王娟茹
摘要:提出了跨國公司回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的三個影響因素,即知識轉(zhuǎn)移能力、知識轉(zhuǎn)移動機和知識轉(zhuǎn)移機會,探討了三因素與知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的關(guān)系,以156位回任人員為調(diào)查對象,對收集的數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。結(jié)果表明:回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的三個影響因素均對隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為和顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為有顯著影響,隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為對顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為有顯著正面影響;知識轉(zhuǎn)移能力對顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響大于對隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響;知識轉(zhuǎn)移動機和知識轉(zhuǎn)移機會對隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響大于對顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:跨國公司;回任人員;知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為
中圖分類號:F272.4文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1001-8409(2014)10-0074-04
引言
隨著經(jīng)濟全球化和管理國際化的深入,對外貿(mào)易和大型跨國公司迅速發(fā)展,員工外派現(xiàn)象日趨普遍。據(jù)調(diào)查,全球80%的跨國公司都實行了人員外派,外派已成為打開國際業(yè)務(wù)市場最有效的方式。外派過程中涉及到人員的回任,即員工由公司總部以外的國家或者地區(qū)回到母國與母公司?;厝稳藛T因在外派過程中廣泛接觸國際市場,學(xué)習(xí)和積累了國際企業(yè)的經(jīng)營理驗和知識,這些知識具有很高的隱含性和嵌入性,難以在人員之間進行轉(zhuǎn)移,競爭者不易模仿,是跨國公司十分有價值的知識資源。因此,跨國公司必須重視并有效地管理回任人員在國外獲取的知識,以進一步提升本公司的知識轉(zhuǎn)移能力。
在知識轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,回任人員所表現(xiàn)出來的知識轉(zhuǎn)移態(tài)度和方式,即為回任人員的知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為。根據(jù)知識的類型,本文將知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為分為隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為和顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為。關(guān)于回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響因素,學(xué)者們從不同視角進行了研究。例如Lazarova等[1]認為,回任人員個人的知識能否成功轉(zhuǎn)移到組織層面依賴于回任人員的轉(zhuǎn)移意愿。Wang等[2]把影響母子公司間知識轉(zhuǎn)移的因素分成了四類:母公司轉(zhuǎn)移知識的能力、母公司轉(zhuǎn)移知識的動機、子公司接受知識的能力、子公司接受知識的動機。此外Strach等[3]在分析跨國公司知識轉(zhuǎn)移時認為,知識轉(zhuǎn)移渠道、知識轉(zhuǎn)移動機和知識轉(zhuǎn)移能力在跨國公司知識轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起決定性作用。徐笑君[4]探討了海歸經(jīng)理人知識轉(zhuǎn)移意愿對知識轉(zhuǎn)移的影響。劉長義等[5]從知識發(fā)送方層面、知識接收方層面、知識情境、知識本體層面實證分析了基于技術(shù)員工流動的跨組織知識轉(zhuǎn)移的影響因素。
4研究結(jié)論
跨國公司回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響因素是知識轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的前因,本文從人力資源管理視角,探討回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響因素以及與隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為和顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的關(guān)系。理論上,本文的主要貢獻為:①將知識管理理論和人力資源管理理論相結(jié)合,基于AOM理論,突破知識轉(zhuǎn)移影響因素的一般化研究,探索跨國公司回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為的影響因素;②將回任人員的知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為分為隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為和顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為,探討知識轉(zhuǎn)移能力、知識轉(zhuǎn)移動機和知識轉(zhuǎn)移機會與隱性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為和顯性知識轉(zhuǎn)移行為之間的關(guān)系,為提高跨國公司的知識創(chuàng)新能力奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。從實踐上將為我國跨國公司充分有效地轉(zhuǎn)移回任人員的知識提供科學(xué)指導(dǎo)與建議,促進回任人員有效地進行知識轉(zhuǎn)移,提高我國跨國公司的創(chuàng)新能力,增強國際競爭力,實現(xiàn)跨國公司的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
本文還存在一定的局限性:第一,樣本量及其所涉及行業(yè)有限,未來的研究可進一步改進研究方法,擴大樣本量以及拓寬行業(yè)背景,采用更為全面客觀的方法采集數(shù)據(jù);第二,本文采用的是橫截面數(shù)據(jù),無法進行長時間的縱向研究,在未來的研究中有必要利用縱向數(shù)據(jù),進一步探索各變量之間的因果關(guān)系,從而提出更加科學(xué)有效的回任人員知識轉(zhuǎn)移管理策略。
參考文獻:
[1]Lazarova M, Tarique I. Knowledge Transfer upon Repatriation[J]. Journal of World Business, 2005, 40(4): 361-373.
[2]Wang P, et al. Determinants and Outcomes of Knowledge Transfer: A Study of MNCs in China[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2001, 4:49-77.
[3]Strach P, Everett A M. Knowledge Transfer within Japanese Multinationals: Building a Theory[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2006, 10(1): 55-68.
