文 / 孫 晶 張 昊 郭慧媛 任發(fā)政
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)教育部-北京市共建功能乳品重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室)
乳鐵蛋白(Lacteoferrin)是一種分子量約為80 KDa的活性鐵結(jié)合糖蛋白,是轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白家族的一員。它最初于1939年由Sorensen從牛乳中分離,后來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),它還存在于動(dòng)物的血液、淚液、唾液、汗液、精液、羊水、胰液、膽汁、小腸液及外分泌液中,其中,乳鐵蛋白在乳中的含量最為豐富,特別是在初乳中濃度較高,人的初乳中乳鐵蛋白含量可達(dá)7 mg/mL,牛的初乳中乳鐵蛋白的濃度平均為1 mg/mL(表1)。
乳鐵蛋白具有獨(dú)特的生理調(diào)節(jié)功能,能增強(qiáng)鐵的傳遞并利于人體吸收,并且具有廣譜的抗革蘭氏陰性菌和陽(yáng)性菌、真菌甚至抗病毒和抗腫瘤的作用,在抵御病原體侵染、增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力等方面發(fā)揮積極作用[1]。表2中總結(jié)了近年來(lái)從乳鐵蛋白的發(fā)現(xiàn)到結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定,及各種生理功能的研究進(jìn)展。本文中,我們著重介紹乳鐵蛋白的廣譜抑菌作用及其機(jī)制,以及口服乳鐵蛋白對(duì)于生物體腸道菌群的調(diào)節(jié)作用。
作為宿主防御的第一道防線(xiàn),許多生物自身都能產(chǎn)生抗菌蛋白或抗菌肽,大量存在于分泌液中。其中,含量最豐富的抗菌蛋白有溶解酵素、膠原凝集素以及乳鐵蛋白。乳鐵蛋白主要的生理功能之一就是結(jié)合鐵離子,因此,乳鐵蛋白通過(guò)結(jié)合大多數(shù)致病菌上的必須營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)—鐵離子,從而抑制細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng),這也是研究者們最初發(fā)現(xiàn)的乳鐵蛋白抑菌作用的機(jī)理。起初,乳鐵蛋白結(jié)合細(xì)菌中的鐵離子被一度認(rèn)為是其抑菌作用的唯一途徑,許多研究表明只有缺鐵型乳鐵蛋白才具有抑菌功能,隨著鐵飽和度的增加,抑菌活性下降[17~19]。
隨后的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳鐵蛋白能夠殺死金黃色葡萄球菌,而這種作用與鐵離子螯合作用無(wú)關(guān)[20],因此推測(cè),乳鐵蛋白的抑菌作用有可能與其直接接觸細(xì)菌細(xì)胞表面有關(guān)[21,22]。乳鐵蛋白的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)顯示其含有大量的陽(yáng)離子(圖1),促進(jìn)了乳鐵蛋白與革蘭氏陰性菌的主要成分脂多糖中帶陰離子的脂質(zhì)A之間的相互作用[23,24],從而損壞細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜,改變細(xì)菌外膜的通透性,導(dǎo)致脂多糖的釋放[25]。Ellison等假設(shè)乳鐵蛋白的抑菌作用類(lèi)似于EDTA,都可以引發(fā)細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜的脂多糖釋放。同時(shí),研究證實(shí)乳鐵蛋白能夠直接結(jié)合鈣離子[26],這有力地支持了螯合理論,同時(shí)也解釋了乳鐵蛋白的廣譜抑菌作用[27,28]。
研究顯示,乳鐵蛋白的N端具有一個(gè)類(lèi)似絲氨酸蛋白酶的活性位點(diǎn),并且乳鐵蛋白能夠水解IgA1和Hap這兩個(gè)Haemophilus influenaze上的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白,因此能夠緩解細(xì)菌毒性,抑制細(xì)菌定植[29]。之后的研究還顯示,乳鐵蛋白能夠斷裂精氨酸富集區(qū)域的蛋白,其蛋白酶活性位點(diǎn)也在N端[30]。許多細(xì)菌能夠感染人類(lèi)細(xì)胞,就是在發(fā)現(xiàn)靶細(xì)胞的存在之后,細(xì)菌開(kāi)始分泌毒蛋白,而乳鐵蛋白能夠水解掉部分毒蛋白,如Shigella分泌的IpaB和IpaC,類(lèi)似的報(bào)道還有乳鐵蛋白引發(fā)致病性Escherichia coli的III型分泌蛋白(EspA,EspB 和 EspC)的降解,從而抑制了細(xì)菌毒力和細(xì)菌粘附,引發(fā)HEp2細(xì)胞肌動(dòng)蛋白聚合[31,32]。
生物膜是指一些病原細(xì)菌通過(guò)自身分泌大分子多聚物,吸附營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝產(chǎn)物以及細(xì)菌裂解產(chǎn)物等物質(zhì),與鄰近的菌體形成有組織的細(xì)菌群體,形成生物膜的細(xì)菌能夠?qū)箼C(jī)體免疫防御系統(tǒng),并對(duì)抗生素產(chǎn)生抗性。生物膜的形成代表著細(xì)菌的定植,如囊泡性纖維癥中的Pseudomonas aeruginosa[33],而乳鐵蛋白能夠抑制Pseudomonas aeruginosa的菌膜形成[34]。生理濃度的乳鐵蛋白存在條件下,同樣能夠抑制囊泡性纖維癥中的另一個(gè)對(duì)抗生素有著超強(qiáng)耐受性的危險(xiǎn)因子Burkholderia cepacia的生長(zhǎng),且乳鐵蛋白能夠增強(qiáng)Burkholderia cepacia對(duì)于抗生素的敏感度[35]。因此,乳鐵蛋白作為鐵離子螯合劑可以通過(guò)結(jié)合生物膜上的鐵離子來(lái)破壞其結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)抑菌功能。
表2 乳鐵蛋白主要生理功能的研究進(jìn)展
圖1 乳鐵蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)
人類(lèi)與其體內(nèi)共生的微生物共同組成了一個(gè)“超級(jí)生物體”。人體正常的生理代謝是由宿主基因和有著“第二基因組”之稱(chēng)的機(jī)體共生微生物共同調(diào)節(jié)。大量文獻(xiàn)表明,腸道菌群與機(jī)體代謝及慢性代謝性疾病密切相關(guān),如結(jié)腸癌、肥胖、糖尿病等。飲食介入能夠有效調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的組成和活性,從而促進(jìn)宿主健康,這種促進(jìn)作用主要通過(guò)以下途徑實(shí)現(xiàn):(1)食物中碳水化合物和蛋白質(zhì)到達(dá)結(jié)腸后經(jīng)腸道菌群發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生能量[36];(2)短鏈脂肪酸作為腸道菌群代謝的終產(chǎn)物,能夠降低腸道pH值從而起到抗病原體的作用[37];(3)產(chǎn)生抗菌物質(zhì)[38];(4)腸道菌群通過(guò)和致病菌競(jìng)爭(zhēng)腸道黏膜上的粘附受體和腸道內(nèi)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),同時(shí)激活宿主免疫來(lái)加強(qiáng)腸道的屏障功能[39,40]。
