左尚維,郭 偉
解放軍總醫(yī)院 血管外科,北京 100853
基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的基因多態(tài)性與腹主動脈瘤關(guān)聯(lián)的研究進展
左尚維,郭 偉
解放軍總醫(yī)院 血管外科,北京 100853
腹主動脈瘤是一種受遺傳與環(huán)境因素共同影響的復(fù)雜疾病,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶家族(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs)是腹主動脈瘤壁細胞外基質(zhì)破壞的關(guān)鍵因素之一。本文回顧了MMPs在腹主動脈瘤發(fā)生過程中的作用機制和既往MMPs基因多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的關(guān)系。分析表明,MMPs家族多種蛋白在腹主動脈瘤的病理過程中具有重要作用;MMP2、MMP3、MMP9等多個基因的多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān)。
腹主動脈瘤;單核苷酸多態(tài)性;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶
腹主動脈瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)是腹主動脈發(fā)生永久性、節(jié)段性的擴張,是受遺傳與環(huán)境因素共同影響的復(fù)雜性疾病。美國大型篩檢研究估計,18 ~ 85歲人群AAA患病率約為1.4%[1]。腹主動脈瘤患者最大的風(fēng)險是瘤體破裂,破裂后的死亡率可達80% ~ 90%[2-3]。動脈瘤壁組織能夠觀察到的典型病理改變包括慢性透壁性炎癥、細胞外基質(zhì)破壞性重構(gòu)、血管平滑肌細胞凋亡等,其中動脈瘤壁的細胞外基質(zhì)的破壞是其關(guān)鍵機制之一,與此機制聯(lián)系最緊密的是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶家族(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)[4]。MMPs是一系列對細胞外基質(zhì)各種成分有降解作用的酶類,其可以降解腹主動脈壁組織中的膠原及彈力蛋白成分,造成動脈壁重塑,進而使動脈壁逐漸擴張形成動脈瘤。本文主要介紹MMPs在AAA發(fā)生過程中的作用機制,并綜述既往MMPs基因多態(tài)性位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)研究。
MMPs是一類包含鋅離子的內(nèi)源性蛋白水解酶,目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)20多種,根據(jù)其生物學(xué)功能將其分為6類:明膠酶(MMP2、MMP9)、膠原酶(MMP1、MMP8、MMP13、MMP18)、基質(zhì)溶解素(MMP3,MMP10)、基質(zhì)分解素(MMP7,MMP11,MMP26)、膜型MMP(MMP14 ~ MMP17、MMP24、MMP25)以及其他種類。目前MMPs家族中已知與AAA關(guān)系較密切的有MMP2、MMP3、MMP9等。
主動脈壁中的MMPs主要來源于巨噬細胞、單核細胞及中層平滑肌細胞,參與多種生理過程,包括傷口愈合、組織重構(gòu)等[5-6]。生理情況下MMPs可在動脈血流量增加的情況下濃度增高,從而降解動脈壁基質(zhì),最終增加動脈直徑和擴張性[7]。MMPs的生物學(xué)功能可被組織型基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制物(tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases,TIMPs)抑制,MMPs與TIMPs通常處于平衡狀態(tài),確保細胞外基質(zhì)降解與增殖的平衡。但在病理情況下,一旦MMPs與TIMPs間的平衡被打破,MMPs水平增高并持續(xù)作用于動脈壁,細胞外基質(zhì)降解速度將大于修復(fù)速度,動脈壁發(fā)生重構(gòu),在血流的沖擊下逐漸擴張直至形成動脈瘤[7]。另有實驗證實,MMPs和TIMPs在動脈瘤壁組織中處于失衡狀態(tài)[8]。早在1991年,Vine等[9-13]發(fā)現(xiàn)明膠酶、膠原酶及基質(zhì)溶解素等在主動脈瘤瘤壁組織中水平升高。另外MMPs在不同直徑的動脈壁組織的表達水平存在差異,提示MMPs的過量表達可能對腹主動脈直徑的增加有促進作用[14-15]。除動脈瘤壁組織外,研究者同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)外周血MMP水平也與AAA的發(fā)生及發(fā)展存在關(guān)聯(lián)[16-18]。由此可見,各種不同來源細胞分泌的MMPs在腹主動脈瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展乃至最后的破裂中起重要作用。
單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)主要是指在基因水平上由單個核苷酸的變異所引起的DNA序列多態(tài)性,是人類可遺傳的變異中最常見的一種。由于在蛋白質(zhì)和mRNA水平上MMPs與AAA具有明確的相關(guān)性,近年來隨著候選基因策略的完善和全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究(genome wide association studies,GWAS)技術(shù)的興起,MMPs與腹主動脈瘤的關(guān)聯(lián)已上升到了基因水平,多個MMPs的多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究已開展。MMPs家族的多個基因均有涉及,大部分研究針對MMP2、MMP3、MMP9等基因。
2.1 MMP2 MMP2基因位于染色體16q13區(qū)域,近年來MMP2基因多態(tài)性位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)受到較多關(guān)注(表1)。既往多針對MMP2 -1306C/T(rs243865)位點進行研究,其位于MMP2編碼基因的啟動子區(qū)域?;A(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),rs243865-T等位基因會使啟動子活性大大降低,從而影響MMP2表達水平[19]。流行病學(xué)研究方面,Saracini等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)此位點與腹主動脈瘤的發(fā)生存在相關(guān)性,rs243865-T等位基因能夠減小AAA發(fā)生風(fēng)險(adjusted OR=0.55,95% CI:0.34 ~ 0.85)。然而Smallwood等[21]在澳大利亞人群中的研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)rs243865多態(tài)性與AAA的發(fā)生存在相關(guān)性。英國針對腹主動脈瘤擴張進行了遺傳流行病學(xué)研究,未發(fā)現(xiàn)此位點與腹主動脈瘤的擴張率具有相關(guān)性[22]。有關(guān)MMP2基因的其他多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究,均未獲得突破性發(fā)現(xiàn)。2005年Hinterseher等[23]研究了MMP2啟動子及全外顯子區(qū)域18個多態(tài)性位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián),但并未獲得陽性結(jié)果。因此目前有關(guān)MMP2的基因多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的關(guān)聯(lián)尚無一致結(jié)論,需要繼續(xù)進行大樣本的深入研究。
