陳匯浩 趙良瑜 郭興峰 尹剛 雷德橋 侯春林
. 臨床研究與實(shí)踐 Clinical research and practice .
跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨治療嚴(yán)重跖骨短小畸形
陳匯浩 趙良瑜 郭興峰 尹剛 雷德橋 侯春林
目的探討跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨治療嚴(yán)重跖骨短小癥的效果,并介紹該手術(shù)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。方法2006 年至 2012 年,共治療10 例14 根跖骨短小,其中雙側(cè)第四跖骨短縮4 例,單側(cè)第四跖骨短縮5 例,第一跖骨短縮1 例,女9 例,男1 例,年齡13~30 歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):跖骨短縮>20 mm。術(shù)前跖骨 X 線測(cè)量:短縮2.0~2.7 cm,平均2.3 cm。本組10 例中雙側(cè)第四跖骨短縮4 例,單側(cè)短縮5 例,第一跖骨短縮1 例;女9 例,男1 例;年齡13~30 歲。第一階段:足背側(cè)入路,用微型擺鋸在跖骨中部橫行截骨,截骨后安裝Orthofix 單邊外固定支架,術(shù)中牽開(kāi)5 mm。術(shù)后第2 天開(kāi)始延長(zhǎng),每次 0.5 mm,早晚各1 次。此后2 周改為早 0.4 mm,晚 0.35 mm 各1 次。第二階段:延長(zhǎng)至預(yù)期長(zhǎng)度后取下外固定支架,取髂骨植骨,用微型鋼板行內(nèi)固定術(shù)。隨訪12~18 個(gè)月,平均14 個(gè)月。結(jié)果 術(shù)后 X 線12 周時(shí)14 根跖骨中13 根達(dá)到骨性愈合,18 周時(shí)全部達(dá)到骨性愈合。平均延長(zhǎng)22.5 mm,平均延長(zhǎng)百分比為 39.5%,跖骨得以拋物線恢復(fù)。按照美國(guó)足踝矯形外科協(xié)會(huì) ( the alnerican orthopedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS ) 的功能評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),術(shù)前與術(shù)后12 周采用配對(duì) t 檢驗(yàn),差值的樣本均數(shù)-50.29,P<0.01,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。術(shù)后平均 AOFAS 評(píng)分為 84.71 分,8 只足優(yōu),6 只足良。無(wú)明顯并發(fā)癥,所有患者對(duì)延長(zhǎng)結(jié)果、外形、前足功能恢復(fù)滿意或基本滿意。結(jié)論 跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨治療嚴(yán)重跖骨短小癥能使短小的跖骨恢復(fù)到滿意的長(zhǎng)度,恢復(fù)快,并發(fā)癥少,值得推薦。
跖骨;肢畸形,先天性;假體植入;假體和植入物
跖骨短小癥是一種比較少見(jiàn)的以跖骨發(fā)育不正常為主要臨床特征的疾病,臨床發(fā)病率約為 0.02%至 0.05%,男女比例為25∶1[1-2]。病因主要為生長(zhǎng)遲緩或骨骺提早閉合引起。跖骨短小癥可能為一種先天性的疾病,也可能并發(fā)于 Down’s 綜合征、Turner’s 綜合征、Albright’s 綜合征[3-4]等一些全身性疾病。跖骨短小癥可累及一側(cè)或雙側(cè)跖骨,約超過(guò)50% 的患者為雙側(cè)同時(shí)發(fā)生[5]。目前最常用的手術(shù)治療是牽張成骨術(shù)[6-7],短縮較輕的患者[8-9]可使用一期延長(zhǎng)術(shù)。作者采用的跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨方法主要針對(duì)較為嚴(yán)重的跖骨短小癥。
一、一般資料
2006 年至 2012 年對(duì)10 例共14 根跖骨短小癥,嚴(yán)重一側(cè)或雙側(cè)跖骨短小癥進(jìn)行了跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨。術(shù)前測(cè)量美國(guó)足踝外科協(xié)會(huì) ( the alnerican orthopedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS ) 值。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):跖骨短縮>20 mm。術(shù)前跖骨 X 線測(cè)量:短縮2.0~2.7 cm,平均2.3 cm。本組10 例中雙側(cè)第四跖骨短縮4 例,單側(cè)第四跖骨短縮5 例,第一跖骨短縮1 例;女9 例,男1 例;年齡13~30 歲;隨訪12~18 個(gè)月,平均14 個(gè)月。
二、手術(shù)方法
