果聚糖均可能是信號物質(zhì)[100]。盡管目前對植物WSC的代謝及其對各因素的響應有較為深入的了解,但是關于水溶性碳水化合物代謝對環(huán)境脅迫的響應機制尚不完全清楚,雖然“糖信號”在植物生長發(fā)育過程中的作用日益受到重視,但是各種水溶性碳水化合物作為信號物質(zhì)在植物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的作用還不明確,亦有待進一步的研究。

      [1]任繼周.草業(yè)大辭典[M].北京:農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2008:765.

      [2]Beever D E,Terry R A,Cammell S B,etal.The digestion of spring and autumn harvested perennial ryegrass by sheep[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,1978,90:463-470.

      [3]Bailey R W.Pasture quality and ruminant nutrition.I.Carbohydrate composition of ryegrass varieties grown as sheep pastures[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1964,7:496-507.

      [4]Hight G K,Sinclair D P,Lancaster R J.Some effects of shading and of nitrogen fertiliser on the chemical composition of freezedried and oven dried herbage,and on the nutritive value of ovendried herbage fed to sheep[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1968,11:286-302.

      [5]Carruthers V R,Neil P G.Milk production and ruminal metabolites from cows offered two pasture diets supplemented with nonstructural carbohydrate[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1997,40:513-521.

      [6]Van Soest P J.Nutrition Ecology of the Ruminant(2nd ed)[M].Ithaca,NY:Cornell Universitiy Press,1994.

      [7]Kurihara M,Magner T,Hunter R A,etal.A SF6tracer technique:Methane measurements from rumi-Methane production and energy partition of cattle in the tropics[J].Washington State University,Pullman British Journal Nutrition,1999,81:227-234.

      [8]孫維斌,胡建紅.反芻動物瘤胃甲烷的產(chǎn)生及調(diào)控研究進展[J].黃牛雜志,1999,6:37-39.

      [9]于震,張永根.反芻動物瘤胃甲烷的產(chǎn)生及調(diào)控措施[J].黑龍江畜牧獸醫(yī),2007,9:35-36.

      [10]周懌,刁其玉.反芻動物瘤胃甲烷氣體生成的調(diào)控[J].草食家畜,2008,4:21-24.

      [11]Storozhenko V A.Effect of environmental factors on contents of water-soluble carbohydrates in pasture fodder[J].Doklady Moskovskoi Sel’skokhozyaistvennoi Akademiiim,K.A.-Timiryazeva,1972,180:201-204.

      [12]Fulkerson A,Donaghy D J.Plant-soluble carbohydrate reserves and senescence-key criteria for developing an effective grazing management system for ryegrass-based pastures:a review[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2001,41:261-275.

      [13]裴彩霞.牧草中的水溶性碳水化合物[J].四川草原,2005,6:13-16.

      [14]史建偉,張育平,王孟本,等.植物體內(nèi)非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物變化及其影響因素[J].湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學,2008,47(1):112-115.

      [15]Chiy P C,Phillips C C.Effects of sodium fertiliser on the distribution of trace elements,toxic metals and water-soluble carbohydrates in grass and clover fractions[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1999,79:2017-2024.

      [16]裴彩霞,董寬虎,范華.不同刈割期和干燥方法對牧草營養(yǎng)成分含量的影響[J].中國草地,2002,24(1):32-37.

      [17]張英來.影響青貯飼料質(zhì)量的因素[J].中國乳業(yè),2002,5:14-16.

      [18]Waite R,Boyd J.The water-soluble carbohydrates of grasses.1.Changes occurring during the normal life-cycle[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1953,4:197-204.

      [19]Henderson A R.Effect of feeding with a trytophan-free amino acid mixture on rat liver magnesium ion-activated deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase[J].Biochemical Journal,1973,33(3):291-302.

      [20]Sanada Y,Takai T,Yamada T.Genetic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in diverse cultivars ofDactylis glomerataL.during vegetative growth[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2004,55:1183-1187.

      [21]Jones E L,Roberts J E.A note on the relationship between palatability and water soluble carbohydrates content in perennial ryegrass[J].Irish Journal Agricultural Research,1991,30:163-167.

