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      硫酸改性聚甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯固相微萃取涂層高效液相色譜檢測(cè)水中4種藥品及個(gè)人護(hù)理用品

      2014-09-26 21:30:40彭英莊園何歡孫成楊紹貴
      分析化學(xué) 2014年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:不銹鋼絲甲基丙烯酸極性

      彭英 莊園 何歡 孫成楊 紹貴

      摘要[SS]多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲表面原位合成得到聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))材料,經(jīng)硫酸改性后作為固相微萃取涂層,建立檢測(cè)水樣中種藥品及個(gè)人護(hù)理用品(PPCPs)的固相微萃取液相色譜聯(lián)用分析方法。在優(yōu)化實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下取3 mL水樣調(diào)節(jié)至p 5.5,在30 ℃下,攪拌萃取60 min,乙腈0.1%甲酸(25∶75, V/V)解吸30 min后,PLC進(jìn)樣分析,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該涂層材料對(duì)種PPCPs具有較好的萃取效果,2~200 μg/L濃度范圍內(nèi)線性關(guān)系良好,相關(guān)系數(shù)均大于0.997,方法檢出限(S/N=3)范圍為0.5~5.0 μg/L,相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差在.1%~11.9%之間; 加標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)回收率為70.6%~105.5%。本方法前處理簡(jiǎn)單、綠色環(huán)保、回收率高、精密度好,可用于實(shí)際水樣中種PPCPs的檢測(cè)。

      關(guān)鍵詞[SS]藥品及個(gè)人護(hù)理用品; 固相微萃?。?硫酸改性聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯); 高效液相色譜

      1引言

      藥品及個(gè)人護(hù)理用品(PPCPs)包括止痛劑、抗生素、避孕藥、鎮(zhèn)定劑, 以及芳香劑、防腐劑、洗滌劑、遮光劑等涵蓋范圍極廣的化合物。PPCPs在水環(huán)境中普遍存在并具有潛在的生態(tài)效應(yīng),近年來(lái)受到人們?cè)絹?lái)越多的關(guān)注\[1\]。大部分PPCPs極性強(qiáng),易溶于水,且揮發(fā)性弱\[2\]。PPCPs在環(huán)境中含量很低,一般不具有急性毒性,但對(duì)生物體可能有慢性毒性,并且由于它們?cè)谧匀唤缰心芊€(wěn)定存在,且具有生物累積性,伴隨著人類活動(dòng)的不斷輸入,使得環(huán)境中的PPCPs持續(xù)存在,可能最終會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)影響\[3,\]。

      大多數(shù)PPCPs極性強(qiáng),往往不易揮發(fā),且高溫下易降解,因此采用高效液相色譜(PLC)比氣相色譜(GC)更加靈敏、準(zhǔn)確。PPCPs種類繁多,濃度低,且環(huán)境介質(zhì)十分復(fù)雜,因此有效的前處理對(duì)于提高方法的靈敏度非常關(guān)鍵。對(duì)于水中PPCPs檢測(cè),固相萃?。⊿PE)是目前常用的前處理手段\[5~7\],可同時(shí)起到分離和富集的作用。固相微萃取(SPME)是基于SPE發(fā)展起來(lái)的,它摒棄了傳統(tǒng)樣品前處理方法的很多缺點(diǎn),具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、萃取速度快、樣品需要量少、所需有機(jī)溶劑少、易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化等優(yōu)點(diǎn)\[8\]。

      SPME是以涂漬在纖維上的固定相為吸收介質(zhì),對(duì)目標(biāo)分析物進(jìn)行萃取和濃縮。固定相在SPME裝置中對(duì)萃取效果起決定作用。Svec等[9]采用硫酸改性的聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))作為PLC柱填料,用于極性物質(zhì)的分離。本研究將其作為SPME涂層,用于水中種極性的PPCPs的萃取,并建立了與PLC聯(lián)用的分析方法。

