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      促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu)對大鼠心肌缺血損傷的保護作用及對心肌蛋白激酶絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶表達的影響

      2014-10-28 03:25王媛媛等
      中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2014年27期
      關(guān)鍵詞:絲氨酸

      王媛媛等

      [摘要] 目的 研究促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu)[促紅細胞生成素B螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)表面縮氨酸(pHBP)]對大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)損傷的影響及蛋白激酶絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(p44/p42 MAPK)表達。 方法 80只大鼠隨機分為四組:假手術(shù)組(n=20)、I/R組(n=20)、I/R+促紅細胞生成素(rhEPO)組(n=20)和I/R+pHBP組(n=20)。采用墊扎球囊結(jié)扎冠狀動脈方法制作心肌缺血再灌注動物模型,I/R+ rhEPO組和I/R+pHBP組分別于缺血再灌注后5 min經(jīng)尾靜脈注射rhEPO(3000 U/kg)、pHBP(1 μg/kg),I/R組及假手術(shù)組給予等體積生理鹽水,檢測血清乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)含量,采用TTC染色確定梗死面積。術(shù)后3、24 h,Western blot法檢測細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)的p44/p42 MAPK表達。 結(jié)果 與I/R組心肌梗死面積[(18.45±1.24)%]比較,I/R+rhEPO組[(12.32±1.27)%]、I/R+pHBP組[(11.64±2.32)%]心肌梗死面積下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與I/R組血清LDH[(3012.24±175.21)U/L]及CK-MB[(216.02±15.24)U/L]比較,I/R+rhEPO組和I/R+pHBP組的血清LDH及CK-MB[(2433.24±116.32)、(2511.12±98.72)、(128.16± 17.52)、(121.31±21.43)U/L]均下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);制模3 h,與I/R組比較,I/R+pHBP組p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);制模24 h,與I/R組比較,I/R+rhEPO組p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 pHBP在大鼠心肌缺血損傷中具有心臟保護作用,其保護機制可能與其抑制心肌細胞凋亡有關(guān)。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu);缺血再灌注;絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶

      [中圖分類號] R332 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)09(c)-0017-04

      Cardioprotective effect of small nonerythropoietic helix B surface peptide on heart ischemia/reperfusion injury rats and expression effect of p44/42 MAPK

      WANG Yuanyuan1 CAO Jian2▲ DENG Li1 CHEN Qin1 OUYANG Xianguo1

      1.Department of Cardiology, the Third Hospital of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330009, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the protective effects of small nonerythropoietic helix B surface peptide (pHBP) based upon erythropoietin structure on heart ischemic myocardial damage (I/R) of rats, and the expression effect of p44/p42 MAPK. Methods 40 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham-operated group (n=10), I/R group (n=10), I/R+rhEPO group (n=10) and I/R+pHBP group (n=10). Experimental model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, I/R+rhEPO group and I/R+pHBP group were treated with rhEPO (3000 U/kg), pHBP (1 μg/kg) respectively after ischemia reperfusion 5 min, and the sham operation group and I/R group were given saline instead. Serum LDH,CK-MB were assessed, myocardial infarct areas were measured by TCC dyeing. After 3, 24 h of treatment, the expression of p44/p42 MAPK was analysized through Westen blot. Results he myocardial infarct size of I/R+rhEPO group [(12.32±1.27)%] and I/R+pHBP group [(11.64±2.32)%] were decreased than that of I/R group [(18.45±1.24)%], the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the content of LDH and CK-MB in I/R+rhEPO group [(3012.24±175.21), (216.02±15.24) U/L] and I/R+pHBP group [(2433.24±116.32), (2511.12±98.72), (128.16±17.52), (121.31±21.43) U/L] were decreased than those of I/R group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), Compared with I/R group, the expression of p44/42 MAPK in I/R+pHBP group and I/R+rhEPO group were increased at model made 3 hours and 24 hours respectively, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion pHBP has a cadioprotective effect on heart ischemic damage. The protective mechanism may be related to the function of inhibition of myocardial cell apoptosis.endprint

