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      卡介苗初次免疫-增強(qiáng)免疫策略抗結(jié)核病的研究進(jìn)展

      2012-01-22 14:07:20陳振華范雄林
      中國防癆雜志 2012年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:異源佐劑保護(hù)性

      陳振華 范雄林

      據(jù)WHO統(tǒng)計,全球TB的發(fā)病率和新發(fā)患者數(shù)在近幾年來均呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢。2010年全球報告病例約880萬,145萬例死亡[1],這受益于各國對TB防治的重視和新技術(shù)在TB防治上的應(yīng)用。但要實現(xiàn)TB的有效控制和WHO提出的2050年消除TB對全球公共衛(wèi)生的影響的目標(biāo),仍面臨著幾個重大的問題:全球約1/3的人口感染了Mtb成為潛伏感染者(latent TB infection,LTBI),且5%~10%的LTBI一生中可能經(jīng)內(nèi)源性感染發(fā)展成為活動性TB患者[1];耐多藥結(jié)核?。∕DR-TB)在TB高負(fù)擔(dān)國家流行[2],廣泛耐藥結(jié)核病(XDR-TB)甚至完全耐藥結(jié)核?。═DR-TB)等已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)[3-5];與 HIV 共感染,TB患者的病死率增加[6]。這些都對TB的防治提出了更高的要求。

      BCG自1921年第一次應(yīng)用于人類免疫接種預(yù)防TB以來,已累計有30億人次接種,目前仍在以大約每年300萬人群的接種速率遞增[7],對預(yù)防兒童重癥TB的發(fā)生和降低病死率起著舉足輕重的作用。盡管BCG在全世界范圍內(nèi)被如此廣泛地運(yùn)用,但并非理想的抗TB疫苗(在嬰兒出生時接種即可獲得終生的保護(hù)性免疫)。臨床試驗和流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,BCG對成人TB的保護(hù)效率在0%~80%之間波動[8]。產(chǎn)生這種不穩(wěn)定的免疫保護(hù)可能是由于在新生兒出生后接種BCG所誘導(dǎo)的保護(hù)性細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答通常僅維持10~15年,隨著免疫后時間的延長對TB的預(yù)防作用逐漸減退[9]。這也是目前TB疫情不能得到更好控制的主要原因之一。因此,加快發(fā)展新型的TB疫苗及免疫策略是緩解這一全球性公共衛(wèi)生問題的有效措施。

      TB疫苗的研制思路主要在于發(fā)展比BCG誘導(dǎo)的免疫保護(hù)更強(qiáng)、保護(hù)期更長的疫苗,從而取代BCG用于免疫接種。國內(nèi)外學(xué)者通過大量的動物試驗和臨床研究,獲得了共識:目前僅2種類型的疫苗具有上述潛力。一是以BCG為基礎(chǔ) 的 改 造 BCG,如:r BCG30[10]、VPM 1002[11]、Aeras-422[12]和國內(nèi)的r BCG∶∶85B-Rv3425[13]和rBCG∶∶X等[14],已證實在實驗動物中具有比BCG更好的保護(hù)效率。二是以Mtb為基礎(chǔ)的營養(yǎng)和(或)毒力缺失突變株,如:MtbΔRD1 Δpan CD[15]和 Mtb VAC[16],具有與BCG相當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù)效率。

      針對BCG免疫保護(hù)的缺陷和新型疫苗研制的困鏡,BCG的初次免疫(以下簡稱為初免)-增強(qiáng)策略(prime-boost strategy)被提出用于TB的預(yù)防。

      一、同源性BCG初免-BCG增強(qiáng)策略

      同源性增強(qiáng),即用相同的疫苗再次或多次進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)免疫。鑒于目前大部分人群都已接種過BCG,因此用BCG重復(fù)免疫,以期得到更持久、更有效的保護(hù)效果。Corner等[17]在非嚙齒動物負(fù)鼠模型中用BCG初免、BCG增強(qiáng)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何有利的免疫反應(yīng)的改變。這一結(jié)論在小鼠模型的研究中也得到支持[18-20]。Buddle等[21]進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用 BCG重復(fù)免疫牛后,發(fā)生了更為嚴(yán)重的、肉眼可見的TB病理性改變。而且,各地人群流行病學(xué)調(diào)查對BCG重復(fù)接種的效果提供了更有說服力的證據(jù)?;仡櫺匝芯勘砻?,20世紀(jì)90年代芬蘭中斷BCG的重復(fù)接種并未對TB的發(fā)病率產(chǎn)生任何影響[22];匈牙利和俄羅斯實施的BCG再免疫計劃,建議國民從出生到30歲期間連續(xù)接受5次BCG免疫,但沒有找到可靠的證據(jù)表明該計劃的實施有利于這些地區(qū)TB的防治[23-24]。巴西開展的一項針對7~14歲兒童的前瞻性研究表明,重復(fù)接種BCG未能使抗TB的保護(hù)性產(chǎn)生任何實質(zhì)性的提高[25]。馬拉維進(jìn)行的人群前瞻性研究也得出了相似的結(jié)果[26]。所以,盡管BCG未能增強(qiáng)BCG初免的免疫保護(hù)機(jī)制 尚 不 清 楚,WHO(1995 年)[27]和 我 國 衛(wèi) 生 部 (1997年)[28]均先后不推薦這一策略用于TB的預(yù)防。

