王永成

一、短文改錯(cuò)常見錯(cuò)誤類型

1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)誤是歷年考試的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)

常見動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤類型有：

① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)錯(cuò)用；② and 前后動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不一致;③ 主謂不一致;?④ 缺少動(dòng)詞,特別是be動(dòng)詞; ⑤ 第三人稱單數(shù)形式錯(cuò)用; ⑥ 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)用。

（1） They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies.（did 改為do 錯(cuò)誤類型屬于 ①）

（2）As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting 改為 visited錯(cuò)誤類型屬于②)

（3） There will an important game next month.(will后加be錯(cuò)誤類型屬于④)

（4）One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.( ③ 主謂不一致)

2.名詞的常見錯(cuò)誤

單復(fù)數(shù)名詞錯(cuò)用；注意區(qū)分名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù)；或根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來判斷。

① Ill get good marks in all my subject.（subject 改為subjects）

② Their word were a great encouragement to me.（word 改為words）

③ Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.（knowledges改為knowledge）

3. 連詞錯(cuò)誤

連詞包括關(guān)系代詞、副詞，并列連詞and/ or/but等。

（一般考查從句關(guān)系 who/ whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether ）

① I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei. (錯(cuò)用了who的所有格形式改為whose)

② I teach them, play with them, but watch them growing up.

(此處應(yīng)該是并列的關(guān)系而非轉(zhuǎn)折，but改為 and)

③ Clever as she is, but she works very hard.

④ When I was a child, rain was a mystery. In one class, I learned it rained.

4. 冠詞錯(cuò)誤

誤用a和an（根據(jù)單詞的因素來判定）；誤用a 和the（固定搭配，各自單獨(dú)使用的地方）多余的冠詞或少冠詞。

① We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改為the??the same 是固定搭配)

② As everyone knows, its? ???famous mountain with all kinds of pants.（mountain是可數(shù)名詞需用冠詞，所以加 a ）

③ My teacher advised me to keep my dairy.

④ I hope you have pleasant journey.

5. 形容詞和副詞錯(cuò)誤

（1） 系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞（be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性動(dòng)詞 smell /feel）

（2） 詞性的誤用：形容詞修飾名詞? ?修飾 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，形容詞和副詞，過去分詞用副詞

① Im sure well have a wonderfully time together.

（time是名詞 所以要用形容詞wonderful修飾）

② My pronunciation was terribly.

6. 代詞錯(cuò)誤

（1）代詞的主格和賓格（I / me; He/him; She/ her; We/ us ;They/ them ）

（2）反身代詞（myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves）

（3）代詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)

（4）多余的代詞和少代詞

① Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. (express oneself,??me 改為 myself )

② One day I wrote a little story and showed? ? to my teacher. (加it)

③ If any one of us had any difficulty in our life and study, the other would help him out.

④ Whats more , you have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him.

7. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的常見錯(cuò)誤

（1）不定式，動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)。

（2）and 連接的不定式或動(dòng)名詞前后一致（尤其距離較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)），

（3）介詞后用動(dòng)名詞v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。

（4）某些動(dòng)詞后要求接動(dòng)名詞或不定式。

① Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was…. (enjoy 后需接動(dòng)名詞 talk--talking)

② But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports.(作主語(yǔ) 改為 going )

③ Children may not develop the habit of read and the ability to enjoy themselves.

④ I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees.

8. 介詞錯(cuò)誤

（1）詞組中的介詞誤用，2）介詞意思理解偏差，3）介詞的多用或少用。

① There are too many people among my family.

（among 改為in ，in my family 為固定搭配）

② I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. （去掉 at ）

二、短文改錯(cuò)解題思路和檢查原則

（1）句中各部分的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，特別是每個(gè)句子要有動(dòng)詞；

（2）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)；

（3）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法；

（4）名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)，格的使用是否正確；

（5）定冠詞和不定冠詞是否正確；

（6）代詞的格和性的使用是否有誤；

（7）定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞、副詞是否準(zhǔn)確無誤；

（8）并列句中的并列連詞、主從復(fù)合句中的從屬連詞用的是否得當(dāng)。

三、短文改錯(cuò)解題四原則

①改動(dòng)以最少為原則；②虛詞以添加或刪除為原則；③實(shí)詞以改變?cè)~形為原則；④以保持句子原意為原則

四、短文改錯(cuò)解題步驟

（1）通讀全文，掌握大意；（2）整句分析，逐行推敲；3）反復(fù)通讀，復(fù)查驗(yàn)證

1.解題注意要點(diǎn)和能力培養(yǎng)