      [Key words] Pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide; Ischemia/reperfusion; p44/42 MAPK

      近年來隨著藥物溶栓冠狀動脈介入術(shù)、冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)等治療方法的臨床應(yīng)用,使受損心肌得到及時再灌注,明顯降低了急性心肌梗死的病死率。但缺血的心肌再灌注時也引起一系列心臟與血管的不良事件[1],有研究顯示,促紅細胞生成素(rhEPO)可能發(fā)揮潛在的抗心肌細胞凋亡和促進血管新生等作用,從而發(fā)揮對缺血再灌注心肌的保護作用。但由于促紅細胞生成素同時具有促血小板聚集血栓形成的風(fēng)險[2],難以應(yīng)用于臨床。在對促紅細胞生成素三級結(jié)構(gòu)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu)、促紅細胞生成素B螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)表面縮氨酸(pHBP)是紅細胞生成素三級機構(gòu)中的部分區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu),分子量為1257,無促血小板聚集作用,保留組織保護結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域,與組織保護的受體相結(jié)合[3-6]。本實驗擬探討pHBP在心肌缺血損傷中是否具有心臟保護作用及可能機制。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 實驗材料

      取10周左右雄性SD大鼠80只,體重(200±20)g,由南昌大學(xué)動物實驗中心提供。乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)檢測試劑盒購自武漢亞法生物制品有限公司,重組人紅細胞注射液購自沈陽三生有限制藥公司,兔抗p44/42 MAPK、辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG均購自美國Santa生物公司。pHBP由Araim Pharmaceutical購得。

      1.2動物分組及模型建立

      參考趙秀梅等[7]的墊扎球囊法制作大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)模型,實驗動物分為4組。假手術(shù)組(n=20),絲線穿過冠狀動脈左室支但不結(jié)扎,經(jīng)尾靜脈注射生理鹽水;I/R組(n=20),建立動物模型后5 min后通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射注射生理鹽水1 mL/kg;I/R+pHBP組(n=20),建立動物模型后5 min后通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射pHBP 1 μg/kg;I/R+rhEPO組(n=20),建立動物模型后5 min后通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射注射rhEPO 3000 U/kg[8]。

      1.3 生化指標(biāo)檢測

      I/R 120 min后自腹主動脈取血6 mL,靜置30 min,4℃下,以離心半徑5 cm,3000 r/min離心10 min,分離血清。按照試劑盒說明采用化學(xué)比色法測定血清乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)含量。

      1.4 心肌梗死面積測定

      存活大鼠在制模24 h后處死,取新鮮大鼠心臟,用PBS緩沖液沖洗,濾紙吸干,-20℃冰凍30 min 后將其橫斷面切成1~2 mm切片,1% TTC 37℃染色25 min,切片放4%甲醛中過夜以增強顏色對比,非心肌梗死區(qū)染色為紅色,梗死區(qū)不染色。掃描儀掃描心臟切片,使用image proplus 6.0軟件測量相關(guān)區(qū)域面積,梗死面積(%)=左心室組織切片梗死區(qū)面積/左心室組織切片總面積×100%。

      1.5 Western blot法檢測p44/42蛋白表達

      手術(shù)處理后的存活大鼠在制模后3、24 h進行處死。可以通過組織顏色改變鑒別心肌缺血組織和正常組織,進行組織切片放入液氮冷凍心肌梗死組織標(biāo)本將通過Western blot方法測定p44/42 MAPK,分別取各組心肌組織,提取總蛋白,收集上清液,考馬斯亮藍法進行擔(dān)保定量。SDS-PAGE分離樣品后電泳轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維膜上,TBST常溫下封閉過夜后,分別加入anti-NF-κB小鼠單抗(一抗)、室溫下免疫沉淀1 h,加入加入辣根酶標(biāo)記兔抗山羊IgG(二抗)2 h。洗膜,顯色。具體實驗方法參照文獻[9],實驗?zāi)z片掃描后用Image J軟件進行圖像分析,以β-actin(1∶1000稀釋)作為內(nèi)參照對比,比值結(jié)果表示其蛋白的相對含量,用Gel-ProAnalyzer分析軟件分析通道蛋白的灰度值。