      二、BCG初免-異源性增強(qiáng)策略

      既然再次免疫BCG的同源性增強(qiáng)策略沒有取得預(yù)期的效果,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者轉(zhuǎn)而探索異源性增強(qiáng)策略。異源性增強(qiáng)(heterologous boost),即用相對于初免疫苗類型不同的抗原遞送系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)免疫。疫苗類型包括亞單位蛋白疫苗、DNA免疫和活病毒載體疫苗等形式,保護(hù)性抗原以BCG與Mtb共同表達(dá)或僅Mtb表達(dá)的抗原為基礎(chǔ)。

      1.亞單位蛋白疫苗增強(qiáng):亞單位蛋白疫苗應(yīng)用于人體已經(jīng)被證實是比較安全的。它可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生足夠強(qiáng)度的T細(xì)胞反應(yīng),尤其是CD8+T細(xì)胞反應(yīng),但仍需要使用更高效的T細(xì)胞佐劑且須反復(fù)實施多次免疫[29-31]。2004年,GSK公司報道的抗TB候選疫苗,即Rv1196和Rv0125嵌合蛋白r Mtb72F增強(qiáng)BCG初免小鼠和豚鼠的免疫保護(hù)效果,r Mtb72F增強(qiáng)組可以減輕BCG單獨(dú)免疫組動物肺臟感染Mtb后的肺實變、促進(jìn)病損的愈合[32]。Andersen等[33]利用 CTA1-DD(由霍亂毒素A1單元酵素活性和葡萄球菌蛋白A的免疫球蛋白鍵結(jié)組成的一種口腔黏膜佐劑)作為融合蛋白Ag85B-ESAT-6的佐劑,經(jīng)鼻對小鼠反復(fù)實施增強(qiáng)免疫,結(jié)果表明:BCG和蛋白疫苗聯(lián)合應(yīng)用組的CD4+T細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)明顯高于僅皮下注射免疫BCG組。類似的,Dietrich等[34]用大腸埃希菌不耐熱腸毒素LTK63作為Ag85B-ESAT-6的佐劑,也增強(qiáng)了BCG初免過的小鼠的保護(hù)性。Brooks等[35]用單磷酰脂(MPL)作為佐劑,聯(lián)合Ag85A注射到BCG初免的成年小鼠體內(nèi),也可增強(qiáng)BCG抗TB的能力。然而,Majlessi等[36]用減毒百日咳桿菌腺苷環(huán)化酶-Ag85A融合蛋白或者減毒百日咳桿菌腺苷環(huán)化酶-ESAT-6融合蛋白,雖增強(qiáng)了BCG∶∶RD1初免的特異性T細(xì)胞免疫,但其抗 Mtb的保護(hù)效力不及BCG∶∶RD1單獨(dú)免疫組。Mtb主要分泌蛋白抗原85B(Ag85B)可增強(qiáng)BCG或過表達(dá)Ag85B的rBCG30初免豚鼠所誘導(dǎo)的免疫性,也并未有效地提升抗TB的保護(hù)性[37]。因此,免疫反應(yīng)的加強(qiáng)不一定與保護(hù)效力的提高呈正相關(guān)。此外,免疫保護(hù)性抗原的選擇也是亞單位疫苗異源性增強(qiáng)應(yīng)用的一個重要影響因素。例如,在不同感染狀態(tài)人群中針對Mtb黏附素之一的肝素結(jié)合血凝素(HBHA)的體液免疫與細(xì)胞免疫的反應(yīng)均不同。HBHA可刺激潛伏感染者外周血單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生較高水平的γ干擾素(IFN-γ)。在初免過BCG的新生期和成年小鼠模型中,HBHA可明顯增強(qiáng)BCG的免疫性,且初免與增強(qiáng)的時間間隔越長,觀察到的增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)越顯著[38]。因此,加強(qiáng)篩選適用于亞單位疫苗異源性增強(qiáng)的靶抗原,以及研究保護(hù)性增強(qiáng)的機(jī)制是未來的方向。

      2.DNA疫苗增強(qiáng):多種 Mtb抗原的編碼基因已作為DNA疫苗的主要靶抗原[39],部分免疫小鼠被證實可以提供不同程度的保護(hù)以抵抗 Mtb的攻擊[40],但保護(hù)作用均未超過BCG。Mollenkopf等[41]最先報道Mtb Rv3407 DNA疫苗增強(qiáng)BCG初免的小鼠模型,經(jīng)過2次重復(fù)DNA疫苗免疫的小鼠對Mtb氣溶膠感染的抵抗力較BCG或DNA單獨(dú)免疫組強(qiáng)。此后,DNA疫苗異源性增強(qiáng)免疫策略日益受到關(guān)注。筆者在表達(dá)ESAT6為基礎(chǔ)的DNA疫苗和BCG聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的試驗中證實了BCG缺失而Mtb特異表達(dá)的蛋白可以用于異源性增強(qiáng)免疫策略[42]。進(jìn)一步的研究還證實以BCG缺失基因為基礎(chǔ)的融合蛋白DNA疫苗可以增強(qiáng)BCG初免小鼠或???Mtb感染的保護(hù)性[43-47]。表達(dá) Mtb HSP65的DNA疫苗,以及表達(dá)白細(xì)胞介素-12(IL-12)的DNA疫苗增強(qiáng)BCG初免策略,可以使獼猴抗Mtb攻擊感染的存活率達(dá)到100%[48]。

