曾克輝
1. 問(wèn):在It is necessary (important, natural, strange, a pity...) that sb should do sth句式中,從句的謂語(yǔ)為什么用should?
答:不用should是直陳語(yǔ)氣,表示的是客觀的一般性陳述;用should是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,含個(gè)人情感和態(tài)度,強(qiáng)調(diào)“應(yīng)當(dāng)”“驚訝”“意外”“遺憾”等含義。例如:
Its strange that she dislikes our head teacher. 她不喜歡班主任是奇怪的。(直陳語(yǔ)氣,陳述客觀事實(shí),不帶個(gè)人情感)
Its strange that she should dislike our head teacher. 真奇怪,她竟然討厭班主任。(虛擬語(yǔ)氣,“驚訝”,帶個(gè)人情感)
Its a pity that she should live in an unreal world. 可惜,她生活在一個(gè)虛幻的世界里。(遺憾)
Its important that children should be honest. 孩子們誠(chéng)實(shí)很重要。(應(yīng)當(dāng)、必須)
Its a shame that he should have forgotten me. 真可惜,他居然把我忘了。(意外、遺憾)
2. 問(wèn):有這樣一道高考題:Shortly after the accident, two police were sent to the spot to keep order. (A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of) 答案是C。為什么不選D呢?
答:這是1992年高考(全國(guó)卷)第29小題。其實(shí)有不少同學(xué)對(duì)dozen和score這兩個(gè)詞感到頭疼,解答如下:
①作數(shù)量詞時(shí),dozen表示“十二個(gè)”,score表示“二十個(gè)”。用法與hundred, thousand等類似。如:a dozen apples“十二個(gè)蘋果(一打蘋果)”,two score chairs“四十張椅子”,three hundred people“三百個(gè)人”。所以,你問(wèn)的這道題選C項(xiàng)是正確的。
②作單位詞時(shí),score后可接of,但dozen后接of很罕見。如:five score (of) fish 一百尾魚(省略of則score為數(shù)量詞),three dozen eggs 三打雞蛋。
③在表示“幾十個(gè)”不確定的泛指數(shù)時(shí)用dozens of或scores of,用法同tens of, hundreds of, thousands of...。如:dozens of/scores of students“好幾十個(gè)學(xué)生”。
④dozens of和scores of前若用some, several, a few, many等詞時(shí),dozen和score可去掉s(很少保留)和of。如:several dozens/scores of people=several dozen/score people。
⑤當(dāng)后面有人稱代詞(you, us, them)時(shí),名詞前有定冠詞(the)、物主代詞(my, your, his, her, their, its)以及指示代詞(these, those)限定時(shí),要用“數(shù)詞+dozen/score+of”,dozen和score均不加s。如:a dozen of them, two score of the books, three score of my sheep, four dozen of those children。
⑥有三個(gè)慣用詞組需特別記憶:three score (years) and ten“七十歲,古稀之年”;three score of people“六十人”;three score and ten people“七十人”。
3. 問(wèn):“He left here half an hour ago.”這個(gè)句子中的half an hour能不能用a half hour?
答:可以,但前者更為常見。這個(gè)問(wèn)題涉及到英美人的不同的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
①英國(guó)人表達(dá)“一半”的數(shù)量一般用half an hour, half a dozen...,不定冠詞a/an放在half之后;表達(dá)一個(gè)數(shù)量單位時(shí),不定冠詞放在half之前而且在half與數(shù)量單位詞之間加連字符“-”,如:a half-dozen 半打, a half-year 半年, a half-apple 半個(gè)蘋果。
②但在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,無(wú)論是表示數(shù)量還是單位都不加連字符。如:a half year, a half dozen, a half apple,在意思上與英國(guó)人的表達(dá)并無(wú)區(qū)別。
③“一個(gè)半小時(shí)”是an/one hour and a half或one and a half hours;“兩年半”為two years and a half或two and a half years,但前一種說(shuō)法更為常見。
④與介詞in搭配用half,與介詞into搭配用halves(in halves的搭配非常少見)。例如:
I cut the cake in half (或into halves). 我把蛋糕切成了兩半。
⑤half與all和both類同(前位限定詞),位于定冠詞、物主代詞或指示代詞前修飾名詞(如half the year, half my work, half those apples),也可作不定代詞與of短語(yǔ)搭配(如half of the work, half of the year, half of the fruit)。這兩種表達(dá)在意思上沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別。如:endprint
Half (of) the migrant workers are from Sichuan. 這些農(nóng)民工有一半是來(lái)自于四川。
Half (of) the fruit was bad. 這些水果有一半是壞的。
4. 問(wèn):It was the first time she had ever left her motherland.(《選修七》Unit 5)究竟是什么句式?
