• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看

      ?

      碳關(guān)稅和碳稅經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)局部均衡比較分析

      2014-06-10 19:43:44姜鴻陳曦
      商業(yè)研究 2014年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:碳關(guān)稅碳稅社會福利

      姜鴻 陳曦

      摘要:碳關(guān)稅和碳稅的提高通過影響價格與成本,進(jìn)而影響“南方”和“北方”國家產(chǎn)量與需求。一方面,北方國家提高碳關(guān)稅將使北方國家產(chǎn)量提高,南方國家產(chǎn)量下降,這也證明了碳關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義本質(zhì);另一方面,碳關(guān)稅對南北方國家社會福利的影響是不確定的,社會福利的變化還受其他變量的影響。因此,南方國家對內(nèi)應(yīng)降低乃至取消碳稅,推動技術(shù)進(jìn)步,降低碳排放強(qiáng)度,對外應(yīng)積極與北方國家舉行外交磋商,堅(jiān)決要求北方國家取消或降低碳關(guān)稅。

      關(guān)鍵詞:碳關(guān)稅;碳稅;局部均衡;社會福利

      中圖分類號:F7527 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A

      收稿日期:2013-10-24

      作者簡介:姜鴻(1970-),男,湖北黃梅人,常州大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院教授,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士,研究方向:對外貿(mào)易與低碳經(jīng)濟(jì);陳曦(1989-),女,江西九江人,常州大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院研究生,研究方向:企業(yè)跨國經(jīng)營管理。

      基金項(xiàng)目:江蘇省高?!扒嗨{(lán)工程”資助項(xiàng)目;江蘇省教育廳高校哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“江蘇發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的外貿(mào)倒逼機(jī)制研究”,項(xiàng)目編號:2011SJB790003;常州大學(xué)校基金項(xiàng)目“中國低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究”,項(xiàng)目編號:ZMF10020081。

      一、引言及文獻(xiàn)綜述

      碳關(guān)稅是發(fā)達(dá)國家對來自于未限制溫室氣體排放國家的高耗能產(chǎn)品,依據(jù)其碳含量所征收的二氧化碳排放特別關(guān)稅,主要目的是保護(hù)發(fā)達(dá)國家高耗能產(chǎn)業(yè)的國際競爭力,并防止發(fā)生碳泄漏。發(fā)達(dá)國家認(rèn)為,其單邊碳減排行動將導(dǎo)致碳泄漏和產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力下降,因此應(yīng)該征收碳關(guān)稅以保持市場公平競爭。2009年6月,美國眾議院通過《美國清潔能源安全法案》,從2020年起開始征收碳關(guān)稅。2012年,法國在歐盟再次提出征收碳關(guān)稅計(jì)劃。碳稅是針對向大氣排放二氧化碳的企業(yè)征收的一種環(huán)境稅。2008年11月19日,歐盟通過法案決定將國際航空納入歐盟碳排放交易體系,并于2012年1月1日起征收碳稅。同時,歐盟在2012年6月份進(jìn)一步征收航海碳稅。

      現(xiàn)有碳關(guān)稅方面的文獻(xiàn)主要研究碳關(guān)稅對產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力、碳泄漏和社會福利的影響,結(jié)論并不一致。部分文獻(xiàn)支持征收碳關(guān)稅,認(rèn)為碳關(guān)稅對征收國有利。Gros(2009)構(gòu)建了一個簡單的局部均衡兩國模型,計(jì)算進(jìn)口國征收碳關(guān)稅和碳稅對全球福利的影響,結(jié)果表明如果國外沒有征收足夠的碳稅,碳關(guān)稅就能增加全球福利。Veenendaal & Manders(2008)采用一般均衡分析方法,定量分析多種政策情景對被歐盟碳排放交易體系覆蓋的能源密集型部門的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)歐盟沒有征收碳關(guān)稅時,歐盟碳稅對這些部門的生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,而征收碳關(guān)稅則能夠減少這些部門國際競爭力的喪失。Majocchi & Missaglia(2002)的一般均衡模型表明,碳關(guān)稅能為歐盟成員國創(chuàng)造一個較好的競爭環(huán)境,減少內(nèi)部失業(yè)。Demailly & Quirion(2005)的研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為,碳關(guān)稅能夠有效阻止水泥產(chǎn)業(yè)碳泄露,Mathiesen & Maestad(2002)對鋼鐵產(chǎn)業(yè)得出相似的結(jié)論。