[4]徐笑君. 跨國公司內(nèi)部知識轉(zhuǎn)移和文化影響研究[M]. 上海: 格致出版社, 2011.1.
[5]劉長義, 謝榮見. 基于技術(shù)員工流動的知識轉(zhuǎn)移影響因素實證研究[J]. 科技進步與對策, 2011, 28(11): 143-147.
[6]Baldwin T T, Ford J K. Transfer of Training: A Review and Directions for Future Research[J]. Personnel Psychology, 1988, 41(1): 63-105.
[7]Goh S. Managing Effective Knowledge Transfer: An Integrative Framework and Some Practice Implications [J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2002, 6 (1): 23-30.
[8]Davenport T H, Prusak L. Working Knowledge: How Organisations Manage What They Know[M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.
[9]Ye N Q. The Exploration of Individual Accepted Degree to Virtual Community from Perspective of Group Dynamic[D], Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, 2002.
[10]Cummings S, Teng B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success[J]. Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 2003, 20(1–2): 39-68.
[11]Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge Managements Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel[J]. Sloan Management Review, 2000, 42(1): 71-80.
[12]Hakanson L, Nobel R. Organization Characteristics and Reverse Technology Transfer[J]. Management International Review, 2001, 41 (4): 392-420.
[13]Najafi-Tavani Z, et al. Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes: The Case of Knowledge-Intensive Services in the U K[J]. Management International Review, 2012, 52:461–488.
[14]Reychav I, Weisberg J. Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010, 14(2):285–300.
[15]Hau Y S, et al. The Effects of Individual Motivations and Social Capital on Employees Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing Intentions[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2013, 33(2): 356– 366.
[16]Martin X, Salomon R. Knowledge Transfer Capacity and Its Implications for the Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003, 34(4): 356-73.
[17]王三義, 何風(fēng)林.社會資本的認知維度對知識轉(zhuǎn)移的影響路徑研究[J]. 統(tǒng)計與決策, 2007, 3: 122-123.
[18]Wasko M M, et al. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1): 35-57.
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠萍)
[9]Ye N Q. The Exploration of Individual Accepted Degree to Virtual Community from Perspective of Group Dynamic[D], Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, 2002.
[10]Cummings S, Teng B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success[J]. Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 2003, 20(1–2): 39-68.
[11]Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge Managements Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel[J]. Sloan Management Review, 2000, 42(1): 71-80.
[12]Hakanson L, Nobel R. Organization Characteristics and Reverse Technology Transfer[J]. Management International Review, 2001, 41 (4): 392-420.
[13]Najafi-Tavani Z, et al. Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes: The Case of Knowledge-Intensive Services in the U K[J]. Management International Review, 2012, 52:461–488.
[14]Reychav I, Weisberg J. Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010, 14(2):285–300.
[15]Hau Y S, et al. The Effects of Individual Motivations and Social Capital on Employees Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing Intentions[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2013, 33(2): 356– 366.
[16]Martin X, Salomon R. Knowledge Transfer Capacity and Its Implications for the Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003, 34(4): 356-73.
[17]王三義, 何風(fēng)林.社會資本的認知維度對知識轉(zhuǎn)移的影響路徑研究[J]. 統(tǒng)計與決策, 2007, 3: 122-123.
[18]Wasko M M, et al. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1): 35-57.
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠萍)
[9]Ye N Q. The Exploration of Individual Accepted Degree to Virtual Community from Perspective of Group Dynamic[D], Taipei: National Taipei University of Technology, 2002.
[10]Cummings S, Teng B S. Transferring R&D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success[J]. Journal of Engineering Technology Management, 2003, 20(1–2): 39-68.
[11]Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge Managements Social Dimension: Lessons from Nucor Steel[J]. Sloan Management Review, 2000, 42(1): 71-80.
[12]Hakanson L, Nobel R. Organization Characteristics and Reverse Technology Transfer[J]. Management International Review, 2001, 41 (4): 392-420.
[13]Najafi-Tavani Z, et al. Mediating Effects in Reverse Knowledge Transfer Processes: The Case of Knowledge-Intensive Services in the U K[J]. Management International Review, 2012, 52:461–488.
[14]Reychav I, Weisberg J. Bridging Intention and Behavior of Knowledge Sharing[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2010, 14(2):285–300.
[15]Hau Y S, et al. The Effects of Individual Motivations and Social Capital on Employees Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Sharing Intentions[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2013, 33(2): 356– 366.
[16]Martin X, Salomon R. Knowledge Transfer Capacity and Its Implications for the Theory of the Multinational Corporation [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2003, 34(4): 356-73.
[17]王三義, 何風(fēng)林.社會資本的認知維度對知識轉(zhuǎn)移的影響路徑研究[J]. 統(tǒng)計與決策, 2007, 3: 122-123.
[18]Wasko M M, et al. Why should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005, 29(1): 35-57.
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠萍)