文麗

在中學英語教學中，要提高學生的英語水平，必須要從英語詞語的掌握和理解開始，特別是英語詞語的位置和運用是英語學習的基礎(chǔ)。

英語的副詞在英語句子中的運用比其他詞語的運用廣泛并具有一定的特殊性，它不可隨意放置，應遵循一定的規(guī)律。下面筆者就談談英語的副詞在句中的位置。

一、疑問副詞

疑問副詞是疑問句中用來提問的副詞，如when， where， why， what， how等。疑問副詞可以用來表示時間、地點、原因、方式等，放在句子的開頭。例如：

Where did her brother get the information？

Why dont you help your friends with their lessons？

How do you like this book？

When will you have a meeting？

二、關(guān)系副詞和連接副詞

關(guān)系副詞和連接副詞放在所連接的從句開頭。例如：

I finished my homework， then I went out for a walk.

He must be quick， otherwise he will be late.

I should like to know when the new term will begin.

That is the place where he was born.

三、一般副詞

一般副詞的位置大體有五種情況：

1.修飾形容詞、副詞時，一般放在被修飾詞之前。例如：

She speaks English quiet fluently.

副詞enough 總是放在被修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。例如：

One can never be careful enough.

2.副詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：

I like the atmosphere here.

但是quite位于名詞的前面。例如：

Their English teacher is quite a character.

3.副詞修飾動詞時，一般有三種位置：

（1）程度副詞（如 almost， nearly， rather， fairly等）和頻率副詞（如always， never， often， seldom等）常位于所修飾詞之前。例如：

The boy nearly fell into the river.

The children are seldom ill.

Nothing ever surprised me more than this attitude of hers.

但是如果有情態(tài)動詞、助動詞或be動詞時，就要放在這些動詞和主要動詞之間。例如：

Mary is always late for the meeting.

We must always remember our friends.

I have never been to London.

Post-codes are now being introduced by the post office and will soon cover the whole country.

My father can seldom find time for reading newspaper.

（2）時間副詞和地點副詞常位于所修飾詞之后。例如：

It was hot yesterday.

They went upstairs.

但有的副詞前后都可放置，意義不變。例如：

In that restaurant， meals are served very quickly.

He quickly opened the door and ran out.

有的副詞，如sometime， often， soon， perhaps等，可以置于句首、句中或句尾，意思沒有什么區(qū)別。例如：

Sometimes she comes late.

She sometimes comes late.

She comes late sometimes.

有些表示強度的副詞（如only），可以放在句子的任何位置，但因強調(diào)的成分不同，句子的意思也大相徑庭。例如：

Only he has been there two or three times.（只有他曾經(jīng)去過那兒兩三次。）

He has only been three two or three times.（他只是曾經(jīng)去過那兒兩三次。）

He has been there only two or three times.（他去過那兒只有兩三次。）

第一句強調(diào)的是“只有他”；第二句強調(diào)的是“只是曾經(jīng)去過”；第三句強調(diào)的是“只有兩三次”。

至于very much在近代英語中，有把它直接放在謂語動詞前面的趨勢。例如：

Mary very much looks forward to hearing from a friend of hers who has just been out of the Seaside Sanatorium.

（3）有時為了強調(diào)，一些表示時間的副詞如nowadays， yesterday， tonight， today和一些修飾整個句子的副詞放在句。例如：

Tomorrow we are going to have a test in english.

4.表示地方和方向的副詞一般放在句子的末尾。例如：

Jane put the coat there.

They went off.

Third-year students of our school are all here.

5.表示看法（觀點）、意志的副詞通常置于句首。例如：

Fortunately， he succeeded in the examination.

Intentionally， he didnt write to his parents about anything unexpected occurred recently.

但在下列情況下，應注意副詞的搭配及位置：

（1）修飾狀語從句時，副詞總是放在從句之前。例如：

We arrived home just as it began to rain.

（2）當幾個副詞擁在一起時，通常的順序是：地點副詞—時間副詞—方式副詞—目的副詞或地點副詞—方式副詞—時間副詞—目的副詞。例如：

He went to Beijing the day before yesterday by air to have a meeting.

They went to the park just now on foot.

The little boys played outdoors happily yesterday.

因此，在英語教學中，教師一定要讓學生掌握副詞在句子中的位置和運用。學生只有掌握了副詞的位置，才能夠運用自如，從而提高英語水平。