      但也有部分文獻(xiàn)反對征收碳關(guān)稅,認(rèn)為碳關(guān)稅對征收國乃至全球不利。Lockwood & Whalley(2008)認(rèn)為碳關(guān)稅扭曲了商品間的相對價格,相對于無國內(nèi)碳稅、無碳關(guān)稅情景,同時征收國內(nèi)碳稅和碳關(guān)稅將導(dǎo)致國內(nèi)福利損失。Burniaux等(2010)采用全球遞歸動態(tài)CGE模型,評估碳關(guān)稅對碳泄漏、競爭力和福利的影響,結(jié)論是碳關(guān)稅能夠減少像歐盟這樣的小型碳減排國家聯(lián)盟的碳泄漏,但是碳關(guān)稅的福利影響較小,僅對全球福利產(chǎn)生微小的負(fù)面影響;此外,碳關(guān)稅不一定能夠阻止國內(nèi)能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)出下降。朱永彬、王錚(2010)模擬結(jié)果表明,碳關(guān)稅將對中國能源、鋼鐵冶煉以及水泥石灰石膏、耐火材料等非金屬礦物制造業(yè)部門的出口產(chǎn)生很大的負(fù)面影響,使得中國GDP、國內(nèi)供給、進(jìn)出口總量、社會投資、勞動就業(yè)以及企業(yè)與居民收入都不同程度地下降。鮑勤等(2010)采用CGE模型測算了美國征收碳關(guān)稅對中國對外貿(mào)易、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等方面的影響,結(jié)果表明,碳關(guān)稅將對中國對外貿(mào)易、整個經(jīng)濟(jì)造成極大的負(fù)面影響,但其環(huán)境改善的效果相對有限。

      綜合來看,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)主要采用CGE模型,定量模擬碳關(guān)稅的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng),較少從理論上探討進(jìn)口國與出口國同時征收國內(nèi)碳稅的情況下,碳關(guān)稅與碳稅對進(jìn)出口國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響。本文在Gros(2009)方法的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)與發(fā)展,從理論上比較分析碳關(guān)稅和碳稅分別對南北方國家價格、產(chǎn)出、需求、社會福利的影響。

      四、主要結(jié)論與政策建議

      本文從理論上分析了碳關(guān)稅和碳稅分別對南北方國家市場價格、產(chǎn)出、需求、社會福利的影響(見表1和表2)。從表1可以清楚地看出碳關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義本質(zhì)。北方國家提高國內(nèi)碳稅,將導(dǎo)致部分北方國家企業(yè)把剩余產(chǎn)能轉(zhuǎn)移至南方國家,從而產(chǎn)生碳泄露。碳關(guān)稅對南北方國家社會福利的影響是不確定的,社會福利的變化還受其他變量的影響。

      根據(jù)以上主要結(jié)論,我們建議:

      1.南方國家的主要任務(wù)是發(fā)展,保持適度的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度是必要的。從表1第5列可以看出,為了促進(jìn)南方國家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,南方國家對內(nèi)應(yīng)降低乃至取消碳稅,對外應(yīng)堅(jiān)決要求北方國家取消或降低碳關(guān)稅,支持北方國家對內(nèi)征收碳稅。

      2.改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)工藝、推動技術(shù)進(jìn)步、降低碳排放強(qiáng)度,是南方國家提高產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力,應(yīng)對北方國家碳關(guān)稅的必由之路。北方國家應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對南方國家低碳生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓力度,這樣,南方國家可以縮小與北方國家碳排放強(qiáng)度的差距,北方國家從中可以獲得技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓收入,雙方社會福利均可得到改善。

      3.南方國家應(yīng)積極與北方國家舉行外交磋商,說服北方國家對南方國家產(chǎn)品取消或降低征收碳關(guān)稅。因?yàn)?,碳關(guān)稅對南北方國家社會福利的正負(fù)影響并不確定,即使征收碳關(guān)稅對北方國家社會福利的影響為正,但當(dāng)碳關(guān)稅達(dá)到一定水平以后,再提高碳關(guān)稅也會降低北方國家社會福利。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1] 朱永彬,王錚.碳關(guān)稅對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評價[J].中國軟科學(xué),2010(12).