      2實(shí)驗(yàn)部分

      2.1儀器與試劑

      Agilent 1200系列高效液相色譜儀(美國(guó)Agilent公司); 高速離心機(jī)(德國(guó)Sigma公司); 氮吹儀(北京帥恩科技有限公司); 分析天平(日本島津公司); p計(jì)(梅特勒托利多儀器(上海)有限公司); 恒溫磁力攪拌器(常州國(guó)華電器有限公司)。

      甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA,日本CI公司); 偶氮異二丁腈(AIBN,上海試四赫維化工有限公司); 3(三甲氧基硅烷)丙基丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基氨基甲烷(ris,上海百靈威化學(xué)技術(shù)有限公司); 多巴胺(北京伊諾凱科技有限公司); 不銹鋼絲(直徑0.22 mm,上海一新不銹鋼材料有限公司); 其它試劑均為分析純以上; 實(shí)驗(yàn)用水為二次蒸餾的去離子水。

      標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品:磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR),購(gòu)自德國(guó)Dr. Ehrenstorfer公司; 普萘洛爾(PPN,鹽酸鹽,美國(guó)Acros公司);美托洛爾(ME,酒石酸鹽,Sigma公司)。準(zhǔn)確稱取種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品各10 mg, 用水(Cl調(diào)至弱酸性)配制1 mg/L的溶液用作儲(chǔ)備液, ℃避光保存。

      2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

      2.2.1液相色譜條件Agilent Zorbax SBC18色譜柱(250 mm×.6 mm, 5 μm); 流速:1 mL/min; 檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng): 275 nm; 進(jìn)樣體積: 20 μL; 柱溫: 30 ℃。流動(dòng)相: 乙腈0.1%甲酸(25∶75, V/V),等梯度洗脫。

      2.2.2涂層制備準(zhǔn)確量取132 μL MAA溶于1.6 mL乙醇和0. mL乙酸乙酯的混合溶液中,加入752 μL EGDMA和0.011 g AIBN,超聲5 min,混勻,通入N2 10 min除去O2,得到預(yù)聚合液。配制10 mmol/L ris溶液,用1 mol/L Cl調(diào)至p 8.5。稱取20 mg多巴胺至10 mL ris溶液(p=8.5)中,混勻。將長(zhǎng)度約10 cm的不銹鋼絲插入其中,靜置20 h后取出,清水洗凈,晾干備用。毛細(xì)管中灌好預(yù)聚合液后,插入經(jīng)聚多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲,封端60 ℃下聚合 h后拔出,甲醇沖洗表面,去除表面可能存在的未反應(yīng)的聚合液和致孔劑。將得到的涂層浸入0.1 mol/L 2SO溶液中浸泡3 h,取出后分別用甲醇和純水浸泡清洗,烘干,套入商品化的鋼管保護(hù)套中,待用。

      2.2.3樣品制備和萃取水樣過(guò)0.22 μm濾膜后,調(diào)節(jié)至p 5.5,加入飽和NaCl,取3 mL上清液置于5 mL棕色小瓶中,采用直接萃取的方式萃取,即萃取時(shí),刺破瓶蓋后將萃取纖維從保護(hù)套中推出,前端伸至液面以下約1 cm處,完成后,將萃取纖維縮回不銹鋼保護(hù)套中,拔出萃取頭,在30 ℃條件下,攪拌萃取60 min, 在PLC流動(dòng)相二元液中解吸30 min。

      3結(jié)果與討論

      3.1涂層的表征與性能評(píng)價(jià)

      在經(jīng)多巴胺修飾的不銹鋼絲表面原位合成得到聚(甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMAEGDMA))材料,再經(jīng)過(guò)2SO改性,使材料骨架表面環(huán)氧基團(tuán)羥基化,從而得到二醇基團(tuán),具體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。聚合物骨架表面的二醇基團(tuán)極性較強(qiáng),易產(chǎn)生偶極偶極和氫鍵等特異性吸附作用,對(duì)極性物質(zhì)具有很高的選擇性和萃取性能。

