“山是柯?tīng)柨俗蔚母赣H,水是柯?tīng)柨俗蔚哪赣H —
這是沿著阿拉套山遷徙的人們,
這是在層巒疊嶂里成長(zhǎng)的人們,
這是用雪水洗塵滌垢的人們……”
《瑪納斯》是一部大約產(chǎn)生于公元1000年前后的英雄史詩(shī)。史詩(shī)通過(guò)瑪納斯英雄家族八代人前仆后繼捍衛(wèi)民族尊嚴(yán)、擺脫異族統(tǒng)治的故事,展示了古代柯?tīng)柨俗巫宓臍v史、經(jīng)濟(jì)、道德、文化、民俗、民風(fēng)。
那年,我有幸采訪了祖國(guó)西部斯姆哈納村送別20世紀(jì)的大型文化活動(dòng)。村子位于新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)克孜勒蘇柯?tīng)柨俗巫灾沃莸陌⒑掀婵h。這個(gè)縣是瑪納斯文化的發(fā)源地。在冬天溫暖的陽(yáng)光下,瑪納斯大師居素甫 ·瑪瑪依老人端坐于巖石之上,彈唱起千古流傳的詩(shī)篇,眾多剽悍的柯族騎手圍著他,高舉起手臂,用我聽(tīng)不懂的柯族語(yǔ)在馬上歡呼著,那聲響在群山間回應(yīng)著,古代戰(zhàn)士出征的場(chǎng)面仿佛又在重現(xiàn)……
瑪瑪依老人的深情回憶
那天阿圖什市飄著些雪花,天很冷??伦宓囊幻g帶我來(lái)到了瑪瑪依老人的住處。老人寬臉美髯,戴著柯族帽,穿著黑色呢大衣,還拄著根拐杖,神態(tài)很平和。他的兩個(gè)孫女這些天也和他住在
LIFE七彩人生
—瑪瑪依
歐陽(yáng)薇蓀
一起以照顧他。
初一見(jiàn)面,老人給人一種莊重的感覺(jué)。通過(guò)女翻譯,我與瑪瑪依老人談了起來(lái)。他告訴我,《瑪納斯》與藏族的《江格爾》、蒙族的《格薩爾》,是我國(guó)的三大民族史詩(shī),在世界上有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響?!拔覟椤冬敿{斯》作了一些開(kāi)創(chuàng)的工作,現(xiàn)在能以傳唱《瑪納斯》而參加這次大型活動(dòng),我為柯?tīng)柨俗巫甯械焦鈽s和自豪。 ”
1918年瑪瑪依出生在克孜勒蘇阿合奇縣一個(gè)普通牧民的家庭。從童年時(shí)代起他就在哥哥的指導(dǎo)下學(xué)唱背誦《瑪納斯》史詩(shī)。以后,不管時(shí)世如何變遷,他都為演唱、背誦這部史詩(shī)進(jìn)行不懈的努力。
“《瑪納斯》最早是用斯拉夫文寫的,我所看到的第一本《瑪納斯》書是《賽麥臺(tái)》(片斷)。1917年,在阿合奇縣卡拉奇鄉(xiāng)曾舉行過(guò)《瑪納斯》對(duì)唱,不分晝夜地連續(xù)唱了4天4夜。當(dāng)時(shí)有一個(gè)參賽歌手傳授了一些內(nèi)容給哥哥,哥哥就是從那時(shí)起開(kāi)始搜集瑪納斯的。1934年秋天哥哥將所搜集的一褡褳有關(guān)瑪納斯的手抄本和筆記本交給了我,他要求我保管好,今后一定要把祖先的這筆豐厚遺產(chǎn)傳向后代。1937年,軍閥盛世才將我哥哥抓到喀什,后又害死了他。兵荒馬亂中,哥哥交給我的那些書被燒了。幸好我大部分都看過(guò),后來(lái)的演唱就是憑記憶力記下來(lái)的。 ”老人回憶著。1940年,瑪瑪依曾在中蘇公路建設(shè)中擔(dān)任秘書,在勞動(dòng)之余為人們熱情演唱《瑪納斯》,唱了整整7個(gè)晚上,從此瑪瑪依的名聲傳遍四方,人們將“瑪納斯奇”的桂冠戴到了他的頭上。
“正是因?yàn)楦绺绲脑缙谒鸭?,《瑪納斯》才有了一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)。后來(lái)我也不斷地搜集整理演唱,《瑪納斯》的內(nèi)容逐漸豐富起來(lái)。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,吉爾吉斯斯坦出了一小部分《瑪納斯》的書,1953年發(fā)行到中國(guó),但量很少,而且仍然是斯拉夫文。 ”
他在坎坷的人生道路上彈唱
瑪瑪依當(dāng)過(guò)秘書、稅務(wù)員、教師和農(nóng)民,無(wú)論做什么,他都沒(méi)有放棄對(duì)《瑪納斯》的整理與演唱。他摯愛(ài)《瑪納斯》,并為《瑪納斯》付出了一生的心血,但命運(yùn)對(duì)他卻不公平。1958年起,他被扣上右派等帽子,在文革中更是因演唱《瑪納斯》而遭受身心摧殘。
他的家庭生活也很不幸?,敩斠酪簧部溃錆M傳奇色彩。但即使在艱難困苦中,他也沒(méi)有停止對(duì)《瑪納斯》的熱愛(ài)和歌唱。因?yàn)榭聽(tīng)柨俗斡杏凭玫臍v史和文化,家鄉(xiāng)的土地是美麗的,高高的白楊樹(shù),寬闊的土地上開(kāi)放著的紫丁香花,常常舒暢著他的心胸。趕著畜群在牧場(chǎng)走著,那些人跡罕至的地方,那些湖藍(lán)色的水面上吹著輕風(fēng)的地方,就是他彈琴放聲歌唱的地方。
1964年到1966年,他被請(qǐng)到阿圖什去演唱《瑪納斯》,并演唱了史詩(shī)前五部中遺漏了的內(nèi)容,增唱了第六部《阿斯勒巴恰與別克巴恰》的內(nèi)容,至此,他演唱的《瑪納斯》史詩(shī)內(nèi)容前六部達(dá)到了19.6萬(wàn)多行。除了演唱《瑪納斯》外,他還演唱了柯?tīng)柨俗纹渌吩?shī)和敘事詩(shī)。文革中,他的頭上頂著帽子,周圍環(huán)境更不允
