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      最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度下的水權(quán)理論框架探析

      2014-12-13 13:41:15竇明王艷艷李胚
      關(guān)鍵詞:理論框架

      竇明++王艷艷++李胚

      摘要在我國(guó)水資源貧乏、供需矛盾日益尖銳的情況下,建立和發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的水權(quán)制度,已成為踐行最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度和解決日趨復(fù)雜水問題的切實(shí)需要。本文首先從我國(guó)水資源管理體制的改革發(fā)展歷程和未來需求出發(fā),探討了最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度與水權(quán)制度兩者的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,指出水權(quán)制度建設(shè)對(duì)落實(shí)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度的重要意義;接著,從行政管理視角提出了有關(guān)水權(quán)劃分的兩級(jí)分類體系,重點(diǎn)解析了使用權(quán)與“三條紅線”之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系;最后,從水權(quán)制度建設(shè)的主體內(nèi)容出發(fā),構(gòu)建了由“基于水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線的取水權(quán)初始分配”、“基于用水效率控制紅線的用水權(quán)交易”和“基于水功能區(qū)限制納污紅線的排污權(quán)交易”三部分組成的水權(quán)理論框架。在取水權(quán)分配方面,以和諧論思想為指導(dǎo),以水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線為硬性約束,提出由和諧分配原則確定、和諧狀態(tài)指標(biāo)選取、區(qū)域總和諧度計(jì)算、和諧目標(biāo)優(yōu)化模型、取水權(quán)和諧分配方案優(yōu)選等構(gòu)成的取水權(quán)初始分配工作流程。在用水權(quán)交易方面,以用水效率控制紅線為硬性約束,運(yùn)用優(yōu)化決策理論,提出由用水計(jì)劃制定、節(jié)水潛力分析、水量折算系數(shù)計(jì)算、可交易用水權(quán)計(jì)算、用水權(quán)交易方案優(yōu)選等構(gòu)成的用水權(quán)交易工作流程。在排污權(quán)交易方面,以水功能區(qū)限制納污紅線為硬性約束,提出由污染物入河量預(yù)測(cè)、控制斷面水質(zhì)預(yù)報(bào)、減排潛力分析、可交易排污權(quán)計(jì)算、排污權(quán)交易方案優(yōu)選等構(gòu)成的排污權(quán)交易工作流程。該理論框架的提出可為我國(guó)水權(quán)理論研究提供參考。

      關(guān)鍵詞最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度;三條紅線;水權(quán)制度;理論框架

      中圖分類號(hào)F205文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)12-0132-06doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412018

      在我國(guó)水資源時(shí)空分布不均、水旱災(zāi)害頻繁、水污染日趨嚴(yán)重的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)下,建立和發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的水權(quán)制度成為新時(shí)期水利工作的重要任務(wù),同時(shí)也是建立適合社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的水資源管理制度的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要。盡管近年來我國(guó)在水資源管理制度建設(shè)方面取得了不菲成績(jī),形成了以水量分配、取水許可和水資源論證為主要內(nèi)容的水權(quán)制度體系,并確立了以“三條紅線、四項(xiàng)制度”為主體的最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度,但受歷史條件與社會(huì)環(huán)境的限制,我國(guó)在水權(quán)制度建設(shè)方面仍滯后于美國(guó)、澳大利亞等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,未能形成真正意義上基于市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制的水權(quán)交易制度。本文將從最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度的需求出發(fā),提出一套水權(quán)理論體系框架,為我國(guó)水權(quán)制度的建設(shè)提供參考。

