梁小明
閱讀理解題是中考英語(yǔ)的測(cè)試重點(diǎn),也是中考英語(yǔ)試題中卷面分值最高的一種題型,在各地中考試卷中約占30%的比例。一般有三至四篇短文,試題多采用“根據(jù)所給閱讀材料選擇最佳答案回答問(wèn)題”或“判斷正誤”兩種形式。縱觀近年來(lái)全國(guó)各地中考閱讀理解題,其題裁多樣,有記敘文、議論文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文(信函、請(qǐng)柬、通知、便條、表格、圖表、廣告、圖示和標(biāo)志等);所選材料內(nèi)容廣泛,涉及科學(xué)知識(shí)、社會(huì)文化、政治歷史、人文環(huán)境和日常生活等方面,其特點(diǎn)是:時(shí)代氣息濃,可讀性強(qiáng),理解難度較高。常見(jiàn)題型有細(xì)節(jié)題、推理題、詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。下面結(jié)合實(shí)例,談?wù)勚锌加⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀理解常見(jiàn)題型的特點(diǎn)與解題技巧。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)題
(1)特點(diǎn)
細(xì)節(jié)題是閱讀理解中最常見(jiàn)的題型之一,主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)信息的快速查找、辨認(rèn)和分析理解能力。該題型在閱讀理解題占的比重最大。這類題目中題干和答案通常屬于原文中某一部分的內(nèi)容,只是表達(dá)時(shí)不采用文章原話,而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型來(lái)表達(dá)相同的意思。大部分細(xì)節(jié)題都可以在文章中直接或間接地找到答案。
(2)解題技巧
細(xì)節(jié)題常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有:
Which of the following statements is (not) true according to the information in the passage?
Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage, where (when, why, who, how)...
The main reason for... is ______.
Which of the following can be the cause of...?
The author mentions all of the following except ______.
The statement is based on the evidence / example / fact that ______.
The author states / mentions that ______.
文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容不會(huì)孤立出現(xiàn),它與前后的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān),因此應(yīng)對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)首先要找出文中要考查的細(xì)節(jié)信息,根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)提供的線索,在原文中迅速找到含有要考查的細(xì)節(jié)信息的句子或?qū)?yīng)詞,再將信息與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,在相關(guān)句或?qū)?yīng)詞周圍找答案;對(duì)于較難的細(xì)節(jié)題,可運(yùn)用排除法把干擾項(xiàng)排除掉,找出意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。細(xì)節(jié)題中的干擾項(xiàng)通常有以下幾種:(1)選項(xiàng)中所講的內(nèi)容在原文中根本沒(méi)有,或者找不到根據(jù);(2)選項(xiàng)中的限定詞表示的范圍或程度大于或小于原文中提到的范圍或程度;(3)對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng),截取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造,因果倒置,把甲的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)成乙的觀點(diǎn);(4)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文內(nèi)容正好相反。
2. 推理題
(1)特點(diǎn)
推理題主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力,要求考生在理解原文直接陳述的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行綜合分析、判斷推理,從而得到文章的隱含意義或深層意義,領(lǐng)悟出作者的言外之意。推理的范圍主要包括作者的態(tài)度、主張、傾向、語(yǔ)氣等。這類題難度較大,因?yàn)轭}目的答案不是直接表述在文章中,考生不可能在原文中直接找到答案,而必須對(duì)原文中陳述的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理才能獲得答案。
(2)解題技巧
推理題常見(jiàn)的命題方式有:
It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
It is implied from the passage that ______.
It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
It can be guessed that ______.
We learn from the passage (paragraph) that ______.
The writer implies but not directly states that ______.
The author strongly suggests that ______.
The authors purpose of writing this passage is ______.