許他唱《瑪納斯》。他只能深長(zhǎng)地嘆息。有時(shí),積習(xí)使他在靜靜的夜里悄悄地彈唱,優(yōu)美的歌聲穿過(guò)黑夜,飛到了人們的心上,有人就夜里起來(lái)打開(kāi)門聽(tīng)他彈唱,連工作隊(duì)的人也在偷偷地聽(tīng)。他的歌聲止不住又哭了,因?yàn)樗麖?964年到1968年搜集的《瑪納斯》全被人燒毀了!又悲又喜,一切要從頭開(kāi)始。在北京,他憑著多年的梳理、傳唱與積累,由他本人口述,其他人幫助翻譯,寫了三代人,即瑪納斯、賽馬代、賽代克。
回到烏魯木齊,他又繼續(xù)與人一起寫下去。1980年至1983年除了繼續(xù)口授,他自己寫了《凱瑟琳》《愛(ài)列塞依》《阿森巴契》《別格巴契》《松木別列克》《契可太義》。他說(shuō),他最喜歡的章節(jié)就是史詩(shī)中窮苦人民追求幸福的喜悅和對(duì)自由的渴望。
瑪瑪依創(chuàng)造出自己的演唱變體,這一變體唱本是目前世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的結(jié)構(gòu)最龐大、藝術(shù)性最強(qiáng)、深受聽(tīng)眾和讀者及各族學(xué)者青睞的巨作。目前除了我國(guó)及前蘇聯(lián)各加盟共和國(guó)之外,英國(guó)、德國(guó)、土耳其、日本、美國(guó)、法國(guó)等國(guó)家都有研究瑪納斯史詩(shī)的學(xué)者。
在《瑪納斯》殘缺不全并行將消失時(shí),瑪瑪依老人以他
的摯愛(ài)之情和非凡的記憶力拯救了《瑪
納斯》,他以滿腔的熱情又從頭演唱除
了第二部《賽麥臺(tái)》外《瑪納斯》史詩(shī)前
五部,增唱了史詩(shī)第七部《索木碧萊克》
2萬(wàn) .和《奇格臺(tái)》,使整部史詩(shī)達(dá)到了23
家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄;2007年6月5日,經(jīng)國(guó)家文化部確定,居素甫 ·瑪瑪依為該文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人。他是目前世界上唯一一位活著的能演唱八部《瑪納斯》的大瑪納斯奇?,敩斠览先艘蚨嗄陙?lái)在開(kāi)拓、發(fā)展中國(guó)民間文藝事業(yè)中辛勤耕耘、貢獻(xiàn)卓著而多次獲得國(guó)家級(jí)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。1982年起任自治區(qū)政協(xié)委員、常委?,F(xiàn)為新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)文聯(lián)名譽(yù)主席、研究員。他曾三次出訪吉爾吉斯斯坦,并受到特殊的禮遇。在吉爾吉斯斯坦共和國(guó)首都比什凱克市中心的廣場(chǎng)上,高高地聳立著兩尊雕像,一位是柯?tīng)柨俗巫遄顐ゴ蟮淖骷?、諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)提名者艾特瑪托夫;一位就是杰出的瑪納斯奇 —居素甫 ·瑪瑪依。
2007年4月18日,新疆阿合奇縣當(dāng)?shù)卣疄楝敿{斯奇居素甫 ·瑪瑪依舉辦了90歲大壽慶典,一時(shí)轟動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)外。瑪瑪依87歲那一年與56歲的阿斯勒 ·杜瓦那勒喜結(jié)婚姻。因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)厝罕姸枷M蟻?lái)有伴侶,以照顧他的生活,使他余生繼續(xù)《瑪納斯》史詩(shī)的傳唱。8月25日,人們按照柯?tīng)柨俗巫宓娘L(fēng)俗為他舉行了傳統(tǒng)的婚禮儀式。四里八鄉(xiāng)的村民、牧民騎著馬、摩托車,趕來(lái)向居素甫 ·瑪瑪依表示衷心祝賀。人們?cè)谇嗲嗟拇蟛菰吓e行了《瑪納斯》演唱、叼羊、姑娘追戀人、馬上角力、賽馬、賽鷹、歌舞等活動(dòng),歡樂(lè)和祝福的氣氛久久飄蕩在鮮花盛開(kāi)的草原上。
雪花輕輕地灑落,窗外充盈著邊疆特有的風(fēng)情。我對(duì)瑪瑪依老人說(shuō),很想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)《瑪納斯》演唱,女翻譯說(shuō)老人這幾天
吸引了無(wú)數(shù)的人群,有很多人向他表示支持,希望不要將《瑪納斯》埋沒(méi)了。
瑪瑪依被譽(yù)為“當(dāng)代活著的荷馬”
1978年,草原的天空又出現(xiàn)了金色的光芒。公社的一位書記找到他家,告訴他被冤枉了多年,現(xiàn)在又要他重新搜集《瑪納斯》了。聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他一下子激動(dòng)起來(lái),到處走來(lái)走去,哭了整整一天一夜。個(gè)人得到平反,又可搜集《瑪納斯》,真是雙喜臨門。上北京,去中央民族學(xué)院,他得到了傅正華教授等專家的熱情幫助。從阿克蘇-烏魯木齊-北京,飛機(jī)降落在北京機(jī)場(chǎng)上,他又見(jiàn)到了那么多熟悉的面孔,一句“我們接您來(lái)了”使他行,成為目前世界上內(nèi)容最豐富的一個(gè)唱本。新疆人民出版社出版了他演唱的18卷唱本。自治區(qū)人民政府授予他研究員職稱。他被民俗學(xué)家們公認(rèn)為“當(dāng)代荷馬”、“活著的荷馬”。