      [22]Hageman I W,Lantinga E A,Schlepers H.Opname,voederwaarde,melkproduktie en zodekwaliteit bij beweiding van diploid en tetraloid Engels Raaigras:verslag vaneen tweejarig vergelijkend onderzoek[D].Wageningen,The Netherlands:Wageningen University,1992.

      [23]Volaire F,Lelievre F.Production,presistence,and water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in 21contrasting populations ofDactylisglomerataL.subjected to severe drought in the south of France[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1997,48(7):933-944.

      [24]Wilman D,Altimimi M A K.The digestibility and chemical composition of plant parts in Italian and perennial ryegrass during primary growth[J].Journal of Science Food Agriculture,1982,33:595-602.

      [25]Wilman D,Altimimi M A K.Differences between rated grasses times of year and plant parts in digestibility and chemical composition[J].Journal of Agricultural Science(Cambridge),1996,127:311-318.

      [26]McGrath D.Seasonal variation in the water-soluble carbohydrates of perennial and Italian ryegrass under cutting conditions[J].Irish Journal of Agricultural Research,1988,27(23):131-139.

      [27]Slack k.Growth and forage quality of prairie grass(BromuswilldenowiiKunth)in response to temperature and defoliation[D].Armidale,Nsw,Australia:University of New England,2000.

      [28]Baron V S,Dick A C,Bjorge M,etal.Accumulation period for stockpiling perennial forages in the Western Canadian Prairie Parkland[J].Agronomy Journal,2005,97:1508-1514.

      [29]Volaire F,Conéjero G,Lelièvre F.Drought survival and dehydration tolerance inDactylisglomerataandPoabulbosa[J].Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,2001,28:743-754.

      [30]張光輝.內(nèi)蒙古四種不同生活型草原植物碳水化合物的季節(jié)性動態(tài)變化及其對刈割的響應[D].山東:山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2005:1-96.

      [31]Smit H J,Tas B M,Taweel H Z,etal.Effects of perennial ryegrass(LoliumperenneL.)cultivars on herbage production,nutritional quality and herbage intake of grazing dairy cows[J].Grass and Forage Science,2005,60:297-309.

      [32]Sandrin C Z,Domingos M,F(xiàn)igueiredo-Ribeiro R C L.Partitioning of water soluble carbohydrates in vegetative tissues ofLoliummultiflorumLam.ssp.italicum cv.Lema[J].Brazil Journal of Plant Physiology,2006,18(2):299-305.

      [33]Miron J,Solomon R,Adin G,etal.Effects of harvest stage and re-growth on yield,composition,ensilage andinvitrodigestibility of new forage sorghum varieties[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2006,86:140-147.

      [34]Tava A,Berardo N,Cunico C,etal.Cultivar differences and seasonal changes of primary metabolites and flavor constituents in tall fescue in relation to palatability[J].Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,1995,43:43-98.

      [35]肖強,鄭海雷,陳瑤,等.鹽度對互花米草生長及脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白質(zhì)含量的影響[J].生態(tài)學雜志,2005,24(4):373-376.

      [36]劉華,舒孝喜,趙銀,等.鹽脅迫對堿茅生長及碳水化合物含量的影響[J].草業(yè)科學,1997,14(1):18-20.

      [37]Sanada Y,Takai T,Yamada.Inheritance of the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates and its relationship with the concentrations of fibre and crude protein in herbage of cocksfoot(DactylisglomerataL.)[J].Grass and Forage Science,2007,62:322-331.

      [38]Ciavarella T A,Simpson R J,Dove H,etal.Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates inPhalaris aquaticaL.pasture in spring,and the effect of short-term shading[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2000,51:749-756.

      [39]Bertrand A,Tremblay G F,Pelletier S,etal.Yield and nutritive value of timothy as affected by temperature,photoperiod and time of harvest[J].Grass and Forage Science,2008,63:421-432.

      [40]Wang Z W.Temporal variation of water-soluble carbohydrate in the rhizome clonal grassLeymuschinensisin response to defoliation[J].Journal of Plant Ecology(Chinese Version),2007,31(4):673-679.

      [41]Francisco E,Govea C,Albrecht K A.Forage production and nutritive value of oat in autumn and early summer[J].Crop Science,2006,46:2382-2386.

      [42]Francis S A,Chapman D F,Doyle P T,etal.Dietary preferences of cows offered choices between white clover and‘high sugar’and‘typical’perennial ryegrass cultivars[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2006,46:1579-1587.