      1最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度與水權(quán)制度的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系長(zhǎng)期以來,水權(quán)制度建設(shè)始終縱貫于我國(guó)水資源管理體制改革的發(fā)展過程中。從新中國(guó)成立之初水資源公有制的確立,到20世紀(jì)80 年代采取行政命令式的水量分配機(jī)制,再到21世紀(jì)初期全國(guó)范圍的水權(quán)交易試點(diǎn),這些工作的開展為我國(guó)水權(quán)制度的確立奠定了基礎(chǔ)[1]。但以上水權(quán)分配或交易活動(dòng)都是在未能明確定義和劃分水權(quán)的背景下發(fā)生的,是對(duì)水權(quán)制度的一種有益嘗試,而非真正意義上的水權(quán)制度。在其實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中,也相繼出現(xiàn)了管理對(duì)象不明晰、操作流程不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、監(jiān)督機(jī)制不完善等問題,阻礙了水權(quán)制度的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。造成水權(quán)制度與水資源管理脫節(jié)的主要原因,是水資源管理長(zhǎng)期受計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的制約和影響,思維方式、工作方法沒能真正轉(zhuǎn)到市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制上來,沒有真正發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)在水資源配置中的調(diào)節(jié)作用[2-3]。直到2011年中央一號(hào)文件《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于加快水利改革發(fā)展的決定》的頒布,才逐步理順了兩者的關(guān)系。在2011年中央一號(hào)文件中,正式確立了以“三條紅線、四項(xiàng)制度”為主體的最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度,為我國(guó)水資源管理提出了更加明確具體的要求,同時(shí)“三條紅線”與取水許可、排污許可等水權(quán)管理行為緊密結(jié)合,為我國(guó)水權(quán)制度的建設(shè)提供了重要依據(jù)和支撐。

      就兩者的關(guān)系來看,最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度從行政管理角度來規(guī)范和約束水權(quán)的分配與交易行為,是水權(quán)制度建設(shè)的約束條件和運(yùn)行環(huán)境;水權(quán)制度則為用水權(quán)主體對(duì)水資源的占有、使用、收益、處分等權(quán)利給予法律上的保護(hù),是最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度得以落實(shí)的基本保障。要落實(shí)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度,除了依靠水行政主管部門的執(zhí)法能力外,還要靠廣大用水戶的自覺性守法意識(shí)。否則,政府管理得再嚴(yán),也會(huì)有空子可鉆。水權(quán)制度的建立是通過市場(chǎng)激勵(lì)作用來提升用水戶自覺守法意識(shí)的有效途徑。只有將水資源管理與用水戶利益緊密掛鉤,賦予用水戶使用水資源的法定權(quán)利與義務(wù),才能提高用水戶守法的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力,達(dá)到節(jié)約和保護(hù)水資源的目的[2]。

      竇明等:最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度下的水權(quán)理論框架探析 中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第12期我國(guó)新時(shí)期的水權(quán)制度,應(yīng)以服務(wù)于最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度為導(dǎo)向,以水資源高效利用與優(yōu)化配置為目標(biāo),通過理順對(duì)水資源的所有、使用、收益和處置權(quán)利,形成一種與市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和水資源供需關(guān)系相適應(yīng)的水資源權(quán)屬管理模式。目前,我國(guó)正處在水資源管理體制改革的關(guān)鍵期,這也是構(gòu)建具有中國(guó)特色水權(quán)制度的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。有關(guān)部門要把握時(shí)機(jī)、積極探索,切實(shí)做好對(duì)水權(quán)制度建設(shè)的推動(dòng)以及與最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度的有機(jī)融合,以服務(wù)于國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的總體目標(biāo)。

      2最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度下的水權(quán)內(nèi)涵界定

      水權(quán)界定是水權(quán)制度建設(shè)的核心內(nèi)容之一。目前學(xué)術(shù)界均認(rèn)同水權(quán)是由一組權(quán)利構(gòu)成的集合體,而不是某種單獨(dú)權(quán)利,但其爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)在于如何對(duì)水權(quán)的權(quán)利集合進(jìn)行精細(xì)劃分,比較有代表性的觀點(diǎn)有“一權(quán)說”、“二權(quán)說”、“多權(quán)說”等[4]。在各種學(xué)說中,多數(shù)學(xué)者就水權(quán)的所有權(quán)和使用權(quán)已達(dá)成共識(shí),而在其他權(quán)利(如經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)、轉(zhuǎn)讓權(quán)等)方面尚存在一定的分歧。如果從行政管理需要角度來看,則水權(quán)應(yīng)至少包含所有權(quán)、使用權(quán)、分配權(quán)和交易權(quán)等權(quán)利,并由此形成一個(gè)兩級(jí)分類體系(見圖1)。需說明的是,在圖1的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利并不是完全獨(dú)立的,其相互間存在一定的交叉關(guān)系,這是由于各項(xiàng)權(quán)利分別對(duì)應(yīng)于水資源使用、分配和轉(zhuǎn)讓等不同環(huán)節(jié)所致。