      DNA疫苗具有多效性、免疫作用時間長、制造和儲藏方便、生產(chǎn)成本低等優(yōu)點,不過進(jìn)入人體的DNA有可能整合到基因組中,其安全性還需要更深入的研究。但并不妨礙此技術(shù)作為一種在動物模型中篩選可增強(qiáng)BCG抗Mtb的靶抗原的高效方法。

      3.活病毒載體疫苗增強(qiáng):抗TB的病毒載體疫苗目前最常用的包括痘病毒載體和腺病毒載體。痘病毒載體疫苗已經(jīng)用到HIV感染者并證實安全,改良安卡拉痘病毒(modified vaccinia virus Ankara,MVA)就是其中之一。Williams等[49]和 Verreck 等[50]在 豚 鼠 和 獼 猴 模 型 均 證 明 了 表 達(dá)Ag85A的MVA85A病毒載體疫苗增強(qiáng)BCG初免方案,不僅能獲得比BCG或MVA85A單獨(dú)免疫更強(qiáng)的特異性T細(xì)胞反應(yīng),還具有更強(qiáng)的保護(hù)性。在英國、岡比亞和南非等地,MVA85A已進(jìn)行臨床Ⅰ期試驗,MVA85A免疫健康的未接種過BCG和接種過BCG的自愿者,均提示安全且能有效地誘導(dǎo)多功能T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答。但是,MVA85A是否能夠增強(qiáng)BCG初免產(chǎn)生的免疫反應(yīng)和放大機(jī)體自身的免疫效應(yīng),在不同地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了差異。英國兩者均可產(chǎn)生;岡比亞和南非的接種過BCG和未接種BCG的自愿者在免疫M(jìn)VA85A前后并沒有明顯的差別,這可能與環(huán)境分枝桿菌對BCG免疫接種作用的弱化有關(guān)[51-52]。近期,南非仍在繼續(xù)開展針對無TB和HIV感染史且接種過BCG的嬰幼兒的相關(guān)研究[53],英國則在進(jìn)一步研究將MVA85A應(yīng)用于LTBI的預(yù)防[54]。

      Wang等[55]和 Xing等[56]構(gòu)建了能表達(dá) Ag85A、具有復(fù)制缺陷的重組人類腺病毒5型,即Ad Ag85A。在小鼠和豚鼠模型中驗證了Ad Ag85A可以增強(qiáng)BCG初免后產(chǎn)生的保護(hù)性免疫[57-58],現(xiàn)已開始臨床試驗。表達(dá) Ag85A、Ag85B 和TB10.4的融合抗原蛋白的重組腺病毒疫苗AERAS-402,在南非的臨床期試驗已經(jīng)證明可誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生多功能T細(xì)胞,以及強(qiáng)烈而持久的CD8+T細(xì)胞反應(yīng),且免疫健康成年人是安全可靠的[59]。

      重組病毒疫苗的優(yōu)勢在于安全,不需要佐劑,而且可以多途徑免疫接種、刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生廣泛而持久的CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞反應(yīng),是未來重點研究的方向之一。

      三、結(jié)論

      BCG作為目前惟一應(yīng)用于臨床的預(yù)防TB的疫苗,雖然對成人的保護(hù)效果不穩(wěn)定,但它所提供的對新生兒到青少年階段的保護(hù)效力是目前任何一種非BCG為基礎(chǔ)的候選疫苗無法超越的。而且,BCG已經(jīng)納入WHO的全球擴(kuò)大免疫計劃,目前全球159個國家和地區(qū)接種BCG,覆蓋率高達(dá)90%。在今后相對長的時間內(nèi),尚不可能有一種疫苗能夠取代BCG。探索與BCG進(jìn)行聯(lián)合免疫的增強(qiáng)方案以維持或提高人群現(xiàn)有本身的免疫應(yīng)答和免疫保護(hù),不僅有很強(qiáng)的可行性,并且符合衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原則。目前已經(jīng)進(jìn)行臨床試驗的總共11種方案,其中8種均是采用增強(qiáng)BCG初免的策略。未來研究將更加強(qiáng)調(diào)以亞單位或重組病毒載體為基礎(chǔ)的異源性增強(qiáng)BCG初免的策略,同時將深入異源性增強(qiáng)免疫的疫苗類型、增強(qiáng)途徑和機(jī)制等方面的研究。依據(jù)目前這些策略在臨床前研究中獲得的有效性,有理由相信異源性增強(qiáng)策略將會為TB預(yù)防提供新的臨床免疫方案。

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