      3.2萃取條件優(yōu)化

      3.2.1樣品基質(zhì)p值的影響不同的p可能會(huì)影響目標(biāo)物的形態(tài), 也會(huì)影響目標(biāo)物與涂層材料之間的相互作用。在p 2.5~10.5范圍內(nèi),以色譜峰面積表征相應(yīng)的萃取效率。如圖3a所示,在p 2.5~5.5的范圍內(nèi),種PPCPs的萃取效果隨p值增大而升高。當(dāng)p>5.5時(shí),兩種SAs(SMR和SM2)的萃取效果逐漸下降。SAs屬于極性偏弱的堿性化合物,具有疏水基團(tuán)苯環(huán),同時(shí)也具有一個(gè)以上的胺基,可以解離出陽(yáng)離子。因此,萃取過(guò)程中既存在非極性相互作用,還存在離子交換作用。當(dāng)p>9.0時(shí),SAs萃取效率驟減,這是由于在強(qiáng)堿性條件下,磺胺類藥物分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的磺酰胺基團(tuán)易失去氫離子,發(fā)生水解,導(dǎo)致涂層對(duì)這兩種磺胺類藥物的萃取效率下降。反之,當(dāng)p>9.0時(shí), βBlockers(PPN和ME)的萃取效率升高。PPN和ME分子結(jié)構(gòu)中含有仲胺基團(tuán),pKa值分別為9.5\[10\]和9.2\[11\],因此,當(dāng)基質(zhì)p較高時(shí),PPN和ME大部分是以非離子狀態(tài)的形式存在,易于被涂層材料吸附。綜合以上因素,將萃取液調(diào)至p 5.5進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      [S(]圖3p值(a),萃取溫度(b),萃取時(shí)間(c)和鹽離子濃度(d)對(duì)種PPCPs的萃取效率的影響

      3.2.2萃取溫度的影響考慮到目標(biāo)物的熱穩(wěn)定性,選取了30~70 ℃考察溫度對(duì)萃取效果的影響。結(jié)果如圖3b所示,溫度對(duì)PPN和ME的影響不明顯,溫度從30 ℃升高到60 ℃時(shí),其萃取效率呈下降趨勢(shì),60 ℃之后,又略有上升; 對(duì)于SMR和SM2,其變化趨勢(shì)與之類似,但是變化幅度相對(duì)較大,說(shuō)明這兩種藥物受溫度影響相對(duì)較大。綜上,選取30 ℃作為萃取溫度。

      3.2.3萃取時(shí)間的影響由固相微萃取的兩種萃取理論\[12~1\]可知,無(wú)論是否在平衡狀態(tài),只要在一定條件范圍內(nèi)目標(biāo)物的響應(yīng)值與濃度之間呈線性關(guān)系,都可以進(jìn)行定量分析。本實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇10~120 min時(shí)間段來(lái)研究萃取時(shí)間對(duì)萃取效果的影響。如圖3c所示,在120 min之內(nèi),萃取過(guò)程都沒(méi)有達(dá)到平衡; 60 min之后,種化合物的萃取效率變緩,但是對(duì)于SMR和SM2,60 min時(shí),這兩種藥物的萃取量較少,因此,再綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)耗時(shí)的因素,最終選取90 min作為萃取時(shí)間。

      3.2.鹽濃度的影響加入不同量的NaCl調(diào)節(jié)基質(zhì)的離子強(qiáng)度,結(jié)果如圖3d所示, 隨著NaCl濃度增大,此涂層對(duì)種PPCPs的萃取效率提高,與鹽析效應(yīng)一致。本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取用飽和NaCl鹽溶液進(jìn)行萃取。

      3.3方法驗(yàn)證

      在確定的最佳SPME條件下,建立了種PPCPs的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作曲線(表1),在2~200 μg/L范圍內(nèi),種PPCPs的線性關(guān)系良好,相關(guān)系數(shù)R2均大于0.997。檢出限(S/N=3)在0.5~5 μg/L的范圍內(nèi),