      [43]Kaiser A G,Dear B S,Morris S G.An evaluation of the yield and quality of oat-legume and ryegrass-legume mixtures and legume monocultures harvested at three stages of growth for silage[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2007,47:25-38.

      [44]Fraser M D,F(xiàn)ychan R,Jones R.The effect of harvest date and inoculation on the yield,fermentation characteristics and feeding value of forage pea and feld bean silages[J].Grass and Forage Science,2001,56:218-230.

      [45]Holt D A,Hilst A R.Daily variation in carbohydrate content of selected forage crops[J].Agronomy Journal,1969,61:239-242.

      [46]Lechtenberg V L,Holt D A,Youngberg H W.Diurnal variation in nonstructural carbohydrates ofFestucaarundinacea(Schreb.)with and without N fertilizer[J].Agronomy Journal,1972,64:302-305.

      [47]Chun W B,Kim D A,Dark J M.Effect of nitrogen fertilization during early growth duration on the total water-soluble carbohydrate,nitrate and crude protein coment in orchardgress[A].Proceeding of the XV International Grassland Congress[C].Kyoto,Japan,1985:504-505.

      [48]Gonzalez B,Boucaud J,Salette J,etal.Fructan and cryoprotection in regrass(LoliumperenneL.)[J].New Phytologist,1990,115(2):319-323.

      [49]Griffith S M.Changes in post-anthesis assimilates in stem and spike components of Italian ryegrass(LoliummultiflorumLam.).I.Water soluble carbohydrates[J].Annals of Botany,1992,69:243-248.

      [50]Davies A G.The regrowth of grass swards[A].In:Jones M B,Lazenby.The Grass Crop[M].London,UK:Chapman &Hall,1988.

      [51]Cairns A J,Begley P,Sims I M.The structure of starch from seeds and leaves of the fructan-accumulating ryegrass,Lolium temulentumL.[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2002,159:221-230.

      [52]Thomas H,James A R.Paretitioning of sugars inLoliumperenne(perennial ryegrass)during drought and on rewwatering[J].New Phytologist,1999,142(2):295-305.

      [53]Turner L R,Donaghy D J,Lane P A,etal.Distribution of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves in the stubble of prairie grass and Orchardgrass plants[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99:591-594.

      [54]阿不來提,石定燧.雞腳草、牛尾草在放牧條件下體內(nèi)糖分含量積累動態(tài)與再生速度關系的研究[J].草業(yè)科學,1995,12(3):26-29.

      [55]Busso C A,Richards J H,Chatterton N J.Nonstructural carbohydrates and spring regrowth of two cool-season grasses:interaction of drought and clipping[J].Journal of Range Management,1990,43:336-343.

      [56]Chaves M M.Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1991,42:1-16.

      [57]Thomas H.Accumulation and consumption of solutes in swands ofLoliumperenneduring drought and after rewatering[J].New Phytologist,1991,118:35-48.

      [58]宋海鵬,劉君,李秀玲,等.干旱脅迫對5種景天屬植物生理指標的影響[J].草業(yè)科學,2010,27(1):11-15.

      [59]Volaire F,Thomas H.Effects of drought on water relations,mineral uptake,water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation and survival of two contrasting populations of cocksfoot(DactylisglomerataL.)[J].Annals of Botany,1995,75(5):513-524.

      [60]Spollen W G,Nelson C J.Response of fructan to water deficit in growing leaves of tall fescue[J].Plant Physiology,1994,106:329-336.

      [61]Boschma S P,Scott J M,Hill M J,etal.Plant reserves of perennial grasses subjected to drought and defoliation stresses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales,Australia[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2003,54:819-828.

      [62]王齊,孫吉雄,安淵.水分脅迫對結(jié)縷草種群特征和生理特性的影響[J].草業(yè)學報,2009,18(2):33-38.

      [63]Jiang Y W,Wang K H.Growth,physiological,and anatomical responses of creeping bentgrass cultivars to different depths of waterlogging[J].Crop Science,2006,46:2420-2426.

      [64]Albrecht G,Biemelt S,Baumgartner S.Accumulation of fructans following oxygen deficiency stress in related plant species with different flooding tolerances[J].New Phytologist,1997,136:137-144.