一期行外固定架延長(zhǎng)術(shù)?;颊哐楹笕⊙雠P,患肢使用止血帶止血。在短縮跖骨背側(cè)作2 cm 長(zhǎng)的縱行切口,牽開(kāi)伸趾肌腱,切開(kāi)骨膜顯露跖骨,在跖骨兩端直視下置入2.0 mm Schanz 釘2 枚。用微型擺鋸在跖骨中部橫行截骨。將兩端 Schanz 釘連接于Orthofix M100 微型單邊外固定支架,術(shù)中即將外固定支架適當(dāng)牽開(kāi)5 mm。關(guān)閉切口前松開(kāi)止血帶以確切止血。仔細(xì)縫合切開(kāi)之骨膜,依次關(guān)閉切口。術(shù)后行足正斜位 X 線檢查。每日被動(dòng)活動(dòng)跖趾關(guān)節(jié)及趾間關(guān)節(jié)防止關(guān)節(jié)僵硬及半脫位。術(shù)后第2 天開(kāi)始延長(zhǎng),每次 0.5 mm,早晚各1 次。此后2 周改為早0.4 mm,晚 0.35 mm 各1 次。延長(zhǎng)至術(shù)前預(yù)期設(shè)定長(zhǎng)度后行足正斜位 X 線檢查。
二期行植骨內(nèi)固定術(shù)。先取下 Schanz 釘及外固定支架。沿第一次切口切開(kāi)并延長(zhǎng),暴露跖骨及延長(zhǎng)后兩骨端間隙,測(cè)得跖骨缺損長(zhǎng)度后切取相應(yīng)長(zhǎng)度半層髂骨,修整后置于缺損處,用合適長(zhǎng)度微型鋼板將髂骨與兩端跖骨固定,縫合骨膜,關(guān)閉切口前松開(kāi)止血帶以確切止血。術(shù)后再次行足正斜位X 線檢查。術(shù)后允許患者在雙拐保護(hù)下活動(dòng),患側(cè)可足跟著地。每日被動(dòng)活動(dòng)跖趾關(guān)節(jié)及趾間關(guān)節(jié)防止關(guān)節(jié)僵硬及半脫位。復(fù)查 X 線確認(rèn)植骨愈合后可完全負(fù)重行走。
術(shù)后隨訪12~18 個(gè)月,平均14 個(gè)月。于植骨術(shù)后6、12、18 周復(fù)查 X 線。X 線上植骨與跖骨之間有皮質(zhì)相連且無(wú)透亮影為愈合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
以 mm 為單位的對(duì)跖骨恢復(fù)長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行測(cè)量,并在跖骨拋物線進(jìn)行比較,計(jì)算增加百分比,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行評(píng)估。
術(shù)后第6 周和12 周采用 AOFAS[10]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行臨床評(píng)價(jià),AOFAS 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)用于較小的腳趾跖骨延長(zhǎng)的臨床評(píng)價(jià) ( 優(yōu),>85;良,~85;可,~70;差,<56 )。該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估疼痛 0~40、功能 0~45 ( 包括活動(dòng)限制程度 0~10、穿鞋要求 0~10、跖趾0~10、趾間關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng) 0~5、跖趾及趾間穩(wěn)定性 0~5、局部胼胝 0~5) 以及腳趾對(duì)齊 0~15。
所有數(shù)據(jù)表示為均值和方差的平均值。術(shù)前與植骨術(shù)后12 周 AOFAS 結(jié)果進(jìn)行配對(duì) t 檢驗(yàn)。使用SPSS16.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
典型病例:患者,女,16 歲,自幼出現(xiàn)左側(cè)第四跖骨短小癥。術(shù)前檢查提示左側(cè)第四跖骨短縮23 mm ( 圖1)。一期行外固定架延長(zhǎng)術(shù),腰麻下行第四跖骨橫行截骨,術(shù)中即延長(zhǎng)5 mm,并安裝Orthofix 微型外固定支架 ( 圖2)。安裝外固定架后3 周跖骨延長(zhǎng)至合適長(zhǎng)度 ( 圖3),行二期植骨內(nèi)固定術(shù) ( 圖4)。術(shù)后植骨愈合良好,跖骨恢復(fù)正常長(zhǎng)度 ( 圖5)。
植骨術(shù)后12、18 周從放射學(xué)角度進(jìn)行愈合狀態(tài)評(píng)估。術(shù)后 X 線12 周時(shí)14 根跖骨中13 根達(dá)到骨性愈合,18 周時(shí)全部達(dá)到骨性愈合。
術(shù)后平均增益長(zhǎng)度為22.5 mm ( S1.7 mm,范圍為19~25 mm ),增加的平均百分比為 39.5%,跖骨得以拋物線恢復(fù)。