      在該體系中,所有權(quán)歸國(guó)家,這是我國(guó)水法所賦予的權(quán)利。使用權(quán)由取水權(quán)(也稱為汲水權(quán)或引水權(quán))、用水權(quán)和排污權(quán)三部分構(gòu)成。部分學(xué)者曾將取水權(quán)與用水權(quán)混為一體,這是不合適的:取水權(quán)是按照水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線分配到本轄區(qū)的允許開采水量(包括地表水允許開采量和地下水允許開采量),而用水權(quán)是進(jìn)入用戶終端

      圖1水權(quán)的兩級(jí)分類體系

      Fig.1Twolevel classification system of water rights

      的用水量。在由取水權(quán)向用水權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中,通常先由政府部門完成對(duì)水權(quán)的分配和調(diào)控,再由用水戶根據(jù)自身需求來購(gòu)買或轉(zhuǎn)讓水權(quán),這樣就實(shí)現(xiàn)了水資源管理與水資源利用的分離。排污權(quán),即水污染物排放權(quán),也是使用權(quán)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。由于水資源具有“量”和“質(zhì)”雙重屬性,因此在利用水量的同時(shí)會(huì)影響到水體納污能力,同樣向水體排污的時(shí)候又會(huì)影響到可利用水量的多少。把排污權(quán)納入到水權(quán),從而使水權(quán)管理與水資源管理成為一個(gè)有機(jī)整體,并由此實(shí)現(xiàn)了水資源的“量”與“質(zhì)”雙重屬性管理的統(tǒng)一[5]。分配權(quán)包括初始分配水權(quán)和實(shí)際分配水權(quán),交易權(quán)包括行政預(yù)留水權(quán)、市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)水權(quán)和不可交易水權(quán),其相關(guān)概念在此不一一贅述。

      在上述水權(quán)分類體系中,明確使用權(quán)的形式和內(nèi)容對(duì)水權(quán)制度構(gòu)建和實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源市場(chǎng)配置的意義最為重要。使用權(quán)包括取水權(quán)、用水權(quán)、排污權(quán)三部分,分別對(duì)應(yīng)著水資源開發(fā)、利用和污水排放三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度的“三條紅線”。使用權(quán)的三個(gè)組成部分與“三條紅線”之間存在著十分密切的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系(見圖2),其中:取水權(quán)管理服務(wù)于用水總量控制和水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線;用水權(quán)管理服務(wù)于水資源優(yōu)化配置和用水效率控制紅線;排污權(quán)管理服務(wù)于水環(huán)境保護(hù)和水功能區(qū)限制納污紅線。同時(shí),“三條紅線”也對(duì)使用權(quán)形成了嚴(yán)格約束:用水總量控制要求限制當(dāng)?shù)氐娜∷?guī)模,所設(shè)置的取水權(quán)不得超過開發(fā)利用紅線;用水效率控制激勵(lì)用水戶厲行節(jié)水,效率不高的用水戶想獲取用水權(quán)就必須付出更高的代價(jià);水功能區(qū)限制納污要求限制恣意排水,排污者要么高價(jià)購(gòu)買排污權(quán)、要么積極采取治污減排措施[5]。

      3適應(yīng)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度需求的水權(quán)理論框架我國(guó)新時(shí)期的水權(quán)理論應(yīng)將水權(quán)的分配、交易等行為與最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度有機(jī)結(jié)合起來,以“三條紅線”