      [65]Baker B S,Jung G A.Effect of environmental conditions on the growth of four perennial grasses.I.Response to controlled temperature[J].Agronomy Journal,1968,60:155-158.

      [66]White L M.Carbohydrate reserves of grasses:a review[J].Journal of Range Management,1973,26:13-18.

      [67]Smith D.Influence of temperature on growth of Froker oats for forage.II.Concentrations and yields of chemical constituents[J].Canada Journal of Plant Science,1975,55:897-901.

      [68]Li R,Volenec J J,Joern B C,etal.Seasonal changes in nonstructural carbohydrates,protein,and macronutrients in roots of alfalfa,red clover,sweetciover,and birdsfoot trefoil[J].Crop Science,1996,36:617-623.

      [69]Thom E R,Sheath G W,Bryant A M.Seasonal variations in total nonstructural carbohydrate and major element levels in perennial ryegrass and paspalum in a mixed pasture[J].New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1989,32:157-165.

      [70]竇晶鑫,劉景雙,王洋,等.土溫升高對濕草甸小葉章植株碳、氮含量的影響[J].草業(yè)學報,2010,19(1):59-66.

      [71]Fulkerson W J,Slack K,Hennessy D W,etal.Nutrients in ryegrass(Loliumspp.),white clover(Trifoliumrepens)and kikuyu(Pennisetumclandestinum)pastures in relation to season and stage of regrowth in a subtropical environment[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1998,38:227-240.

      [72]Deinum B.Climate,nitrogen and grass:research into the influence of light intensity,temperature,water supply and nitrogen on the production and chemical composition of grass[J].Medelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen,1964,7:11-66.

      [73]Fulkerson W J,Trevaskis L M.Limitations to milk production from pasture[A].Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia‘97’[C].Armidale:University of New England,1997:159-165.

      [74]Mackenzie D J,Wylam C B.The role of the laboratory in a milk control program[J].Canadian Journal of Public Health,1960,51:485-488.

      [75]Marais J P,F(xiàn)igueiredo M D,Goodenough D C W.Dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrate content as quality parameters in aLoliummultiflorumbreeding programme[J].African Journal of Range Forage Science,1993,10:118-123.

      [76]Pate J S,Layzell D B,Atkins C A.Economy of carbon and nitrogen in nodulated and nonnodulated NO3-grown legumes[J].Plant Physiology,1979,64:1083-1088.

      [77]Willenbrink J.Mechanismen des zuckertransports durch membranen bei beta vulgaris[J].Kal Brief,1983,16:585-594.

      [78]Kruze A,Bardzicka B,Domska D.Relationship between the contents of water-soluble carbohydrate and of nitrogenous compounds in pasture herbage depending on the level of fertilize application[J].Acta Academiae ac Techniea Olstenensis,Agricultura,1990,51:81-88.

      [79]McGrath D.A note on the influence of nitrogen application and time of cutting on water soluble carbohydrate production by Italian ryegrass[J].Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research,1992,31:189-192.

      [80]Mckenzie F R,Jacobs J L,Ryan M,etal.Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application from autumn to mid-winter on perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures in western Victoria.2.Pasture nutritive value[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1999,50:1067-1072.

      [81]李焰焰.施氮對中飼237-皖草2號產(chǎn)量及生理特性影響的研究[D].合肥:安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2004:1-45.

      [82]Reid D,Strachan N H.The effects of a wide range of nitrogen rates on some chemical constituents of the herbage from perennial ryegrass swards with and without white clover[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,UK,1974,83(4):393-401.

      [83]Rasmussen S,Parsons A J,Bassett S,etal.High nitrogen supply and carbohydrate content reduce fungal endophyte and alkaloid concentration inLoliumperenne[J].New Phytologist,2007,173:787-797.

      [84]Rasmussen S,Parsons A J,F(xiàn)raser K,etal.Metabolic profiles ofLoliumperenneare differentially affected by nitrogen supply,carbohydrate content,and fungal endophyte infection[J].Plant Physiology,2008,146:1440-1453.

      [85]Jacobs J L,Mckenzie F R,Kearney G A.Nitrogen fertiliser effects on nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass during late autumn and mid-andlate winter in western Victoria[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2002,42:541-548.