圖1 左第四跖骨短縮23 mmFig.1 The left 4th metatarsal was shortened for23 mm圖2 一期截骨并安裝外固定架Fig.2 The first-stage metatarsal osteotomy and external fixation were performed圖3 術(shù)后3 周跖骨延長(zhǎng)至合適長(zhǎng)度Fig.3 The metatarsal was extended to the appropriate length3 weeks later圖4 行二期植骨內(nèi)固定術(shù)Fig.4 The second-stage bone graft and internal fixation were performed圖5 植骨愈合良好,跖骨恢復(fù)正常長(zhǎng)度Fig.5 The metatarsal was extended to the normal length after excellent bony union
表1 術(shù)前、術(shù)后6 周與術(shù)后12 周 AOFAS 測(cè)量結(jié)果Tab.1 The AOFAS measurement results preoperatively and at6 and12 weeks after the operation
術(shù)前平均 AOFAS 為 34.43 分 ( S4.65 ),術(shù)后12 周平均 AOFAS 84.71 ( S5.14 ),術(shù)前與術(shù)后12 周采用配對(duì) t 檢驗(yàn),差值的樣本均數(shù)-50.29,S3.38,SX 0.90,P<0.01,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本組平均AOFAS 為 84.71 分,8 只足優(yōu),6 只足良。
所有患者對(duì)延長(zhǎng)結(jié)果、外形、前足功能恢復(fù)滿意或基本滿意,耐受性良好,未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)、血管、肌腱并發(fā)癥,未發(fā)生針道感染,未出現(xiàn)植骨吸收,后期未發(fā)生應(yīng)力性骨折,跖趾關(guān)節(jié)脫位及畸形等。
跖骨短小癥是一種罕見(jiàn)的畸形,可引起腳趾或前足疼痛、前足胼胝、軟組織攣縮、外觀畸形 ( 女性患者尤其重視 )[1]。出現(xiàn)疼痛時(shí)可以采用特殊鞋墊或服用非甾體類(lèi)消炎藥等保守治療,當(dāng)保守治療效果不佳或患者有改善外觀要求時(shí)可行手術(shù)治療。通過(guò)手術(shù)延長(zhǎng)跖骨治療,一方面能明顯改善外觀,滿足年輕女性穿鞋要求,另一方面,由于短縮跖骨的長(zhǎng)度的糾正,跖骨拋物線恢復(fù),前足跖骨頭壓力得到了再分配,跖痛癥將得到明顯改善,足底老繭也將減少或消失[5]。
對(duì)于短縮跖骨<15 mm,一期延長(zhǎng)術(shù)[8-9]即可獲得良好的效果。Giannini 等[9]報(bào)道對(duì)29 例 41 個(gè)短趾施行跖骨一期延長(zhǎng)術(shù)+異體骨填充,41 個(gè)跖骨平均延長(zhǎng)13 mm,大多數(shù)患者跖骨恢復(fù)為正常拋物線形狀。一期延長(zhǎng)術(shù)無(wú)需外固定支架,愈合時(shí)間短,患者依從性好,但由于需避免軟組織張力過(guò)大,跖骨延長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)度受限,跖骨拋物線可能無(wú)法恢復(fù),神經(jīng)血管亦有損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
對(duì)于一側(cè)多發(fā)跖骨短縮,國(guó)外亦有利用相鄰跖骨平衡術(shù),即將較長(zhǎng)跖骨的多余部分移位于較短跖骨,從而恢復(fù)跖骨拋物線,Lee 等[11]報(bào)告對(duì) 37 例47 個(gè)短跖以及 Kim 等[3]對(duì)5 例12 個(gè)短跖使用了該方法,獲得了較好的外觀,改善了臨床癥狀。
對(duì)于短縮跖骨短縮>15 mm,目前國(guó)外多采用牽張成骨術(shù),也是最常用的方法[2,6-7,12-14]。這種方法能達(dá)到較長(zhǎng)的最終骨長(zhǎng)度,可避免植骨,神經(jīng)血管損傷相對(duì)較小。而對(duì)于跖骨短縮20 mm 以上的患者,該方法持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),Lee 等[14]報(bào)告使用外固定支架平均長(zhǎng)達(dá) 108 天;牽引過(guò)程中需頻繁的糾正,以及需要患者的良好配合,治療過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)針道感染、影響活動(dòng)、成角,關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、骨痂過(guò)早整合等并發(fā)癥相對(duì)較高。
為縮短療程及減少并發(fā)癥,我們采用跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨內(nèi)固定治療嚴(yán)重跖骨短縮畸形10 例14 根跖骨,取得了良好效果。