      圖2使用權(quán)與三條紅線關(guān)系示意圖

      Fig.2Relation between the use rights and three red lines

      作為取水權(quán)、用水權(quán)、排污權(quán)管理的重要約束,驅(qū)動(dòng)水權(quán)制度的良性運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。由水資源管理工作流程和水權(quán)制度主體內(nèi)容,可將水權(quán)理論分為取水權(quán)初始分配、用水權(quán)交易和排污權(quán)交易三個(gè)具體方面。理論上講,由于水資源包括水量和水質(zhì)雙重屬性,因此用水權(quán)交易與排污權(quán)交易也應(yīng)同步進(jìn)行。但這樣做涉及的因素眾多、實(shí)際操作難度太大,因此本文將水權(quán)交易與排污權(quán)交易分為不同環(huán)節(jié)來進(jìn)行?!叭∷畽?quán)初始分配”主要解決水資源在流域、省級(jí)行政區(qū)等大尺度范圍的宏觀分配問題,依據(jù)地區(qū)差異性給出的水權(quán)初始分配方案;“用水權(quán)交易”主要解決在微觀層面(主要針對(duì)用水行業(yè)或用水戶)的水資源優(yōu)化配置問題,考慮不同用水戶節(jié)水潛力提出可行的用水權(quán)交易方案;“排污權(quán)交易”主要解決河流允許排污負(fù)荷量分配問題,考慮水功能區(qū)納污能力和不同排污者減排潛力提出可行的排污權(quán)交易方案?;谝陨纤悸泛退畽?quán)有關(guān)理論方法,本文構(gòu)建了適應(yīng)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度需求的水權(quán)理論框架(見圖3)。

      3.1基于水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線的取水權(quán)初始分配

      取水權(quán)初始分配是根據(jù)國(guó)家下達(dá)的水資源開發(fā)利用總量控制指標(biāo),在隸屬行政區(qū)之間進(jìn)行的取水權(quán)的再分配,從而形成在不同保證率下的取水權(quán)分配方案。受區(qū)域不均衡發(fā)展和水資源稟賦差異的限制,不同地區(qū)的水資源開發(fā)利用水平差異較大,有些地區(qū)在仍有較大取水余地的前提下盲目爭(zhēng)搶水權(quán),以致引發(fā)區(qū)域間的不和諧現(xiàn)象。通過初始分配,給出合理的取水權(quán)分配指標(biāo),能夠協(xié)調(diào)和化解各種不和諧因素,促進(jìn)各地區(qū)提高水資源配置和利用效率。然而,水權(quán)分配是一個(gè)關(guān)系地區(qū)切身利益的產(chǎn)權(quán)跨界分割與協(xié)調(diào)的難點(diǎn)問題,為了確保分配結(jié)果的合理性,必須給出科學(xué)的分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和依據(jù)。本文借鑒左其亭提出的和諧論思想[6],構(gòu)建了基于水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線的取水權(quán)初始分配方法,包括以下步驟和內(nèi)容:

      (1)確定和諧分配原則。要達(dá)到取水權(quán)和諧分配的效果,必須以人水和諧理念為指導(dǎo),綜合考慮區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)條件和自然條件的空間差異性來確定分配方案。人水和諧理念倡導(dǎo)公平性、尊重現(xiàn)狀、高效性和可持續(xù)性四個(gè)

      圖3適應(yīng)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度需求的水權(quán)理論框架

      Fig.3Theory framework of water rights in the most strict water resources management system

      基本原則,其中公平性原則從經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)規(guī)模和水資源條件角度詮釋了發(fā)展與資源的和諧關(guān)系,尊重現(xiàn)狀原則從當(dāng)前的用水需求和供水能力角度詮釋了需水與供水的和諧關(guān)系,高效性原則從經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和資源利用效率的角度詮釋了投入與產(chǎn)出的和諧關(guān)系,可持續(xù)性原則從水資源開發(fā)利用后果角度詮釋了當(dāng)代與未來的和諧關(guān)系。只有做到人與人之間、人與自然之間、當(dāng)代與未來需求之間的和諧共處,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源的可持續(xù)開發(fā)利用。

      (2)選取和諧狀態(tài)指標(biāo)。將每項(xiàng)基本原則作為描述區(qū)域大系統(tǒng)和諧狀態(tài)的一個(gè)視角,選取代表性指標(biāo)來描述該原則的狀態(tài)值,由此構(gòu)建了和諧狀態(tài)指標(biāo)集。例如,公平性原則可選取人口數(shù)量、土地面積、水資源總量等指標(biāo);尊重現(xiàn)狀原則可選取用水總量、供水能力、缺水率等指標(biāo);高效性原則可選取萬(wàn)元GDP用水量、工業(yè)用水重復(fù)利用率、灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)等指標(biāo);可持續(xù)性原則可選取水資源開發(fā)利用率、水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)率等指標(biāo)。