答:這個(gè)句式可以有五種理解(僅供參考):
①理解為固定句型(最佳托辭,使人不再深究)。從句的謂語(yǔ)常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)(也有人用一般過(guò)去時(shí)),連詞that??墒÷浴?/p>
It/This is the first time (that) Ive visited the museum. 我第一次參觀這個(gè)博物館。
②理解為主語(yǔ)從句。It (this除外)為形式主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。
It was the second time that I had seen the film. 我是第二次看那部電影了。
③理解為同位語(yǔ)從句。that從句說(shuō)明前面“the first, second...time”的內(nèi)涵。
It/This is the first time that Ive asked you for help. 我這可是第一次求你幫忙。
④理解為強(qiáng)調(diào)句式“It is/was + 強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that從句”。如:
Ive called her (for) the third time.
It is the third time that Ive called her.
我是第三次給她打電話了。
⑤理解為定語(yǔ)從句。that有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因”(見《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》或《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法·講座與測(cè)試》),但建議慎用。
This/It was the last time that I had seen her. 這是我最后一次見到她。
5. 問(wèn):請(qǐng)問(wèn)The heavy rain lasted for all night long. 這個(gè)句子正確嗎?
答:不正確,應(yīng)該去掉介詞for。在表持續(xù)性時(shí)間時(shí),時(shí)間段前并不都是可以用for的。注意以下幾種情況:
①在以“all+時(shí)間”的短語(yǔ)前,不能加介詞for。如:
He had the light burning all night long. 他讓燈亮了一整夜。
②“for+時(shí)間段”位于句尾時(shí),如果謂語(yǔ)是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,介詞for可省可不省。如:
He studied in London (for) three years. 他在倫敦學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)三年。
He will go to London for three years. 他要到倫敦去三年。(謂語(yǔ)是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞, for不能省略,這里不表示時(shí)間,而是表示“目的”。)
③表示“多少次”不能用介詞for,但表示“第幾次”(the+序數(shù)詞+time)介詞for可省可不省。比較:
Ive been to the Great Wall three times. 我去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城三次。
Ive come to the Great Wall (for) the third time. 我是第三次來(lái)長(zhǎng)城了。
④與how long搭配時(shí),介詞for通常要省略。如:
How long have you studied English (for)? 你學(xué)英語(yǔ)有多久了?
⑤“for+時(shí)間段”位于句首時(shí),介詞for不能省略。如:
For seven years we lived in poverty. 我們?cè)谪毨е猩盍似吣辍?/p>
⑥如果謂語(yǔ)是否定式(無(wú)論動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性還是非持續(xù)性),介詞for不能省略。
My father hasnt smoked for three months. 我父親已有三個(gè)月沒(méi)吸煙了。
We havent met each other for ten years. 我們彼此已十年沒(méi)有見面了。
6. 問(wèn):2012年高考英語(yǔ)(湖北卷)第71小題:With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut) 由于越來(lái)越多的森林被砍伐,一些動(dòng)物正面臨著滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。答案是:more and more forests/trees (being) cut down。請(qǐng)問(wèn)being cut down與cut down一樣嗎?
答:本題考查介詞with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(with+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))作原因狀語(yǔ),若將with去掉便是自帶主語(yǔ)的“分詞短語(yǔ)”(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))作狀語(yǔ)。其實(shí),你的問(wèn)題就是:being done與done作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。誠(chéng)然,being done表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行,done表示完成的動(dòng)作或完成的動(dòng)作所表示的狀態(tài)。但在具體運(yùn)用時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
①一般情況下,原因狀語(yǔ)用過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式均可,但直接用過(guò)去分詞更常見,也更簡(jiǎn)潔。如:
Scolded (Being scolded) by the teacher, he felt depressed. 由于受到老師的訓(xùn)斥,他的情緒十分低落。
His son (being) bullied, Tom got annoyed. 由于兒子遭人欺負(fù),湯姆很惱火。(獨(dú)立主格)
▲ 但要注意兩種情況:
a) 若分詞與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生用being done,因?yàn)閎eing done有“進(jìn)行”的意思。如:
Being disturbed by my little brother, I couldnt read. 由于小弟弟的打擾,我無(wú)法看書。
b) 源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)的過(guò)去分詞表示完成的狀態(tài)而不強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)或暫時(shí)性概念時(shí),不用being done。如:
Lost in thought, he didnt hear the bell. 由于陷入沉思之中,他沒(méi)有聽到鈴聲。
②作方式狀語(yǔ)、伴隨狀語(yǔ)或讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常只用過(guò)去分詞。如:
Followed by his dog, the old man went into the mountain. 身后跟著狗,老人進(jìn)山了。
Encouraged by the teacher, he still lacks confidence. 雖然受到老師的鼓勵(lì),但他仍缺乏信心。
③條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常直接用過(guò)去分詞,但如果分詞的“被動(dòng)動(dòng)作”發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前,也可以用having been done。如:
Given more time, Ill do it better. 如果多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間,我會(huì)做得更好。
Having been revised several times, my composition was rated as an excellent one. 經(jīng)過(guò)幾次修改,我的作文被評(píng)為優(yōu)秀。endprint