      1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法

      采用SPSS 15.0 統(tǒng)計軟件處理。正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 各組心肌LDH、CK-MB水平的比較

      與假手術(shù)組比較,I/R組LDH、CK-MB含量明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。I/R+rhEPO組、I/R+pHBP組LDH、CK-MB含量減少,兩組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與I/R組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),提示pHBP組具有與rhEPO組相似的心肌保護作用。見表1。

      表1 各組乳酸脫氫酶、肌酸激酶同工酶水平(U/L,x±s)

      注:與假手術(shù)組比較,*P < 0.05;與I/R組,#P < 0.05;I/R:缺血再灌注;rhEPO促紅細胞生成素;pHBP:促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu);LDH:乳酸脫氫酶;CK-MB:肌酸激酶同工酶

      2.2 各組心肌梗死面積情況

      假手術(shù)組的心肌梗死面積為0.00%,I/R組梗死面積為(18.45±1.24)%,I/R+rhEPO組梗死面積為(12.32±1.27)%,I/R+pHBP組梗死面積為(11.64±2.32)%。與I/R組比較,I/R+rhEPO組和I/R+pHBP組心肌梗死面積均下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);I/R+rhEPO組與I/R+pHBP組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。

      2.3 各組心肌組織p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達

      Western blot 法檢測各組p44/42 MAPK蛋白水平,與I/R組比較,制模3 h I/R+pHBP組心肌梗死組織p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);I/R+rhEPO組p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達無明顯變化,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與I/R組比較,制模24 h I/R+rhEPO組心肌梗死組織p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),I/R+pHBP組p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達無明顯變化,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。endprint

      表2 各組p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達(ng/L,x±s)

      注:與假手術(shù)組比較,*P < 0.05;與I/R組比較,#P < 0.05;I/R:缺血再灌注;rhEPO促紅細胞生成素;pHBP:促紅細胞生成素類似結(jié)構(gòu);p44/42 MAPK:蛋白激酶絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶

      3 討論

      心肌細胞凋亡在持續(xù)缺血或再灌注期間均可出現(xiàn),且與缺血程度、缺血時間長短等有關(guān)。心肌細胞凋亡在缺血再灌注損傷中所起作用越來越引起人們的重視,但確切機制還不清楚,可能與細胞在受到刺激后產(chǎn)生大量氧自由基、細胞內(nèi)鈣超載、線粒體損傷、炎癥細胞浸潤和基因調(diào)控等有關(guān)[10-12]。

      缺血再灌注損傷引起的心肌細胞死亡有兩種機制,即壞死和凋亡,并且凋亡是引起心血管系統(tǒng)疾病的重要原因心肌再灌注雖然恢復(fù)了血流,但同時也可能加速了受損心肌細胞的凋亡過程,故細胞凋亡在心肌缺血再灌注損傷的病理過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。不同時間的心肌缺血/再灌注均有心肌細胞凋亡,而且心肌損傷加重與心肌細胞凋亡增加同時并存,推斷細胞凋亡是缺血/再灌注損傷的重要機制。大量實驗研究和臨床觀察日益顯示出心肌細胞凋亡,主要是由再灌注啟動的現(xiàn)象,但亦有研究表明心肌缺血性損傷也可以誘導(dǎo)心肌細胞凋亡的發(fā)生。尋找有效減少心肌細胞凋亡藥物,恢復(fù)缺血區(qū)心肌細胞正常功能 ,已成為心肌缺血再灌注藥物研究的重要方面。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)pHBP可以減少腎臟缺血再灌注過程中腎小管細胞凋亡抑制冠狀動脈粥樣硬化病變過程,并且通過激活A(yù)kt抑制冠狀動脈上皮細胞凋亡[13-14]。本次實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)在注射pHBP后LDH、CK-MB含量減少,減少心肌損傷,心肌梗死面積下降,與I/R組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),說明其具有促紅細胞生成素相似的心臟保護特性,可以改善大鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷。