1995年他被吉爾吉斯斯坦總統(tǒng)授予金質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢⒂?997年1月被授予吉爾吉斯斯坦人民演員榮譽(yù)稱號(hào)。如同荷馬史詩(shī)因盲詩(shī)人荷馬的功績(jī)而彪炳世界文化史一樣,瑪瑪依老人對(duì)《瑪納斯》的拯救性工作和獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn),同樣為世界文化史增添了輝煌的篇章。
2005年8月,阿合奇縣被中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院民族文學(xué)研究所確定為《瑪納斯》傳統(tǒng)文化研究基地;2006年5月20日,《瑪納斯》經(jīng)國(guó)務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)列入第一批國(guó)身體不適唱不來(lái)。老人聽(tīng)后告訴我,可以讓兩個(gè)小孫女唱。20歲的姐姐阿依努爾讓13歲的妹妹阿克拉依來(lái)唱,阿克拉依高興地穿起鮮艷的民族服裝,為我唱起了《瑪納斯》,雖然沒(méi)有樂(lè)器伴奏,她仍唱得很認(rèn)真、很投入。那種聽(tīng)來(lái)反復(fù)回環(huán)的旋律,使人想象著遙遠(yuǎn)古戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的軍歌。女翻譯告訴我,這是講一位漢族青年到柯族生活并與柯族結(jié)下友誼的故事,臨走時(shí)要去打仗,瑪納斯的第一夫人與漢族青年對(duì)唱,深情地訴說(shuō)不要忘了柯?tīng)柨俗芜@個(gè)民族,在戰(zhàn)斗中要有勇敢無(wú)畏的精神。
其時(shí),這位被譽(yù)為“當(dāng)代荷馬 ”的柯?tīng)柨俗卫先?,正平靜地聽(tīng)著小孫女的歌唱,眼神閃爍著堅(jiān)毅、善良、樸實(shí)的光芒。
Modern Homer: Yusup Mamai
By Ouyang Weisun
The unrivalled achievement of Homer, the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey and re-vered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet in the Western classical tradition, has found its modern echo in the northwestern frontiers of China -- in the masterly artistry of a man called Yusup Mamai, living in a village in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
The 230,000-line Epic of Manas , 18 times longer than Homer's Odyssey, is a tra-ditional epic poem dating back in the 18th century but claimed by the Kyrgyz people to be much older. The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region in the 17th century. The epic tells the story of how Manas, his descendants and followers gave everything to guard cultural pride and independence. Battles against Khitan and Oirat enemies form a central theme in the epic. The epic poem is the crystallization of the historic, economic, moral, cultural, and folk charm of the Kirgiz people.
The government of Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary of Manas in 1995 in a village in the westernmost of China -- believed to be the birthplace of the Manas culture. Manas is revered as the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, called Manaschi. Ma-naschis tell the tale in a melodic chant unac-companied by musical instruments. Narra-tors who know all three episodes of the epic can acquire the status of Great Manaschi.