      [2] 鮑勤,湯鈴,楊列勛.美國征收碳關(guān)稅對中國的影響:基于可計(jì)算一般均衡模型的分析[J].管理評論,2010(6).

      [3] Gros, D. Global Welfare Implications of Carbon Border Taxes [Z]. CESifo Working Paper No. 2790, 2009.

      [4] Veenendaal, P. and T. Manders. Border Tax Adjustment and the EU-ETS, a Quantitative Assessment[Z].CPB Document No. 171, 2008.

      [5] Majocchi, A. and M. Missaglia. Environmental Taxes and Border Tax Adjustment[Z].SIEP Working Paper No. 127, 2002.

      [6] Demailly, D. and P. Quirion. Leakage from Climate Policies and Border-tax Adjustment: Lessons from a Geographic Model of the Cement Industry[R].CESifo Venice Summer Institute, 2005.

      [7] Lockwood, B. and J. Whalley. Carbon Motivated Border Tax Adjustments: Old Wine in Green Bottles? [Z].NBER Working Paper No. 14025, 2008.

      [8] Burniaux, J., J. Chateau and R. Duval. Is there a Case for Carbon-Based Border Tax Adjustment: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis[Z].OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 794, 2010.

      Abstract:A raise of carbon tariff and carbon tax affects the output and demand of northern and southern countries through influencing price and cost. On the one hand, an improvement of carbon tariff in northern country will make the northern country increase its output,and make the southern country drop its output, which also proves the protectionism nature of carbon tariff. On the other hand, the effect of carbon tariff on the social welfare of northern and southern countries is uncertain, due to the influence of other variables. Therefore,the southern country should reduce or even cancel internal carbon tax, promote technological progress, reduce the carbon emission intensity, hold diplomatic consultation actively with northern country and insist on northern country to cancel or reduce carbon tariff.

      Key words: carbon tariff; carbon tax; partial equilibrium; social welfare

      (責(zé)任編輯:張曦)

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1] 朱永彬,王錚.碳關(guān)稅對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評價[J].中國軟科學(xué),2010(12).

      [2] 鮑勤,湯鈴,楊列勛.美國征收碳關(guān)稅對中國的影響:基于可計(jì)算一般均衡模型的分析[J].管理評論,2010(6).

      [3] Gros, D. Global Welfare Implications of Carbon Border Taxes [Z]. CESifo Working Paper No. 2790, 2009.

      [4] Veenendaal, P. and T. Manders. Border Tax Adjustment and the EU-ETS, a Quantitative Assessment[Z].CPB Document No. 171, 2008.

      [5] Majocchi, A. and M. Missaglia. Environmental Taxes and Border Tax Adjustment[Z].SIEP Working Paper No. 127, 2002.

      [6] Demailly, D. and P. Quirion. Leakage from Climate Policies and Border-tax Adjustment: Lessons from a Geographic Model of the Cement Industry[R].CESifo Venice Summer Institute, 2005.

      [7] Lockwood, B. and J. Whalley. Carbon Motivated Border Tax Adjustments: Old Wine in Green Bottles? [Z].NBER Working Paper No. 14025, 2008.

      [8] Burniaux, J., J. Chateau and R. Duval. Is there a Case for Carbon-Based Border Tax Adjustment: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis[Z].OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 794, 2010.