      絲裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一種介導(dǎo)細胞內(nèi)信號的絲氨酸-蘇氨酸激酶,目前,在MAPK超家族中已有3個亞家族被描述,分別為p44/42 MAPK[又稱為細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)的蛋白激酶(ERK1/ERK2)]、應(yīng)激激活的蛋白激酶(JNK)和高滲透性甘油反應(yīng)激酶(p38 MAPK)。其中p44/42 MAPK為脯氨酸導(dǎo)向的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶,是最重要的MAPK家族成員,參與調(diào)節(jié)細胞的有絲分裂和分化,是將信號從細胞膜表面受體轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)至核的關(guān)鍵,是細胞因子、生長因子介導(dǎo)細胞增殖效應(yīng)中重要的途徑之一,其活性受到蛋白激酶的磷酸化及蛋白磷酸酶的去磷酸化調(diào)節(jié)[15-16]。p44/42 MAPK接受上游分子MAPKK(MAPKK inase,MAPK激酶,又稱MEK2/MEK1)的磷酸化調(diào)控信號后,相鄰的酪氨酸和蘇氨酸均被磷酸化,從而成為活化形式的p44/42 MAPK。被激活的p44/42 MAPK使胞漿中其他一些酶磷酸化而直接發(fā)揮生物學(xué)效應(yīng);或者轉(zhuǎn)移至細胞核內(nèi),并激活一些核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,使一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子磷酸化從而調(diào)節(jié)細胞內(nèi)的基因表達狀態(tài),改變基因表達狀態(tài)從而減少細胞凋亡參與細胞的增殖分化。

      p44/42 MAPK具有促進細胞增殖,抗凋亡的作用。Western blot結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)pHBP和rhEPO組激活了抗凋亡途徑,p44/42 MAPK蛋白表達增加。rhEPO組制模處理后24 h p44/42 MAPK蛋白被激活,pHBP制模3 h后激活p44/42 MAPK蛋白被激活,激活效應(yīng)在24 h內(nèi)消退。激活時間差異與藥物血漿半衰期不同有關(guān)[17]。pHBP可以在更短的時間內(nèi)激活抗凋亡蛋白p44/42 MAPK,減少心肌缺血再灌注損傷。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),pHBP具有rhEPO相似的心肌缺血再灌注損傷的保護作用,由于其沒有抗血小板聚集增加血液流變學(xué)及血栓形成的風(fēng)險,故可以考慮更安全地應(yīng)用于臨床,值得進一步的研究。

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      [2] Lishmanov YB,Naryzhnaya NV,Maslov LN,et al. Functional state of myocardial mitochondria in ischemia reperfusion of the heart in rats adapted to hypoxia [J]. Exp Biol Med,2014,156(5):645-658.

      [3] Ueba H,Shiomi M,Brines M et al. Suppression of coronary atherosclerosis by helix B surface Peptide, a nonerythropoietic, tissue-protective compound derived from erythropoietin [J]. Mol Med,2013,19(1):195-202.

      [4] Ismayil A,Hyun J,Magdalena J,et al. a small nonerythropoietic helix b surface peptide based upon erythropoietin structure is cardioprotective against ischemic myocardial damage [J]. Mol Med,2011,17(3-4):194-200.

      [5] Ahmet I,Tae HJ,Brines M,et al. Chronic administration of small nonerythropoietic peptide sequence of erythropoietin effectively ameliorates the progression of postmyocardial infarction-dilated cardiomyopathy [J]. Pharmacol Exp Ther,2013,34(3):446-456.endprint

      [6] Carmel Mr,Ross H,Liza M,et al. intervention with an erythropoietin-derived peptide protects against neuroglial and vascular degeneration during diabetic retinopathy [J]. Diabetes,2011,60(11):2995-3005.