20世紀(jì)80年代末期,研究者們開(kāi)始對(duì)于口服乳鐵蛋白的體內(nèi)益生作用進(jìn)行研究?;谌殍F蛋白的廣譜抗菌作用及對(duì)于雙歧桿菌等有益菌的益生作用,有學(xué)者推測(cè)口服牛乳鐵蛋白對(duì)于腸道菌群有一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用。早期的研究主要集中在牛乳鐵蛋白作為嬰兒配方奶粉的一種添加成分,對(duì)于新生嬰兒這個(gè)特殊群體腸道菌群組成的調(diào)節(jié)作用。Kawaguchi等的研究指出含牛乳鐵蛋白1 mg/mL的嬰兒配方奶粉能夠增加?jì)雰耗c道內(nèi)雙歧桿菌的比例,同時(shí)降低腸桿菌和梭菌的比例,但是對(duì)于出生體重偏低的嬰兒沒(méi)有作用[41]。Roberts等指出,含牛乳鐵蛋白1 mg/mL的嬰兒配方奶粉能夠在嬰兒腸道內(nèi)建立起以雙歧桿菌為優(yōu)勢(shì)菌的腸道菌群,而含0.1 mg/mL牛乳鐵蛋白的嬰兒奶粉沒(méi)有作用[42]。20世紀(jì)90年代以后,對(duì)于這方面的研究逐漸拓展到嬰兒以外的生物體,應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和新的研究方法得到了口服乳鐵蛋白調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群組成的更直接的證據(jù)。1993年,Teraguchi等研究了口服牛乳鐵蛋白對(duì)于服用牛乳的SPF小鼠的體內(nèi)抑菌作用,研究指出,與飲用添加2%牛乳鐵蛋白的牛乳相比,只飲用牛乳的SPF小鼠糞便中腸桿菌科細(xì)菌的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)更為顯著,且糞便中能夠分離出Eshcherichia coil和proteus mirabilis兩個(gè)主要菌屬,但是添加牛乳鐵蛋白后,腸桿菌科細(xì)菌數(shù)目恢復(fù)正常,且這種抑菌作用與添加劑量和持續(xù)服用時(shí)間相關(guān),與牛乳鐵蛋白的鐵離子螯合作用無(wú)關(guān)。同一作者在另一篇報(bào)道中還指出,添加2%牛乳鐵蛋白的牛乳能夠有效抑制細(xì)菌移位,其原因有可能是乳鐵蛋白抑制了細(xì)菌的過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)。同時(shí),胃蛋白酶水解后的乳鐵蛋白依然能夠保持類(lèi)似活性[6]。盡管已有部分關(guān)于口服牛乳鐵蛋白能夠調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的報(bào)道,另外一些研究卻得到了相反的結(jié)果。Togawa等運(yùn)用2.5% (w/v) 葡聚糖硫酸鈉誘導(dǎo)急性結(jié)腸炎小鼠,急性結(jié)腸炎早期病因與腸道菌群紊亂引發(fā)的炎癥密切相關(guān),而每天飼喂200 mg/kg牛乳鐵蛋白對(duì)于小鼠腸道中的總菌數(shù)無(wú)顯著影響[43]。Pope等運(yùn)用回腸插管技術(shù),每天將0~120 mg的牛乳鐵蛋白注射到健康的成年犬體內(nèi),持續(xù)14 天,腸道菌群組成并無(wú)顯著變化[44]??紤]到以上研究所使用的牛乳鐵蛋白劑量不同,動(dòng)物模型的差異以及腸道菌群鑒定方法的差異,對(duì)于這方面的研究還應(yīng)更為深入。
乳鐵蛋白是哺乳動(dòng)物分泌的一種具有多種生物功能的活性物質(zhì),現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于食品、醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域。乳鐵蛋白本身具有廣譜的抗革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和陰性菌的作用,其作用機(jī)制包括限制細(xì)菌對(duì)于鐵離子的利用,破壞細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu),清除細(xì)菌分泌的毒性蛋白,抑制組織生物膜形成等。此外,口服乳鐵蛋白對(duì)于生物體腸道菌群具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,具體表現(xiàn)為對(duì)于有害菌過(guò)度增長(zhǎng)的抑制作用,而對(duì)于有益菌的生長(zhǎng)無(wú)抑制作用。這些研究結(jié)果為乳鐵蛋白作為食品添加劑應(yīng)用到人體和動(dòng)物飼料中提供了良好的理論依據(jù)。
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