① 核對(duì)錯(cuò)項(xiàng)時(shí)，若的確有一時(shí)難以改出的地方。可以參考所改動(dòng)項(xiàng)是否基本符合“1126”等題型比例。正確1個(gè)，多一詞1個(gè)，缺詞2個(gè)，錯(cuò)詞6個(gè)。

② 核對(duì)改正的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目是否有重復(fù)。因?yàn)槎涛母腻e(cuò)往往覆蓋面廣，一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)考查某個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)象。原文中每行改動(dòng)只能改一詞，答案也只能是一詞。

③ 核對(duì)答題符號(hào)是否規(guī)范，位置是否準(zhǔn)確，看看有無遺漏符號(hào)，忽略字母大寫和拼寫等問題。

④ 如有兩行都難以找到錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，與其亂改一行，不如都打"√”以確保一行正確。

⑤ 從作文入手，提高自身語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用素質(zhì)。

⑥ 合作學(xué)習(xí)，幫批幫改，提高識(shí)錯(cuò)、糾錯(cuò)能力。

⑦ 精煉短文改錯(cuò)，抓好寫、比、改三步。

2.例題分析

Tom and Dick are next door neighbor who work? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? 1.________

in the same office so they walked together to and from? ?? ?????2.________

office. Some day as they were walking home together it? ?? ? 3.________

sudden started to rain. Tom quickly opened his umbrella? ??4.________

and said, “My wife surely has foresight (預(yù)見) . She said? ?? ?? 5.________

on this morning it would rain and told me to carry my? ?? ?? ?? ?6.________

umbrella with me.” Dick smiled and walked to him, said,? ?? ???7.________

“My wife has even great foresight. She told me not to? ?? ?? ?? ?8.________

carry an umbrella and as she knew you would certainly? ?? ?? ???9.________

have with you.”? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?10.________

（1）首先 通讀全文，掌握大意 此文講述的是鄰居Tom 和Dick 的故事。

（2）整句分析，逐行推敲。

①第二遍閱讀后，容易改出的題有 1.2.4.6.10 ；

②然后先看前6項(xiàng) 第3項(xiàng) 翻譯整句為：有一天當(dāng)他們一起走路回家時(shí)天突然開始下雨了。

Some day 不能表示有一天，屬于固定搭配中修飾詞有誤。

③第5項(xiàng)，由于對(duì)foresight的意思和用法不清楚，不能輕易改動(dòng)，暫放一邊。

④?現(xiàn)在看7－10 項(xiàng)。第7項(xiàng) 翻譯意思：Dick 笑了笑并且走向他（Tom），說到…，翻譯后很容易可以看出said前有一個(gè)逗號(hào)，and 連接的動(dòng)詞只有smiled 和 walked。說明此處有錯(cuò)。

⑤第8題，又出現(xiàn)了foresight?，F(xiàn)在來比較第5項(xiàng)和第8項(xiàng)的兩個(gè)句子。

a. My wife surely has foresight （預(yù)見）我的妻子肯定地作出了預(yù)見??（Tom's wife）

b. My wife has even great foresight。??我的妻子作出了更大的預(yù)見?（Dick's wife）

比較兩句后 可以判斷這里的foresight不是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞而是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞?？梢耘卸╣reat有錯(cuò)。并可以反推第5項(xiàng)應(yīng)該沒有錯(cuò)誤。（Dick 的妻子說的話明顯有比較的含義并且這樣才能突出文章的幽默感）

⑥?第9項(xiàng)理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)后，可以看出有一詞是多余的。

3.總結(jié)錯(cuò)誤考查點(diǎn)有

①名詞單復(fù)數(shù)；②時(shí)態(tài)；③固定搭配；④詞性；⑤多余的介詞和連接詞；⑥非謂語(yǔ)；⑦形容詞的比較級(jí)；⑧少了代詞。

題型比例： 1個(gè)正確，缺詞1個(gè)，多詞2個(gè)，錯(cuò)詞6個(gè)。