      [7] 趙秀梅,孫勝,劉秀華.墊扎球囊法復(fù)制大鼠在體心肌缺血/再灌注模型[J].中國微循環(huán),2006,11(3):206-208.

      [8] Elliott S,Lorenzini T,Chang D,et al. Mapping of the active site of recombinant human erythropoietin [J]. Blood,1997, 89:493-502.

      [9] Koid SS,Ziogas J,Campbell DJ. Aliskiren reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a bradykinin b2 receptor- and angiotensin at2 receptor-mediated mechanism [J]. Hypertension,2014,1(13):171-182.

      [10] Lu S. Heart protective effects and mechanism of quercetin preconditioning on anti-myocardial ischemia reperfusion(I/R)injuries in rats [J]. Gene,2014,4(22):162-171.

      [11] Castedo E,Segovia J,Escudero C,et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury during experimental heart transplantation. evaluation of trimetazidine's cytoprotective effect [J]. Rev Esp Cardiol(Engl Ed),2005,58(8):941-950

      [12] 張良平,韓俊毅,范慧敏,等.線粒體鉀通道Kcna3基因敲除小鼠初步制備[J].中國實驗動物學(xué)報,2012,20(1):34-37.

      [13] Patel NS,Kerr-Peterson HL,Brines M,et al. Delayed administration of pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (pHBSP), a novel nonerythropoietic analog of erythropoietin, attenuates acute kidney injury [J]. Mol Med,2012,18(1):719-727.

      [14] Ponce LL,Navarro JC,Ahmed O,et al. Erythropoietin Neuroprotection with Traumatic Brain Injury [J]. Pathophysiology,2013,20(1):31-38.

      [15] Will K,Kuzinski J,Kalbe C,et al. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on the growth of porcine myoblasts are associated with changes in p44/42 MAPK signaling [J]. Domest Anim Endocrinol,2013,45(4):196-205.

      [16] Inamochi Y,Mochizuki K,Goda T. Histone code of genes induced by co-treatment with a glucocorticoid hormone agonist and a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor in human small intestinal Caco-2 cells [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2014,40(1):693-700.

      [17] Nimesh SA,Kiran K,Christoph TH,et al. Bench-to-bedside review:Erythropoietin and its derivatives as therapies in critical care [J]. Crit Care. 2012,16(4):229-236.

      (收稿日期:2014-05-04 本文編輯:蘇 暢)endprint

      [6] Carmel Mr,Ross H,Liza M,et al. intervention with an erythropoietin-derived peptide protects against neuroglial and vascular degeneration during diabetic retinopathy [J]. Diabetes,2011,60(11):2995-3005.

      [7] 趙秀梅,孫勝,劉秀華.墊扎球囊法復(fù)制大鼠在體心肌缺血/再灌注模型[J].中國微循環(huán),2006,11(3):206-208.

      [8] Elliott S,Lorenzini T,Chang D,et al. Mapping of the active site of recombinant human erythropoietin [J]. Blood,1997, 89:493-502.

      [9] Koid SS,Ziogas J,Campbell DJ. Aliskiren reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a bradykinin b2 receptor- and angiotensin at2 receptor-mediated mechanism [J]. Hypertension,2014,1(13):171-182.

      [10] Lu S. Heart protective effects and mechanism of quercetin preconditioning on anti-myocardial ischemia reperfusion(I/R)injuries in rats [J]. Gene,2014,4(22):162-171.

      [11] Castedo E,Segovia J,Escudero C,et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury during experimental heart transplantation. evaluation of trimetazidine's cytoprotective effect [J]. Rev Esp Cardiol(Engl Ed),2005,58(8):941-950

      [12] 張良平,韓俊毅,范慧敏,等.線粒體鉀通道Kcna3基因敲除小鼠初步制備[J].中國實驗動物學(xué)報,2012,20(1):34-37.

