【摘要】在長(zhǎng)期的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中對(duì)分詞的理解與運(yùn)用存在著誤區(qū)與偏差,特別是對(duì)分詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)以及分詞的語(yǔ)法功能掌握的不系統(tǒng)、不全面,從而在英語(yǔ)的閱讀與寫作中出現(xiàn)諸多誤解、誤判與誤用,故特撰此文,以便同仁商榷討論,批評(píng)指正。
【關(guān)鍵詞】邏輯主語(yǔ);功能從句
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】何小茹(1966.09-),女,漢族,甘肅省天水市天水郡小學(xué),研究方向:小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)工作。
一、分詞的概念
分詞是一種獨(dú)立于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之外,與句中主語(yǔ)存在著密切關(guān)系的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)象,它既有自己的主語(yǔ),也有自己的賓語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞的分詞)、狀語(yǔ)等成分。分詞具有自己獨(dú)立的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)。分詞也可與自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成分詞短語(yǔ)(即分詞分句)。
二、分詞的構(gòu)成形式,以動(dòng)詞do為例
現(xiàn)在分詞? 過(guò)去分詞
doing done
三、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)
1.分詞的時(shí)態(tài)。表示分詞動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生時(shí)間先后次序的分詞形式稱之為分詞的時(shí)態(tài)。現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)有二種,即:一般式和完成式。分詞的一般式表示分詞的動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后,分詞的完成式表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。
2.分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)。表示分詞的動(dòng)作與分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系的分詞形式稱之為分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般有兩種:主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式。分詞動(dòng)作與分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是意義上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),分詞使用主動(dòng)式;分詞動(dòng)作與分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是意義上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),分詞便用被動(dòng)式。分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)以動(dòng)詞do為例,列表如下:
1.Singing the Nationd Theme grandily,the students looked at the national flag rising slowly.
現(xiàn)在分詞singing所表示的動(dòng)作與句中謂動(dòng)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作looked at the national flag同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
2.Having cleaned the classroom,John and his students locked the door and left for their homes.
分詞的完成式Having cleaned the classroom所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Locked and Left所表示的動(dòng)作之前。
Being asked why he was late for school,John thought out a Lie to answer his mother.
分詞的被動(dòng)式being asked所表示的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作與句中謂thought out所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
Having been fined for breaking the traffic rules,Mike drove away angrily.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式Having? been fined所表示的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞drove away angrily所表示的動(dòng)作之前。
Having two hours to spare,I went to see a film 。
I與having兩者為意義上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
DiscourageD by my failure,I resingned from my job
過(guò)去分詞discouraged與它的邏輯主語(yǔ)I兩者間是意義上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
四、分詞的功能
分詞在句中使用時(shí)具有如下功能:1.動(dòng)詞功能現(xiàn)在分詞與助動(dòng)詞be連用時(shí)構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);過(guò)去分詞與助動(dòng)詞have連用時(shí)構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài);過(guò)去分詞與be連用構(gòu)成各種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);它可以具有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。同時(shí),分詞本身也表示一定的動(dòng)作,有自己獨(dú)立的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),如二中所述,2.具有形容詞功能,在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
例如:1.It was raining hard when I got home.(進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))
2.I've forgot her name.(完成時(shí)態(tài))
3.English is spoken in the world.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
4.I'm interested in English.(作表語(yǔ))
5.The guests invited to the party had arrived.(作定語(yǔ))
6.That book is interesting.(作表語(yǔ))
7.He says she's got a broken heart.(作定語(yǔ))
8.I heard him singing in the next romm.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
9.He was seen stealing money from a woman.(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
作狀語(yǔ)的情況見(jiàn)上文二中所列例句。
五、分詞與其功能分句之間轉(zhuǎn)換
1.由于分詞具有功能,故具有形容詞功能的分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為以下兩種帶有從句的主從合句。
(1)分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)←→賓語(yǔ)從句
1.I saw him playing basketball on the playground
(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
→I saw that he was playing basket ball on
the playground.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
2.I found John being scolded by the teacher.
(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
I found that John was being scolded by the teacher
(賓語(yǔ)從句)
(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)←→定語(yǔ)從句
1.I saw some fallen leaves on the ground after
a terrible? wind .(定語(yǔ))
→I saw some leaves that had fallen on the? ground
after a terrible wind.(定語(yǔ)從句)
(3)India is also a developing country.(賓語(yǔ))
India is also a country that is developing.
2.分詞具有副詞性質(zhì),可以轉(zhuǎn)換為與之功能相當(dāng)?shù)母痹~從句,即狀語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步等狀語(yǔ)功能的主從復(fù)合句,通常用于正式文體中。
1.Washing my hands,I walked into the dinning room.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
→After I had washed my hands , I walked into the dinning room.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
2.Having failed my teaching exam ,I took up farming .(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
3. Used economically , one tin will last for six weeks.(條件狀語(yǔ))
→ If it is used economically ,one tin will last for six weeks.(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
4.It rained for several days, completely flooding the whole village.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))
→It raintd for several days so that it flooded the whole village.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)
5.Not having got much formal education, she succeeded in attending a key university.(進(jìn)步狀語(yǔ))
→Though she hadn't got much formal education, she succeeded in attending in a key university.(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
以上從語(yǔ)用學(xué)的角度初步探索分詞的用法功能,便于學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確把握分詞在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的理解與運(yùn)用,從各種功能分句入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)分詞的語(yǔ)用功能,能夠由淺入深地掌握分詞的用法,其中如有紕漏,敬請(qǐng)讀者批評(píng)指正。
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