      將采自于宜興的某個(gè)漁業(yè)魚塘的水樣分析。將采集的水樣過(guò)0.22 μm的纖維濾膜,用Cl調(diào)節(jié)至p 5.5。在優(yōu)化的條件下進(jìn)行萃取分析,實(shí)際水樣中目標(biāo)物均未檢出。為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證方法的可行性,向?qū)嶋H水樣中分別加標(biāo)20,50和100 μg/L以驗(yàn)證其回收率。圖為實(shí)際水樣的加標(biāo)色譜圖,加標(biāo)結(jié)果如表2所示,種目標(biāo)物的回收率在70.6%~105.5%之間。采集常州市多個(gè)市政污水處理廠進(jìn)水樣品,應(yīng)用本方法進(jìn)行分析, 結(jié)果如表3所示。污水處理廠進(jìn)水中磺胺類均有檢出,其中磺胺甲基嘧啶濃度范圍在0.590~.21 μg/L,磺胺二甲基嘧啶在污水處理廠中未檢出,其它都在μg/L級(jí)。兩種β受體阻斷劑均未檢出。上述分析結(jié)果顯示,自制的改性固相微萃取涂層與高效液相聯(lián)用,對(duì)于水樣中的幾種PPCPs類污染物具有較好的萃取效果,本方法檢測(cè)出低,操作簡(jiǎn)便,適合于實(shí)際水體中痕量PPCPs的檢測(cè)。References

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      AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.

      KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography

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      張 玨, 夏 天, 季玉梅, 汪志新, 蔣志華, 詹 銘. 現(xiàn)代儀器, 2012, 18(06): 6-9

      9Svec , rechet J M J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(7): 820-822

      10Wan , olmén A, Ngrd M, Lindberg W. J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 979(12): 369-377

      11Bedner M, MacCrehan W A. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(11): 2130-2137

      12Louch D, Motlagh S, Pawliszyn J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(10): 1187-1199

      13Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(6): 1230-1236

      1Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(16): 3260-3266

      AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.

      KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography

      喻崢嶸, 喬鐵軍, 張錫輝. 給水排水, 2010, 36(9): 2-28

      8ZANG Jue, XIA ian, JI YuMei, WANG ZhiXin, JIANG Zhiua, ZAN Ming. Mod. Instrum., 2012, 18(06) : 6-9

      張 玨, 夏 天, 季玉梅, 汪志新, 蔣志華, 詹 銘. 現(xiàn)代儀器, 2012, 18(06): 6-9

      9Svec , rechet J M J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(7): 820-822

      10Wan , olmén A, Ngrd M, Lindberg W. J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 979(12): 369-377

      11Bedner M, MacCrehan W A. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(11): 2130-2137

      12Louch D, Motlagh S, Pawliszyn J. Anal. Chem., 1992, 6(10): 1187-1199

      13Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(6): 1230-1236

      1Ai J. Anal. Chem., 1997, 69(16): 3260-3266

      AbstractA poly(GMAEGDMA) coated SPME fiber was prepared using an insitu polymerization by direct bonding to the surface of a polydopaminemodified stainless steel wire. hen the fiber was modified by sulfuric acid. A novel solid phase microextraction coating coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (PLC) method based on the asprepared fiber was developed for the determination of four pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water samples. he influences of extraction parameters, including p, extraction time, extraction temperature and salt addition were investigated. 3 mL water sample was extracted by the asprepared fiber for 60 min at 30 ℃, and then desorbed with mobile phase for 30 min, respectively. Desorption solution was analyzed by PLCDAD (diode array detection). he results indicated that the extraction yield of the fiber was good for four PPCPs. he linear correlation coefficients were > 0.997 with the linear range of 2-200 μg/L. he limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.5-5 μg/L with RSD (n=5) of .1%-11.9%. he recoveries of four PPCPs at spiked level of 20, 50, 100 μg/L were within the range of 70.6%-105.5%. he results showed that this method was easy, green, accurate and precise, and could be used to assay the four PPCPs in real water samples.

      KeywordsPersonal care products; Solid phase microextraction; Sulfuric acid modification poly(glycidyl methacrylateethyleneglycoldimethacrylate); igh performance liquid chromatography

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