一期手術(shù)行足背側(cè)入路截骨后安裝 Orthofix 單邊外固定支架。截骨時(shí)盡可能橫行截骨,以增加二期植骨內(nèi)固定穩(wěn)定性。術(shù)中預(yù)先延長(zhǎng)5 mm,術(shù)后2 周內(nèi)以1 mm / 天速度延長(zhǎng),此后2 周減緩至 0.75 mm /天,絕大多數(shù)嚴(yán)重跖骨短縮病例可于 30 天內(nèi)完成延長(zhǎng)并進(jìn)行二期植骨手術(shù)。目前大多數(shù)國(guó)外學(xué)者認(rèn)為牽張成骨外固定支架術(shù)以不超過(guò) 0.5 mm / 天為安全界限[9,15],以避免各種并發(fā)癥,也有學(xué)者[2]認(rèn)為1 mm / 天進(jìn)行牽張延長(zhǎng)是安全的。以我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)術(shù)后第2 天開(kāi)始1 mm / 天、此后2 周 0.75 mm 的延長(zhǎng)速度是相對(duì)安全的,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的神經(jīng)、血管的并發(fā)癥。相對(duì)于行牽張成骨術(shù)時(shí)需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間等待骨痂鈣化,我們省去了這一環(huán)節(jié)且無(wú)需擔(dān)心骨痂過(guò)早整合的問(wèn)題。由于加快了牽張速度及無(wú)需等待鈣化,大大縮短了外固定支架使用的時(shí)間,減少患者耐受及針道感染、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。行牽張成骨術(shù)時(shí)為減少并發(fā)癥,跖骨延長(zhǎng)盡可能避免超過(guò)20 mm[15],而我們?cè)谑中g(shù)中跖骨可盡可能延長(zhǎng)以恢復(fù)跖骨的拋物線,改善前足功能。
二期手術(shù)行植骨術(shù),在安裝內(nèi)固定時(shí)可糾正成角畸形。骨膜在延長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中仍能保持部分活性,自體骨植骨愈合迅速,術(shù)后12 周 X 線基本到達(dá)骨性愈合,術(shù)后16 周全部達(dá)到骨性愈合。在延長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中可用雙拐保護(hù)下后足負(fù)重行走,8~12 周根據(jù)植骨愈合情況前足適當(dāng)參與負(fù)重行走,在跖骨延長(zhǎng)與骨愈合的過(guò)程中,對(duì)日常生活影響較小。
當(dāng)然,本法也有不足之處,相對(duì)于牽張成骨術(shù),需二次手術(shù)行植骨內(nèi)固定,供區(qū)的并發(fā)癥也需考慮在內(nèi),植骨內(nèi)固定理論上存在不愈合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
總之,對(duì)于一些較為嚴(yán)重的跖骨短縮患者及難于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間耐受外固定支架的患者,跖骨緩慢延長(zhǎng)植骨治療能使短小的跖骨恢復(fù)到滿意的長(zhǎng)度,恢復(fù)快,并發(fā)癥少,不失為一種有效的治療方法。
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( 本文編輯:王永剛 )
Treatment of serious brachymetatarsia by gradual metatarsal elongation combined with bone graft
CHEN Hui-hao, ZHAO Liang-yu, GUO Xing-feng, YIN Gang, LEI De-qiao, HOU Chun-lin. Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, the second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, PRC
ObjectiveTo investigate the outcomes of gradual metatarsal elongation combined with bone graft in the treatment of serious brachymetatarsia, and to introduce the advantages of this operative method. Methods From 2006 to 2012,10 patients with brachymetatarsia (14 metatarsals ) were treated, including4 patients with bilateral brachymetatarsia of the 4th ray,5 patients with unilateral brachymetatarsia of the 4th ray and1 patient with