Yusup Mamai ranks among the Great Ma-naschis of the 20th century. I got a chance to enjoy the recitation from the ‘Living Homer when I was visiting the village in 1995. The man was sitting in great solemnity on a towering boulder, surrounded by a group of tough-looking horsemen who were waving arms and cheering in a language I dont understand.
The day I arrived in Atushi, where Mamai lives, was freezing. The Mamaschi was wearing a Kirgiz hat and a black winter coat, and greeted me into the house together with his two granddaughters who had come to stay with him for a few days to take care of him.
“I feel proud of myself being the narra-tor of such a great poem for the ceremony. I feel proud of myself also for all the ground-breaking work I did for the glory of the epic poem to be known by more people,” said the man, who was then turning 80.
Mamai was born to farmer parents in a small town in Kizilsu. He learned recitation of Manas from his elder brother at a very young age. The man has devoted his entire lifetime to the invaluable treasure of his eth-nic group.
“One of the Manaschis performing at a Manas recitation festival held in my home-town in 1917 shared some episodes of the epic with my elder brother, who left all his manuscripts and notes to me in 1934 and asked me to do what I can to take care of his legacy and glorify the epic. The 1917 recita-tion gala went on four days. My brother died
Yusup Mamai, “Living Homer”of the ethnic Kirgiz people, lives in northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
during the warring years in 1937. All his manuscripts and books were ruined in the turmoil of war, but everything was already
carved in my memory,” Mamai recalled.
In 1940, Mamai won the Great Manaschi status after he sang the epic for seven days for the townsfolk. No matter what the epic singer had to do to make a living, he never quit as a Manaschi. His passion and determi-nation was never shadowed by the adversity that came his way.
“My favorite episodes in Manas are those
eulogizing the yearning for freedom and
happiness of the people living in poverty,”
said Mamai.
Mamai is widely known for his unique reci-tation style that has won universal recognition.
The local government celebrated the mans 90th birthday on April 18, 2007 in unprecedented sensation. Mamai is so loved by his followers and the folks of his home-town, who wanted to see their ‘cultural guardian taken care of by a loving wife, that a wedding ceremony was held for the then 87-year-old man and his 56-year-old wife on August 25, 2007.