李忠徽, 王旭東,2*
(1 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,陜西楊凌 712100; 2 農(nóng)業(yè)部西北植物營養(yǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西楊凌 712100)
試驗(yàn)所用木醋液是由蘋果樹和一些雜木在制備生物炭過程中冷凝產(chǎn)生,最高溫度約為550℃。木醋液的基本性質(zhì)為棕黃色,在有機(jī)化合物中各成分相對(duì)含量為有機(jī)酸 28.37%、 乙酸 21.14%、 酚類及衍生物 34.66%、 酮類 12.94%,pH 3.1,EC 3.37 mS/cm,有機(jī)碳含量 33.59 g/L。
1.3.1 土壤性質(zhì)試驗(yàn) 采用土壤培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),每盆裝土2 kg,澆灌不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液溶液400 mL,共11個(gè)處理,3次重復(fù),試驗(yàn)的木醋液與水的比例見表1。每次待土壤干燥后進(jìn)行下一次澆灌,連續(xù)灌施3次,分析土壤的酸度、 電導(dǎo)率、 有機(jī)碳含量、 不同級(jí)別結(jié)構(gòu)體及其有機(jī)碳的變化。土壤有機(jī)碳、 水溶性有機(jī)碳、 土壤顆粒有機(jī)碳采用重鉻酸鉀容量法[13],不同級(jí)別土壤顆粒含量采用約得法[14],土壤的pH、 EC(電導(dǎo)率)用過1 mm篩的風(fēng)干土以1 ∶1的水土比浸提后分別用 DELTA 320 pH 計(jì)和 DDSJ-308A 型電導(dǎo)儀測(cè)定。
表1 土壤和作物盆栽試驗(yàn)中采用的木醋液稀釋倍數(shù)Table 1 Dilution folds of wood vinegar used in soil and pot experiments
1.3.2 辣椒盆栽試驗(yàn) 供試作物為陜西大角椒,屬長椒類,株型矮小、 分枝性強(qiáng)、 葉片中等、 果實(shí)為長角形。每盆裝土3 kg,栽辣椒苗一株,澆水600 mL。當(dāng)辣椒成活并穩(wěn)定生長后,開始澆灌不同稀釋倍數(shù)的木醋液,試驗(yàn)設(shè)置同表1。第一次澆灌溶液量為150 mL/pot,半個(gè)月后進(jìn)行第二次澆灌,澆灌200 mL/pot,兩次澆灌木醋液期間視具體情況澆水,每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。觀察辣椒長勢(shì),收獲時(shí)測(cè)定辣椒株高和辣椒產(chǎn)量等指標(biāo)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)均用Microsoft Excel 2003軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用SAS軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行LSD0.05差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)。
圖1 不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液的pH值Fig.1 pH value of wood vinegar under different dilution ratios[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
2.1.2 對(duì)土壤酸堿度(pH)和電導(dǎo)率(EC)的影響 木醋液本身具有較強(qiáng)的酸性(pH為3.1),向土壤中澆灌不同稀釋倍數(shù)的木醋液,土壤的pH發(fā)生一定的改變(圖2)。與灌水相比,灌施原液后土壤pH下降了1.2個(gè)單位,降至7.23,差異達(dá)顯著水平。隨著木醋液稀釋倍數(shù)的增加,土壤pH與對(duì)照越來越接近,差異不顯著。
圖2 灌施不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液土壤的pHFig.2 pH of soils irrigated with different dilution ratios of wood vinegar solution[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
圖3 灌施不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液土壤的EC值Fig.3 EC of soils irrigated with different dilution ratios of wood vinegar solution[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
圖4 不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液對(duì)土壤有機(jī)碳的影響Fig.4 Soil organic C contents irrigated with different dilution ratios of wood vinegar solution[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
2.1.4 對(duì)土壤水溶性有機(jī)碳的影響 水溶性有機(jī)碳(WSOC)通常是指可通過0.45 μm微孔濾膜的水溶性有機(jī)物質(zhì)。灌施木醋液直接增加了土壤水溶性有機(jī)碳含量(圖5)。從原液到稀釋倍數(shù)為1 ∶3,其水溶性有機(jī)碳含量顯著高于對(duì)照。稀釋倍數(shù)進(jìn)一步提高后,灌施處理與對(duì)照差異不顯著。
圖5 灌施不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液土壤的水溶性有機(jī)碳含量Fig.5 Water soluble organic C contents irrigated with different dilution ratios of wood vinegar solution[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
圖6 不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液處理下土壤團(tuán)聚體的分布Fig.6 Distribution of soil aggregate sizes treated with different dilution ratios of wood vinegar solution[注(Note): USWV—木醋液原液Undiluted solution wood vinegar.]
表2 灌施不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液后的各粒級(jí)土壤有機(jī)碳含量(g/kg)Table 2 Soil organic C contents in different sizes of particles after irrigation with wood vinegar
注(Note): USWN—Undiluted solution wood vinegar. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著 Values followed by different small letters mean significantly different among treatments.
表3 灌施不同稀釋倍數(shù)木醋液對(duì)辣椒生長的影響Table 3 Effect of wood vinegar on pepper growth
注(Note): USWN—Undiluted solution wood vinegar. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著 Values followed by different small letters mean significantly different among treatments.
總體看來,稀釋倍數(shù)小于1 ∶5的木醋液溶液對(duì)辣椒生長產(chǎn)生抑制和毒害作用,稀釋5倍以上的木醋液溶液對(duì)辣椒生長具有促進(jìn)作用,并且當(dāng)稀釋倍數(shù)為1 ∶50時(shí)促進(jìn)作用達(dá)到最明顯。隨著稀釋倍數(shù)進(jìn)一步增加,雖然木醋液對(duì)辣椒生長產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)作用,但其效果逐漸減弱。
1)灌施一定量的木醋液,對(duì)土壤的性質(zhì)、 結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。降低土壤pH值,提高土壤EC值。增加有機(jī)碳和水溶性有機(jī)碳含量,有利于土壤大團(tuán)聚體形成,同時(shí)減少土壤微團(tuán)聚體的數(shù)量。
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