田玉玲,王化虹,滕貴根
北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,北京 100034
不同比例ω-3/ω-6多不飽和脂肪酸對大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎模型的影響
田玉玲,王化虹,滕貴根
北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,北京 100034
目的研究不同比例ω-3/ω-6多不飽和脂肪酸對葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)誘導(dǎo)大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎的影響。方法選取40只4周齡雄性SPF級SD大鼠,隨機(jī)分為A ~ E共5組。A、E組予普通飼料喂養(yǎng),B、C、D組大鼠分別予ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶1、1∶3及1∶30的改造飼料喂養(yǎng),共6周。隨后除E組外,其余4組予3% DSS水溶液自由飲用7 d后,改為普通水飲用12 d,此為1個循環(huán)。如此反復(fù)3個循環(huán),制造慢性結(jié)腸炎動物模型。記錄各組大鼠體質(zhì)量、糞便、一般情況,比較各組大鼠結(jié)腸炎癥狀積分、組織病理損傷積分和血清及結(jié)腸組織中PGE2、LTB4、TNF-α含量。結(jié)果ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶1組大鼠可以降低DSS誘導(dǎo)的結(jié)腸炎大鼠的炎癥癥狀總積分(P<0.05)、組織病理損傷積分(P<0.05),血清及組織中PGE2、LTB4、血清TNF-α均有所下降(P<0.05)。ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶3組部分改善DSS誘導(dǎo)大鼠結(jié)腸炎,使DSS誘導(dǎo)慢性結(jié)腸炎大鼠組織中LTB4及血清中PGE2降低。ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶30使DSS誘導(dǎo)慢性結(jié)腸炎大鼠炎癥癥狀積分升高(P<0.001),加重組織病理損傷積分(P<0.05),組織中TNF-α含量升高(P<0.05)。結(jié)論含有高比例ω-3/ω-6 PUFA的飼料可以改善大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎癥狀,比例1∶1效果優(yōu)于1∶3,飼料中過高的ω-6 PUFA可以加重大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎。因此推測將炎癥性腸病患者膳食中ω-3/ω-6 PUFA比例提高可能使患者獲益。
炎癥性腸??;ω-3多不飽和脂肪酸;ω-6多不飽和脂肪酸;葡聚糖硫酸鈉誘導(dǎo)大鼠結(jié)腸炎
1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物 雄性SPF級SD大鼠40只,4周齡,體質(zhì)量93 ~ 121 g,于北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院動物中心SPF級實(shí)驗(yàn)室飼養(yǎng),晝夜節(jié)律12 h/12 h。購入后供應(yīng)正常飼料和飲水飼養(yǎng)4 d,習(xí)慣環(huán)境后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。本研究經(jīng)北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物福利倫理委員會審查通過。
2 飼料 基礎(chǔ)飼料中總油脂含量為4% ~ 5%,其中ω-3 PUFA含量約1.5 g/kg,ω-6 PUFA含量約23.5 g/kg,ω-3/ω-6 PUFA比例為1∶15。向基礎(chǔ)純飼料按比例添加魚油和亞麻油改造飼料,3種改造后的飼料總油脂含量均增至5% ~ 10%。其中魚油購自海洋恒昌集團(tuán)每1 g含DHA和EPA 210 mg。亞油酸購自安慶市中創(chuàng)生物工程有限公司,純度為95%。ELISIA試劑盒購自北京方程生物有限公司。
3 動物分組及模型建立 40只大鼠隨機(jī)分為A、B、C、D、E共5組,每組8只。A組為單純DSS結(jié)腸炎模型組;B、C、D組為給予ω-3/ω-6 PUFA為1∶1、1∶3及1∶30的改造飼料飼養(yǎng)組;E組空白對照組,給予普通飼料飼養(yǎng)。A、E組予普通飼料,B、C、D組分別予ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶1,1∶3及1∶30的改造飼料,共6周。隨后A、B、C、D組大鼠給予3% DSS自由飲用誘發(fā)結(jié)腸炎。具體方案:大鼠自由飲用3% DSS水溶液7 d后,改為蒸餾水飲用12 d,此為1個循環(huán),如此反復(fù)3個循環(huán),制造慢性結(jié)腸炎動物模型。E組大鼠不誘發(fā)結(jié)腸炎。
4 腸標(biāo)本獲取 大鼠于結(jié)腸炎造模結(jié)束時予12%烏拉坦過量麻醉處死。解剖分離出全部結(jié)腸,自肛門至盲腸測量長度后,沿腸系膜緣剪開腸管,生0.9%氯化鈉注射液清洗去除腸腔內(nèi)容物,觀察腸道病變,并留取標(biāo)本。留取近端及遠(yuǎn)端病變最重處或據(jù)肛門4 cm及緊貼盲腸留取遠(yuǎn)端及近端腸道標(biāo)本,經(jīng)腹主動脈取血。
5 結(jié)腸炎癥狀評分 結(jié)腸炎模型建立開始,每天測量大鼠體質(zhì)量,觀察大鼠糞便性狀、血便情況以及精神、毛發(fā)等一般情況。從如下3方面評價,以總分計(jì)算。1)糞便性狀:0分:干球或干條形便;1分:含水分增多成型軟便;2分:便松軟,不成形,甚至為稀糊狀便;3分:水樣便。2)便血情況:0分:糞便潛血試驗(yàn)陰性;1分:糞便潛血試驗(yàn)陽性;2分:糞便上明顯附著新鮮血跡,肛門口無血跡;3分:明顯血便,伴肛門口大量血跡。3)體質(zhì)量變化:0分:體質(zhì)量增加或維持原有體質(zhì)量;1分:體質(zhì)量下降<5%;2分:體質(zhì)量下降≥5%且<10%;3分:體質(zhì)量下降≥10%。