      (3)區(qū)域總和諧度計(jì)算。采用“單指標(biāo)量化、多指標(biāo)集成”的方式,得到總和諧度評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,以此作為取水權(quán)分配結(jié)果優(yōu)劣的判別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在對(duì)單指標(biāo)進(jìn)行量化時(shí),采用單因素和諧度方程[6]來進(jìn)行描述,每個(gè)指標(biāo)所對(duì)應(yīng)的子和諧度,反映了在某一原則下取水權(quán)分配結(jié)果和諧狀態(tài)的一點(diǎn);通過指數(shù)加權(quán)法將指標(biāo)進(jìn)行集成,得到各原則下的和諧度,這反映了分配結(jié)果和諧狀態(tài)的一個(gè)側(cè)面;進(jìn)一步對(duì)準(zhǔn)則層進(jìn)行集成,得到描述分配結(jié)果最終狀態(tài)的總和諧度[6]。

      (4)構(gòu)建和諧目標(biāo)優(yōu)化模型。通過步驟(3)得到的取水權(quán)分配結(jié)果,可能會(huì)造成區(qū)域總和諧度不高、結(jié)果不盡如人意,為此有必要對(duì)分配結(jié)果進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行優(yōu)化調(diào)控,以得到更理想的分配效果。以取水權(quán)分配方案的總和諧度最大作為目標(biāo)函數(shù),以當(dāng)?shù)氐乃Y源開發(fā)利用控制紅線、基本用水保障需求等作為約束條件,構(gòu)建和諧目標(biāo)優(yōu)化模型。選取相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化算法對(duì)該模型進(jìn)行求解,得到在總和諧度最大時(shí)的分配結(jié)果。

      (5)編制取水權(quán)和諧分配方案。通過以上步驟求出的取水權(quán)初始分配方案僅是一個(gè)理論結(jié)果,還不能作為最終成果給出。接下來,還要再征求區(qū)域內(nèi)各方利益代表的意見,經(jīng)過磋商以及對(duì)方案反復(fù)修改后,從而形成取水權(quán)分配的最終方案。

      3.2基于用水效率控制紅線的用水權(quán)交易

      取水權(quán)在進(jìn)入用戶端并轉(zhuǎn)化為用水權(quán)后,就可按照市場(chǎng)規(guī)律來進(jìn)行水權(quán)的流轉(zhuǎn)與重新配置。用水權(quán)交易通常包括用水權(quán)登記機(jī)制建立、水價(jià)確定、交易方案設(shè)計(jì)、交易平臺(tái)建設(shè)等內(nèi)容,但在進(jìn)行交易之前,先要摸清楚用水戶手中有多少可交易的用水權(quán),并依此制定可行的交易方案。用水效率控制紅線是衡量用水戶是否需要進(jìn)行水權(quán)交易以及評(píng)估交易量大小的重要標(biāo)尺。為此,本文重點(diǎn)針對(duì)可交易用水權(quán)方案的編制,提出基于用水效率控制紅線的用水權(quán)交易方法,包括以下步驟和內(nèi)容:

      (1)制定用水計(jì)劃。根據(jù)區(qū)域水資源需求和分配的取水權(quán),制定各行業(yè)年度用水計(jì)劃。該步驟是一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),由此實(shí)現(xiàn)了由取水權(quán)向用水權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)換。水資源需求按用戶特征分為河道外需水和河道內(nèi)需水,按行業(yè)特點(diǎn)又可分為生活、生產(chǎn)和生態(tài)需水。驅(qū)動(dòng)水資源需求增長(zhǎng)的因素是人口增加與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,制約需求增長(zhǎng)的因素包括水資源條件、水工程條件、水市場(chǎng)條件和水管理?xiàng)l件[7]。在編制用水計(jì)劃時(shí),要充分考慮這些正面和負(fù)面因素,在不突破水資源開發(fā)利用控制紅線的基礎(chǔ)上給出可行的用水計(jì)劃安排。

      (2)分析節(jié)水潛力。調(diào)查選取國(guó)內(nèi)外先進(jìn)節(jié)水城市的用水效率指標(biāo),對(duì)比分析當(dāng)前研究區(qū)的用水水平及節(jié)水潛力。在用水效率指標(biāo)中,除了國(guó)辦發(fā)〔2013〕2號(hào)文件“國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于印發(fā)實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度考核辦法的通知”中已給出的萬(wàn)元工業(yè)增加值用水量下降比例和農(nóng)田灌溉水有效利用系數(shù)外,還可選取不同行業(yè)的萬(wàn)元產(chǎn)值用水量、工業(yè)用水重復(fù)利用率、節(jié)水器具普及率和污水集中處理回用率等指標(biāo)作為補(bǔ)充。根據(jù)這些指標(biāo)的差值,估算最大的可能節(jié)水量。