2.2 MMP3 MMP3基因位于染色體11q22.3。其啟動子區(qū)域5A/6A序列,是近年來被重點關(guān)注的位點(表2)。很早就有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)MMP3啟動子區(qū)5A/6A序列與動脈硬化的進展速度相關(guān),且其和MMP3基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄速度相關(guān)[25]。此外MMP3 5A/6A序列還和冠心病等多種血管疾病的發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)歸具有相關(guān)性[26]。自1999年起,多位學(xué)者開始進行該位點和AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究。Deguara等[27]在英國人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)此位點與AAA有顯著的相關(guān)性(OR=1.32,95% CI:1.09 ~ 1.61),且5A序列攜帶者的動脈壁MMP3含量較對照高。Saracini等[20]和Saratzis等[28]分別在意大利和希臘人群中也獲得了類似的結(jié)果。然而Yoon等[29]在芬蘭人群中雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)AAA患者中5A序列攜帶率高于對照組,但結(jié)果無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.06)。既往Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)MMP3 5A/6A是AAA的易感基因位點[30]。
表1 MMP2基因多態(tài)性位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究
表2 MMP3基因多態(tài)性5A/6A位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究
表3 MMP9基因多態(tài)性位點與AAA的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究
2.3 MMP9 MMP9基因位于人類染色體20q11.2-13.1區(qū)域,多個研究針對該基因的(CA)n和-1562 C/T (rs3918242)位點展開了較為深入的研究(表3)。(CA)n是位于其第一個外顯子前131到90個堿基對位置出現(xiàn)的重復(fù)序列,重復(fù)數(shù)介于14 ~ 27,但既往研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)(CA)n與AAA有相關(guān)性[29,31]。MMP9 -1562 C/T (rs3918242)位點位于MMP9啟動子區(qū)域,基礎(chǔ)性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該多態(tài)性位點可能與MMP9基因mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄水平有關(guān)[32]。Jones等[33]在新西蘭人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)-1562 C/T與AAA的發(fā)生具有相關(guān)性(OR=2.41,95% CI:1.44 ~4.02),但其他針對該位點的研究均無陽性結(jié)果[20,22,24,31]。目前Meta分析結(jié)果尚不能證實MMP9-1562T等位基因為腹主動脈瘤的易感基因,有待于在大樣本中進一步探討[29]。
我國大陸地區(qū)腹主動脈瘤與MMP相關(guān)性研究已有一定基礎(chǔ),研究主要集中在動物實驗、體外實驗方面,以人群為基礎(chǔ)的遺傳流行病學(xué)研究較少。我國絕大多數(shù)研究均著眼于蛋白質(zhì)水平,但亦有部分研究已逐漸深入。陳峰等[34]研究了實驗性動脈瘤瘤壁MMP2和MMP9的蛋白質(zhì)水平和mRNA水平,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其與AAA相關(guān)。王曰偉等[35]研究了人腹主動脈瘤組織中的MMP2、MMP9的表達數(shù)量和位置,且發(fā)現(xiàn)MMP-2與AAA的形成及早期擴張密切相關(guān),MMP-9與AAA的持續(xù)擴張及破裂密切相關(guān)。然而仍沒有基于中國大陸人群的MMPs基因多態(tài)性研究,此方面仍屬空白。
MMPs家族多種蛋白在腹主動脈瘤的病理過程中具有重要作用;MMP2、MMP3、MMP9等多個基因的多態(tài)性位點與腹主動脈瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān)。然而現(xiàn)有大多數(shù)遺傳流行病學(xué)研究人群為高加索人種,對中國人群尚沒有相應(yīng)研究,此方面空白亟待填補。
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Relationship between matrix metalloproteinases gene polymorphisms and abdominal aortic aneurysm
ZUO Shang-wei, GUO Wei
Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
GUO Wei. Email: pla301dml@vip.sina.com
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a complex disease affected by genetic and environmental factors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is one of the key factors of the aorta wall extracellular matrix degeneration. This article reviews the mechanism of MMPs in abdominal aortic aneurysm progression and the relationship between MMPs gene polymorphisms and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Analysis shows that the MMPs family proteins play an important role in the pathology process of abdominal aortic aneurysm. MMP2, 3, 9 gene polymorphisms are associated with the occurrence of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
abdominal aortic aneurysm; single nucleotide polymorphisms; matrix metalloproteinases
R 543
A
2095-5227(2014)12-1278-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.12.029
時間:2014-09-12 11:06
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140929.1712.003.html
2014-08-06
全軍醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科研項目(09BJZ04)
Supported by the Project of Medicine and Health Science Research of Chinese PLA(09BJZ04)
左尚維,男,在讀博士。研究方向:血管外科。Email: lksybzsw@hotmail.com
郭偉,男,碩士,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: pla301dml@vip.sina.com