6 結(jié)腸炎組織學(xué)評分 將標(biāo)本進(jìn)行蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色后,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察大鼠結(jié)腸病理組織學(xué)變化。見表1。
表1 結(jié)腸組織病理炎癥積分Tab. 1 Histological scoring of colon
7 炎癥因子檢測 將留取的結(jié)腸組織和血液使用離心機(jī)離心收集上清液。按照檢測試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行大鼠結(jié)腸組織和血清中前列腺素E2(prostaglandinS E2,PGE2)、白三烯B4(leukotriene B4,LTB4)、腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)檢測。
8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析或非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1 炎癥癥狀 大鼠自由飲用3% DSS誘發(fā)結(jié)腸炎,在飲用的第2天糞便開始變軟,第3天糞便潛血出現(xiàn)陽性,第4天開始出現(xiàn)懶動、豎毛、毛色變差。至第5天出現(xiàn)肉眼可見血便,肛門附著血跡。第6天體質(zhì)量開始下降。每次循環(huán)癥狀均較前加重。在循環(huán)間期,各組大鼠逐漸恢復(fù)。A、C、D的炎癥表現(xiàn)明顯,有大鼠出現(xiàn)死亡,D組1只大鼠全部腸道充氣,變薄、透明,考慮巨結(jié)腸可能性大(圖1)。A、B、C、D結(jié)腸炎模型各組大鼠的炎癥總積分(炎癥積分越高提示炎癥越重),組間P<0.001 (表2)。其中D組大鼠炎癥總積分顯著高于其他各組大鼠(P<0.05);B組大鼠炎癥總積分顯著低于A組大鼠(P=0.04),C組和A組大鼠炎癥總積分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 各組大鼠病理組織學(xué)評分 大體標(biāo)本觀察下E組大鼠結(jié)腸黏膜光滑,結(jié)腸炎大鼠結(jié)腸變薄,腸黏膜充血水腫明顯,可見糜爛、潰瘍。A、C、D組最為嚴(yán)重,病變主要集中在遠(yuǎn)段結(jié)腸。顯微鏡下觀察E大鼠結(jié)腸黏膜正常;結(jié)腸炎大鼠不同程度腸上皮損傷,腺體變形,排列紊亂,甚至消失,隱窩破壞,黏膜及黏膜下層可見炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,并可見淋巴小結(jié)形成(圖2)。A、B、C、D各組大鼠的病理組織學(xué)評分(組間P<0.001)(表3)。A組大鼠結(jié)腸組織損傷積分顯著高于B組大鼠(P=0.01);D組大鼠結(jié)腸組織損傷積分顯著高于A組(P=0.02);A、C組大鼠差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示A、D組大鼠炎癥較重。
3 各組大鼠炎癥因子測定 A ~ E組大鼠血清中PGE2(組間P<0.001)(表4)。其中A、D組較其他組大鼠血清中PGE2顯著升高(P<0.05),但A、D組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。B、C組大鼠血清中PGE2顯著低于D組(P<0.001)(表4)。A ~ E組大鼠組織中PGE2(組間P<0.001)(表4)。其中A、C、D 3組大鼠結(jié)腸組織中PGE2較其他組顯著升高(P<0.05),但3組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。A ~ E組大鼠組織中LTB4(組間P<0.001)(表4)。其中A、D組LTB4含量顯著高于其他各組(P<0.001),提示炎癥較重。A、D之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。A ~ E組大鼠血清中TNF-α含量差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(組間P<0.001)(表4)。A、D組血清中TNF-α含量顯著高于其他組(P<0.05);A、D組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。各組大鼠組織中TNF-α含量差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(組間P<0.001)(表4)。D組大鼠組織中TNF-α顯著高于其他各組,多提示炎癥重于其他3組。A、B、C 3組大鼠之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
圖 1 D組大鼠巨結(jié)腸Fig.1 Megcolon of rat in group D
表2 各組大鼠炎癥表現(xiàn)評分Tab. 2 Inflammtion severity scoring of rats in each group
表3 大鼠組織損傷病理積分Tab. 3 Histological damage scroing of rats