      [13] Patel NS,Kerr-Peterson HL,Brines M,et al. Delayed administration of pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (pHBSP), a novel nonerythropoietic analog of erythropoietin, attenuates acute kidney injury [J]. Mol Med,2012,18(1):719-727.

      [14] Ponce LL,Navarro JC,Ahmed O,et al. Erythropoietin Neuroprotection with Traumatic Brain Injury [J]. Pathophysiology,2013,20(1):31-38.

      [15] Will K,Kuzinski J,Kalbe C,et al. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on the growth of porcine myoblasts are associated with changes in p44/42 MAPK signaling [J]. Domest Anim Endocrinol,2013,45(4):196-205.

      [16] Inamochi Y,Mochizuki K,Goda T. Histone code of genes induced by co-treatment with a glucocorticoid hormone agonist and a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor in human small intestinal Caco-2 cells [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2014,40(1):693-700.

      [17] Nimesh SA,Kiran K,Christoph TH,et al. Bench-to-bedside review:Erythropoietin and its derivatives as therapies in critical care [J]. Crit Care. 2012,16(4):229-236.

      (收稿日期:2014-05-04 本文編輯:蘇 暢)endprint

      [6] Carmel Mr,Ross H,Liza M,et al. intervention with an erythropoietin-derived peptide protects against neuroglial and vascular degeneration during diabetic retinopathy [J]. Diabetes,2011,60(11):2995-3005.

      [7] 趙秀梅,孫勝,劉秀華.墊扎球囊法復(fù)制大鼠在體心肌缺血/再灌注模型[J].中國微循環(huán),2006,11(3):206-208.

      [8] Elliott S,Lorenzini T,Chang D,et al. Mapping of the active site of recombinant human erythropoietin [J]. Blood,1997, 89:493-502.

      [9] Koid SS,Ziogas J,Campbell DJ. Aliskiren reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a bradykinin b2 receptor- and angiotensin at2 receptor-mediated mechanism [J]. Hypertension,2014,1(13):171-182.

      [10] Lu S. Heart protective effects and mechanism of quercetin preconditioning on anti-myocardial ischemia reperfusion(I/R)injuries in rats [J]. Gene,2014,4(22):162-171.

      [11] Castedo E,Segovia J,Escudero C,et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury during experimental heart transplantation. evaluation of trimetazidine's cytoprotective effect [J]. Rev Esp Cardiol(Engl Ed),2005,58(8):941-950

      [12] 張良平,韓俊毅,范慧敏,等.線粒體鉀通道Kcna3基因敲除小鼠初步制備[J].中國實驗動物學(xué)報,2012,20(1):34-37.

      [13] Patel NS,Kerr-Peterson HL,Brines M,et al. Delayed administration of pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (pHBSP), a novel nonerythropoietic analog of erythropoietin, attenuates acute kidney injury [J]. Mol Med,2012,18(1):719-727.

      [14] Ponce LL,Navarro JC,Ahmed O,et al. Erythropoietin Neuroprotection with Traumatic Brain Injury [J]. Pathophysiology,2013,20(1):31-38.

      [15] Will K,Kuzinski J,Kalbe C,et al. Effects of leptin and adiponectin on the growth of porcine myoblasts are associated with changes in p44/42 MAPK signaling [J]. Domest Anim Endocrinol,2013,45(4):196-205.

      [16] Inamochi Y,Mochizuki K,Goda T. Histone code of genes induced by co-treatment with a glucocorticoid hormone agonist and a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor in human small intestinal Caco-2 cells [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2014,40(1):693-700.

      [17] Nimesh SA,Kiran K,Christoph TH,et al. Bench-to-bedside review:Erythropoietin and its derivatives as therapies in critical care [J]. Crit Care. 2012,16(4):229-236.

      (收稿日期:2014-05-04 本文編輯:蘇 暢)endprint

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