brachymetatarsia of the 1st ray. There were9 females and1 male, whose age ranged from13 to 30 years old. The inclusion criteria was that the metatarsal bone was shortened for over20 mm. Based on the preoperative radiographs, the mean shortened length was2.3 cm ( range:2.0-2.7 cm ). In the frst stage, metatarsal osteotomy was performed with the oscillating micro-saw in the middle part with the dorsal approach, and then the Orthofx unilateral external fixator was installed. The traction of5 mm was achieved during the operation. The extension was done from the 2nd day after the surgery at the rate of 0.5 mm twice a day, each morning and evening. The extended length was 0.4 mm in the morning and 0.35 mm in the evening2 weeks later. In the second stage, the iliac bone graft was taken out and the external fxator was removed when the metatarsal bone was extended to the expected length. The miniplate was used in the internal fxation. The mean follow-up period was14 months ( range:12-18 months ). Results The postoperative radiographs showed bony union was achieved in13 of14 metatarsals at12 weeks, and in all14 metatarsals at18 weeks after the operation. The mean extended length was22.5 mm and the mean percentage of extension was 39.5%. Parabolic recovery was realized in the metatarsals. The function was evaluated according to the standard of the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ( AOFAS ). The paired t-test was used to analyze the scores preoperatively and at12 weeks after the operation. The sample mean of the difference values was-50.29, and the differences were statistically signifcant ( P<0.01 ). The average postoperative score was 84.71 points, and there were8 excellent cases and6 good cases. No obvious complications were found, and all the patients felt basically or completely satisfied with the extension and the appearance and function of the forefoot.ConclusionsGradualmetatarsal elongation combined with bone graft is recommended in the treatment of serious brachymetatarsia, and the satisfactory extension could be achieved with the advantages of quick recovery and less complications.
Metatarsal bones; Limb deformities, congenital; Humerus; Prostheses and implants
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.07.012
R682.1
200003 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)征醫(yī)院骨科
2013-12-11 )