圖 2 各組大鼠結(jié)腸組織病理HE組大鼠Fig.2 Colonic histological pathology of rats in each group Colon tissue of rats in group E was normal observed in 40 times vision by microscopy; colon of rats in colitis models showed inf l ammation with different grade, while the inf l ammation of rats in group B were lighter. The crypts were not destroyed completely, and the epithelia cells were completely relative. There were a large amount of inf l ammatory cells inf i ltrated in colon of group A, C and D, the crypt disappeared, ulcers and lymphoid nodule were formed
表4 各組大鼠血清及結(jié)腸組織中炎癥因子含量Tab. 4 Inf l ammtory cytokines in colon and serum of rats in each group (ng/L)
目前IBD尚無有效治愈方法[6],且當(dāng)前的治療手段不良反應(yīng)較多,花費(fèi)也較大。營養(yǎng)支持因?yàn)槠浒踩?,成已?jīng)為研究的新熱點(diǎn),其中ω-3 PUFA又成為關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)之一[7]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,ω-3 PUFA對于炎癥性疾病具有保護(hù)性作用[8-11]。很少有研究調(diào)整ω-3 PUFA和ω-6 PUFA的比例,目前對于炎癥性腸病兩者最佳比例也沒有定論[4]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ω-3/ω-6 PUFA攝入比例的變化與IBD的發(fā)病有重要關(guān)系[12]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與ω-3 PUFA和ω-6 PUFA的含量相比,兩者的比例更能影響腸道的炎癥過程[13]。DSS大鼠誘導(dǎo)的大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎模型是目前化學(xué)方法誘導(dǎo)大鼠結(jié)腸炎模型中與人類潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎最為相近的模型[14]。本研究通過設(shè)立不同比例ω-3 PUFA和ω-6 PUFA飲食,觀察其對DSS誘導(dǎo)大鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎的癥狀、組織病理損傷及炎癥因子的影響。
已經(jīng)明確花生四烯酸-類花生酸代謝在IBD的腸道炎癥致炎的關(guān)鍵途徑。在細(xì)菌、內(nèi)毒素等物質(zhì)的刺激下,各種細(xì)胞膜上磷脂酶活化,動員膜上磷脂中的PUA(AA、EPA等),產(chǎn)生各種類型的類花生酸。類花生酸炎癥過程關(guān)鍵的調(diào)節(jié)因子和監(jiān)控因子[15]。類花生酸合成的數(shù)量和類型取決于細(xì)胞膜上AA和EPA的含量,磷脂酶A2(PLA2)、磷脂酶5-LOX和COX的活性[15-17]。來源于ω-3 PUFA誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的類花生酸的活性要低于ω-6 PUFA誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的類花生酸衍生物的活性。本研究中ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶1組和1∶3組大鼠較DSS誘導(dǎo)結(jié)腸炎組大鼠血清及組織中PGE2、組織中LTB4均有下降。這與既往多數(shù)向大實(shí)驗(yàn)一致,向飲食或飼料中添加ω-3 PUFA可以降低花生四烯酸-類花生酸代謝途徑中的PGE2和LTB4,從而減輕其介導(dǎo)的炎癥過程。
綜上所述,本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)飼料中ω-3/ ω-6 PUFA 1∶1,1∶3對于DSS誘導(dǎo)的慢性結(jié)腸炎具有改善作用,前者效果更佳;ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶30加重大鼠結(jié)腸炎,可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)花生四烯酸-類花生酸代謝途徑相關(guān)產(chǎn)物調(diào)節(jié)炎癥過程。通過本研究可以推測,營養(yǎng)支持治療做為一種安全有效的治療手段應(yīng)用前景巨大,增加膳食中ω-3 PUFA可能會對IBD患者的疾病具有改善作用,推薦的比例是1∶1。
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Effects of different ratios of ω-3/ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on chronic colitis in rats
TIAN Yu-ling, WANG Hua-hong, TENG Gui-gen
Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
WANG Hua-hong. Email: wanghuahong@medmail.com.cn