      [86]Donaghy D J,F(xiàn)ulkerson W J.The impact of defoliation frequency and nitrogen fertilizer application in spring on summer survival of perennial ryegrass under grazing in subtropical Australia[J].Grass and Forage Science,2002,57:351-359.

      [87]Cakmak I,Hengeler C,Marschner H.Partitioning of shoot and root dry matter and carbohydrates in bean plants suffering from phosphorus,potassium and magnesium defici-ency[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1994,45:1245-1250.

      [88]王有年,杜方,于同泉,等.水分脅迫對桃葉片及其相關酶活性的影響[J].北京農(nóng)學院學報,2001,16(4):11-16.

      [89]Baysdorfer C,Bassham J A.Photosynthate supply and utilization in alfalfa.I.A developmental shift from a source to a sink limitation of photosynthesis[J].Ptant Physiology,1985,77:313-317.

      [90]Cave G,Tolley L C,Strain B R.Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on chlorophyll content,starch content and starch grain structure inTrifoliumsubtertaneumleaves[J].Physiologia Plantarum,1981,171-174.

      [91]Baxter R,Bell S A,Sparks T H,etal.Effects of elevated CO2concentrations on three montane grass species III.Source leaf metabolism and whole plant carbon partitioning[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1995,46:917-929.

      [92]Grant S A,Barthram G T,Torvell L.Components of regrowth in grazed and cutLoliumperenneswards[J].Grass and Forage Science,1981,36:155-168.

      [93]王國良,李向林,萬里強,等.刈割強度對羊草可溶性碳水化合物含量及根莖構(gòu)件的影響[J].中國草地學報,2007,29(4):74-80.

      [94]戚志強,玉永雄,曾昭海,等.紫花苜蓿建植期四種刈割頻次下的產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)及再生性研究[J].草業(yè)學報,2010,19(1):134-142.

      [95]Donaghy D J.Improving the production and persistence of temperate pasture species in subtropical dairy regions of Australia[D].New England:The University of New England,1998.

      [96]Fulkerson W J.Effect of redefoliation on the regrowth and water soluble carbohydrate content ofLoliumperenne[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1994,45:1809-1815.

      [97]Alberda T.The influence of reserve substances on dry-matter production after defoliation[A].Proceedings of the Xth International Grassland Congress[C].Helsinki,F(xiàn)inland,1966:140-147.

      [98]王靜,楊持,韓文權,等.刈割強度對冷蒿可溶性碳水化合物的影響[J].生態(tài)學報,2003,23(5):908-913.

      [99]Masuko T,Tsumurai S,F(xiàn)ujita N,etal.Effect of adding formit acid,bacterial inoculant or amixture of bacterial inoculant and emzymes on the fermentation quality of wilted grass silage[J].Grassland Science,1999,44(4):347-355.

      [100]Gibson S I.Plant sugar-response pathway.Part of a complex regulatory web[J].Plant Physiology,2000,124:1532-1539.

      猜你喜歡
      雞腳黑麥草碳水化合物
      認識草,也是一門學問
      鳥語詩(組詩)
      西藏文學(2021年6期)2021-12-23 23:34:36
      不同行內(nèi)生草影響葡萄果實品質(zhì)
      說說碳水化合物
      少兒科技(2021年8期)2021-01-02 10:01:24
      黑麥草的種植、青貯及應用
      減肥不能吃碳水化合物?
      關節(jié)疼痛喝淫羊藿田七雞腳湯
      種苗根熒光反應在多年生黑麥草與一年生黑麥草兩個種測定中可靠性驗證
      低碳水化合物飲食有益于長期減肥
      保健與生活(2019年7期)2019-07-31 01:54:07
      我們班的吃貨們
      和政县| 枣庄市| 岑溪市| 西乌| 闽清县| 赫章县| 临朐县| 西吉县| 西充县| 仪陇县| 阿克陶县| 呼图壁县| 大兴区| 大同县| 盐边县| 七台河市| 姜堰市| 霍山县| 洪泽县| 陇西县| 定西市| 英吉沙县| 邮箱| 阿尔山市| 合肥市| 长治市| 江达县| 安乡县| 准格尔旗| 周宁县| 湖北省| 东乡族自治县| 铜陵市| 淮北市| 奇台县| 南漳县| 虎林市| 常熟市| 怀仁县| 辉南县| 嘉鱼县|