推理題通常不能在文章中直接找到答案,做題時(shí)要以表面文字信息為依據(jù),既不能做出在原文中找不到根據(jù)的推理,也不能根據(jù)表面文字做步步推理。正確的做法是:速讀原文后,根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或選項(xiàng)中的線索在原文中找到相關(guān)的句子,對(duì)照選項(xiàng),對(duì)相關(guān)句進(jìn)行推理,通過(guò)分析作者使用的修飾詞和一些關(guān)鍵的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,領(lǐng)悟出作者的言外之意。如果題干中沒(méi)有線索,可以用排除法,將不太可能的選項(xiàng)一一排除。
3. 詞義猜測(cè)題
(1)特點(diǎn)
詞義猜測(cè)題主要測(cè)試考生根據(jù)上下文正確推測(cè)判斷文章中出現(xiàn)的某一重要詞語(yǔ)、短語(yǔ)或句子含義的能力。對(duì)語(yǔ)義考查有兩種方式:一種是對(duì)單詞和短語(yǔ)的考查,一種是對(duì)句子含義的考查。而對(duì)詞匯的考查也分為兩種情況:一種是生僻詞含義推測(cè),另一種是熟詞生義或熟詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的意思。若考生的詞匯量較大,對(duì)答題有一定的幫助,但也不一定能完全答對(duì),因?yàn)橥粋€(gè)單詞在不同的語(yǔ)境中會(huì)有不同的含義,因此考生需要利用上下文來(lái)理解詞義。
(2)解題技巧
語(yǔ)義題的主要命題方式有:
What does the phrase “...” in the second paragraph (Line 12) mean?
The underlined word “...” (Para.2, Line 5) probably means ______.
Which of the following is nearest (closest) in meaning to the word “ ______”?
The underlined word “...” refers to ______.
According to the passage, “...” means ______.
By saying “...”, the author means that ______.
The underlined word “...” in the third paragraph can be replaced by ______.
From the passage, we can infer that the word “...” means ______.
The author uses the word “...” to mean ______.
在做語(yǔ)義猜測(cè)題時(shí),對(duì)于熟悉的詞不要憑記憶,要從句子的前后關(guān)系和上下文來(lái)推測(cè)該詞在句中的意思及在整段話中的含義;此外還可利用文章中的定義或解釋來(lái)判斷詞義。作者有時(shí)在文章中對(duì)一些生詞、短語(yǔ)或句子進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的解釋,其解釋內(nèi)容常伴隨破折號(hào)、逗號(hào)、括號(hào),還要注意that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, or等詞直接引出同義解釋。對(duì)于一些難懂的句子,要結(jié)合上下文反復(fù)推敲,同時(shí)聯(lián)系作者的寫作意圖及全文的中心思想,猜出它的意思。
4. 主旨大意題
(1)特點(diǎn)
主旨大意題是閱讀理解中最常見(jiàn)的題型之一,主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)文章整體理解概括的能力??疾閮?nèi)容包括給整篇文章加標(biāo)題、歸納段落大意以及總結(jié)文章中心思想等。
(2)解題技巧
主旨題主要的提問(wèn)方式有:
What is the passage mainly about?
What is the main topic of this passage?
The best title for this passage should be ______.
Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?
Which of the following can be used as the title of this passage?
A proper title for this passage would be ______.
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
Which topic of the following best suits the passage?
這種測(cè)試對(duì)全文主旨大意理解的題型先要讀懂原文,理解作者的意圖,可從尋找文章的主題句(topic sentence)入手。主題句通常以陳述句的形式出現(xiàn),一般在文章的開(kāi)頭(第一句或第二句)或結(jié)尾,找出主題句后,進(jìn)行概括和推理,從中得出文章的主旨大意。如果主題句不明顯,需要正確理解文章的意思,發(fā)揮自己的邏輯推理和概括能力,找出主題句。要分析各個(gè)選項(xiàng),看哪一個(gè)有表示主旨的關(guān)鍵詞,該選項(xiàng)通常為正確答案。確立文章的標(biāo)題需要抓住主題句,然后從主題句中提煉出關(guān)鍵詞作為標(biāo)題。
【實(shí)例分析】
Melbourne, with a population of over 3.5 million, is the second largest city in Australia. It is clean, safe, dynamic and exciting, and well known internationally for its universities and other educational institutions. The city has well-planned tree-lined wide streets and many beautiful parks and gardens. It has a good transport system of roads, buses, trains, and trams(電車). The La Trobe University (拉特羅布大學(xué)) campus is connected to the Central Business District by trams, express buses, and bus and train connections. Melbourne is a culturally rich city, and is home to large communities of people from all parts of the Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The city is famous for its restaurants, theaters, music, opera, ballet, art, culture, and shops, and a lively and dynamic nightlife. Melbourne people are enthusiastic about sports, and the city hosts many famous international sports events. Near Melbourne there are beautiful coastlines with excellent beaches, national parks, forests, wineries (葡萄酒廠), winter snowfields and summer resorts. The climate is temperate and comfortable, with warm summers and cool winters. In summer, maximum daytime temperatures range from 26℃ to 36℃, and in winter from 12℃ to 18℃. The weather in Melbourne can be variable from day to day. In 2002, Melbourne was rated the worlds best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit.