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of different ratios of ω-3/ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats.MethodsForty male SD rats were randomly divided into fi ve groups (n=8). Group A: pure DSS induced colitis with normal diets; group B, group C and group D: diets of ω-3/ω-6 PUFA with the ratio of 1∶1, 1∶3 and 1∶30; Group E: normal controlled group. After six weeks of different diets, colitis were induced by drinking the 3% DSS freely for 7 days, and then drinking water for 12 days in all groups except of group E. The phase above was recycled by twice, and the chronic colitis rats model were established. All the rats were sacrif i ced when the last cycle was done. Inf l ammatory severity scoring and histological damage scoring were evaluated. And the level of PGE2, LTB4, TNF-α in serum and colon were measured using ELISA.ResultsThe overall inf l ammatory severity scoring of DSS induced colitis (P<0.05), histological damage scoring (P<0.05) were lowered and the PGE2in colon and serum, LTB4in colon and TNF-α in serum (P<0.05) were lessened in rats of group ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶1. The imf l ammation of colitis was improved in some aspects and the LTB4in colon and PGE2in serum (P<0.05) were decreased in rats of group ω-3/ω-6 PUFA1∶3. The colitis was deteriorated and the inf l ammatory severity scoring (P<0.05), histological damage scoring (P<0.05) and TNF-α in colon were increased (P<0.05) in rats of group ω-3/ω-6 PUFA 1∶30.ConclusionDiets of high ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFA improves the chronic colitis of rats, and the eff i ciency of the ratio of 1∶1 is better than 1∶3. However, high ratio of ω-6 PUFA (1∶30) deteriorates the colitis induced by DSS. It suggests that high ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 PUFA can improve the condition of patients with inf l ammtory bowel disease.
inf l ammatory bowel disease; ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid; dextran sulfate sodium induced acute colitis
R 151
A
2095-5227(2014)12-1249-05
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.12.020
時間:2014-08-08 10:08
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140808.1008.003.html
炎癥性腸病(inflammtory bowel disease,IBD)的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為遺傳易感染人群,在環(huán)境因素誘發(fā)作用下,對腸道菌群產(chǎn)生的免疫異常反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致IBD發(fā)病的綜合機(jī)制[1-2]。既往西方國家是IBD高發(fā)的地區(qū)[3]。近年來亞洲人群的發(fā)病率快速升高,流行病學(xué)調(diào)查提示可能和西方化的生活方式傳播相關(guān)[3-4]?!拔鞣交嬍场笔侵父咛欠?、高油脂和高動物蛋白的飲食。近年來飲食中脂肪成分多不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)的構(gòu)成發(fā)生了明顯的改變。ω-3 PUFA與ω-6 PUFA的攝入比例從20世紀(jì)70年代的1∶1變?yōu)?0世紀(jì)90年代的1∶15 ~ 20[5]。目前關(guān)于不同比例ω-3 PUFA與ω-6 PUFA對于炎癥性腸病影響的研究比較少。本研究通過研究不同比例ω-3 PUFA與ω-6 PUFA對于DSS誘導(dǎo)大鼠結(jié)腸炎模型的影響,觀察ω-3 PUFA對于結(jié)腸炎癥的作用,試圖得出一個合適的ω-3 PUFA與ω-6 PUFA比例,希望對炎癥性腸病患者提供合理的營養(yǎng)支持指導(dǎo)。
2014-06-13
田玉玲,女,在讀博士。研究方向:炎癥性腸病。Email: yulingtian1986@163.com
王化虹。Email: wanghuahong@medmail.com.cn