      Abstract:A raise of carbon tariff and carbon tax affects the output and demand of northern and southern countries through influencing price and cost. On the one hand, an improvement of carbon tariff in northern country will make the northern country increase its output,and make the southern country drop its output, which also proves the protectionism nature of carbon tariff. On the other hand, the effect of carbon tariff on the social welfare of northern and southern countries is uncertain, due to the influence of other variables. Therefore,the southern country should reduce or even cancel internal carbon tax, promote technological progress, reduce the carbon emission intensity, hold diplomatic consultation actively with northern country and insist on northern country to cancel or reduce carbon tariff.

      Key words: carbon tariff; carbon tax; partial equilibrium; social welfare

      (責(zé)任編輯:張曦)

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1] 朱永彬,王錚.碳關(guān)稅對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評價[J].中國軟科學(xué),2010(12).

      [2] 鮑勤,湯鈴,楊列勛.美國征收碳關(guān)稅對中國的影響:基于可計(jì)算一般均衡模型的分析[J].管理評論,2010(6).

      [3] Gros, D. Global Welfare Implications of Carbon Border Taxes [Z]. CESifo Working Paper No. 2790, 2009.

      [4] Veenendaal, P. and T. Manders. Border Tax Adjustment and the EU-ETS, a Quantitative Assessment[Z].CPB Document No. 171, 2008.

      [5] Majocchi, A. and M. Missaglia. Environmental Taxes and Border Tax Adjustment[Z].SIEP Working Paper No. 127, 2002.

      [6] Demailly, D. and P. Quirion. Leakage from Climate Policies and Border-tax Adjustment: Lessons from a Geographic Model of the Cement Industry[R].CESifo Venice Summer Institute, 2005.

      [7] Lockwood, B. and J. Whalley. Carbon Motivated Border Tax Adjustments: Old Wine in Green Bottles? [Z].NBER Working Paper No. 14025, 2008.

      [8] Burniaux, J., J. Chateau and R. Duval. Is there a Case for Carbon-Based Border Tax Adjustment: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis[Z].OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 794, 2010.

      Abstract:A raise of carbon tariff and carbon tax affects the output and demand of northern and southern countries through influencing price and cost. On the one hand, an improvement of carbon tariff in northern country will make the northern country increase its output,and make the southern country drop its output, which also proves the protectionism nature of carbon tariff. On the other hand, the effect of carbon tariff on the social welfare of northern and southern countries is uncertain, due to the influence of other variables. Therefore,the southern country should reduce or even cancel internal carbon tax, promote technological progress, reduce the carbon emission intensity, hold diplomatic consultation actively with northern country and insist on northern country to cancel or reduce carbon tariff.

      Key words: carbon tariff; carbon tax; partial equilibrium; social welfare

      (責(zé)任編輯:張曦)

      猜你喜歡
      碳關(guān)稅碳稅社會福利
      氣候變化背景下我國碳稅立法模式問題探究
      碳關(guān)稅對我國出口貿(mào)易的影響:機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)
      碳關(guān)稅對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的影響探討
      碳關(guān)稅的征收對中美比較優(yōu)勢的影響及應(yīng)對措施
      碳關(guān)稅新型貿(mào)易壁壘法律特征研究
      青春歲月(2015年14期)2015-07-29 16:34:59
      可否把寬帶作為社會福利
      歐盟征收航海碳稅對我國航運(yùn)業(yè)的影響與對策
      中國航海(2014年1期)2014-05-09 07:54:34
      社會福利
      江蘇年鑒(2014年0期)2014-03-11 17:10:04
      社會福利與歐債危機(jī)
      美國的社會福利政策及其社會工作
      临安市| 辉南县| 定襄县| 武冈市| 新昌县| 阳新县| 临桂县| 贵州省| 肥西县| 南通市| 泰州市| 休宁县| 和龙市| 建德市| 吴旗县| 沙田区| 安陆市| 郎溪县| 乌审旗| 西藏| 长武县| 普兰县| 青海省| 北碚区| 卓尼县| 鹤山市| 阿拉善盟| 天气| 永靖县| 山阴县| 青铜峡市| 沾化县| 宕昌县| 衡阳市| 台东市| 普宁市| 马公市| 张北县| 新乡市| 称多县| 莱芜市|