( )1. Melbourne is well-known in the world for its _______.
A. large population B. educational institutions
C. transport system D. beautiful parks and garden
( )2. According to the passage, Melbourne is a city where _______.
A. rich people choose to live B. the best wine is produced
C. various cultures exist D. Asian food is popular
( )3. Melbourne people are very interested in _______.
A. sports B. sunbathing C. sightseeing D. traveling
( )4. The underlined word “temperate” most probably means _______.
A. hot B. mild C. dry D. cold
( )5. The best title for the passage might be _______.
A. An Ideal Place for Shopping B. A City with the Best Climate
C. The Worlds Best City to Live in D. The Worlds Most Beautiful City
【答案與分析】
1. B。本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。題干的意思是:墨爾本以什么在世界上著名。根據(jù)文章第二句 “It is clean, safe, dynamic and exciting, and well known internationally for its universities and other educational institutions.”(墨爾本干凈、安全、生氣勃勃、令人興奮,以大學(xué)和其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)而聞名世界。)題干中的is well-known for與原文中的is well known for相同,題干中的in the world相當(dāng)于原文中的internationally,選項(xiàng)B中的educational institutions與原文中的its universities and other educational institutions對(duì)應(yīng),故答案是B。
2. C。 本題屬于推理題。題干的意思是:根據(jù)本篇短文,墨爾本是一個(gè)什么樣的城市。選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)D所述的內(nèi)容在原文中沒(méi)有提到;原文中提到了wineries(葡萄酒廠),但并沒(méi)有說(shuō)最好的酒產(chǎn)自墨爾本,故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)原文中的 “Melbourne is a culturally rich city, and is home to large communities of people from all parts of the Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.”(墨爾本是一個(gè)文化豐富的城市,是很多來(lái)自歐洲、美洲、非洲和亞洲各地的人的家。),既然墨爾本有來(lái)自歐洲、美洲、非洲和亞洲各地的人,由此可推斷出在墨爾本存在著不同的文化,故C項(xiàng)正確。
3. A。本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。題干的意思是:墨爾本人對(duì)什么很感興趣。根據(jù)原文中的 “Melbourne people are enthusiastic about sports, and the city hosts many famous international sports events.”(墨爾本人對(duì)體育很熱情,該市舉辦很多著名的國(guó)際體育比賽項(xiàng)目。)題干中的Melbourne people 與原文中的Melbourne people 相同,題干中的are very interested in與原文中的are enthusiastic about對(duì)應(yīng),二者是同義短語(yǔ),只不過(guò)enthusiastic比interested語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng),除了表示“滿腔熱情的;熱心的”的意思外,在這里表示“極感興趣的”(having a strong feeling of interest and admiration)。故答案是A。
4. B。本題屬于語(yǔ)義猜測(cè)題,要求判斷“The climate is temperate …”一句中temperate的詞義。文章最后談到了墨爾本的氣候。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第四句和第三句:The climate is temperate and comfortable, with warm summers and cool winters. In summer, maximum daytime temperatures range from 26℃ to 36℃, and in winter from 12℃ to 18℃.(墨爾本的氣候……舒適,夏季溫暖,冬季涼爽。夏天,白天最高氣溫在26℃ 到 36℃之間,冬天氣溫在12℃ 到 18℃之間。)由后面的解釋可判斷出temperate是“溫帶的;溫和的”的意思,與mild(溫暖的,暖和的)是同義詞,故答案是B。此題也可用排除法來(lái)解,A項(xiàng)(熱的),C項(xiàng)(干燥的),D項(xiàng)(冷的)顯然與后面的解釋不符,只有剩余的B項(xiàng)為答案。
5. C。本題屬于典型的主旨大意題,要求判斷本文的最佳標(biāo)題。要給文章選一個(gè)最佳標(biāo)
題,首先要理解全文,才能找出一個(gè)既能概括全文主題又能與文章內(nèi)容密切相關(guān)的標(biāo)題。本文介紹了墨爾本的人口、教育、交通、文化、氣候等情況,文章的最后一句“In 2002, Melbourne was rated the worlds best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit.”(在2002年,墨爾本被《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》信息部評(píng)為世界上最適宜居住的城市。)是總結(jié)性的,也是文章的主題句,因此C項(xiàng)最能概括全文的中心思想,為本文的最佳標(biāo)題。
閱讀理解能力的提高是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程,只要考生平時(shí)多讀多做多練,掌握科學(xué)的閱讀和解題技巧,一定能取得好的成績(jī)。