      (3)給出水量折算系數(shù)。在進(jìn)行交易時(shí),要考慮水源工程位置差異會(huì)造成所轉(zhuǎn)讓水量在途中發(fā)生損耗的可能性(如從流域上游向下游轉(zhuǎn)讓),因此不同水源工程的交易雙方不能以等量的用水權(quán)進(jìn)行交換,此時(shí)要通過一定比例來進(jìn)行折算。交易時(shí)的水資源損耗量可根據(jù)區(qū)域水資源系統(tǒng)模型計(jì)算得到,該模型通過一系列描述水資源在區(qū)域內(nèi)部“狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移”的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)水資源流動(dòng)方向和供用耗排關(guān)系的仿真模擬,再由給定的用水權(quán)交易數(shù)量就可得到其損耗量,由此可進(jìn)一步推算出水量折算系數(shù)。為簡(jiǎn)化交易流程,可事先在研究區(qū)內(nèi)部劃分出若干個(gè)用水條件相近的控制單元,將同一控制單元內(nèi)部的水量折算系數(shù)視為相同。

      (4)計(jì)算可交易用水權(quán)??山灰子盟畽?quán)主要來自于政府預(yù)留用水權(quán)、用戶節(jié)約所得用水權(quán)以及其他途徑得到的用水權(quán)。要想在不擴(kuò)大用水規(guī)模的前提下獲得更多可交易用水權(quán),一是要靠地方政府的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策調(diào)控,加快向節(jié)水型社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)型;二是要靠用水戶自覺節(jié)水意識(shí)的提高,遏制水資源浪費(fèi)。為此,應(yīng)綜合考慮政策調(diào)控帶來的節(jié)水能動(dòng)性和用水戶的節(jié)水潛力,分析給出各行業(yè)和重要用水戶的可交易用水權(quán),并按照重要性進(jìn)行排序。

      (5)提出用水權(quán)交易方案。為了取得理想的交易效果,還要建立用水權(quán)交易決策模型,通過模型求解得到可行的交易方案。用水權(quán)交易決策模型是一個(gè)最優(yōu)化模型,它以用水權(quán)交易的綜合效益最大(如缺水量最?。┳鳛槟繕?biāo)函數(shù),以滿足用水效率控制紅線作為硬性約束,同時(shí)還考慮了水量平衡約束、可供水量約束、節(jié)水潛力約束、用水行業(yè)或用水戶交易次序等其他約束條件。采用系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化技術(shù)或計(jì)算機(jī)模擬技術(shù)對(duì)該模型進(jìn)行求解,可得到滿足所有約束條件的用水權(quán)交易方案。

      3.3基于水功能區(qū)限制納污紅線的排污權(quán)交易

      與用水權(quán)交易相似,排污權(quán)交易也是一種重要經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)手段。交易時(shí),出讓方通過出售排污權(quán)而獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào),實(shí)質(zhì)上是市場(chǎng)對(duì)有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)的行為的一種補(bǔ)償;購(gòu)買方通過購(gòu)買排污權(quán)而獲得新的排污機(jī)會(huì),其支出的費(fèi)用實(shí)質(zhì)上是為排污帶來的環(huán)境破壞所付出的代價(jià)。排污權(quán)交易的最終目的是在滿足環(huán)境保護(hù)要求的前提下,實(shí)現(xiàn)排污效益的最大化。在水權(quán)制度中,可將排污權(quán)交易與用水權(quán)交易放在同一套市場(chǎng)交易機(jī)制中來實(shí)現(xiàn)。借鑒用水權(quán)交易的思路,提出基于水功能區(qū)限制納污紅線的排污權(quán)交易方法,包括以下步驟和內(nèi)容:

      (1)預(yù)測(cè)污染物入河量。通過對(duì)研究區(qū)重要污染源的調(diào)查,掌握水體中污染物的來源及數(shù)量,預(yù)測(cè)未來水功能區(qū)的污染物入河量,為編制有針對(duì)性的治污措施和可行的排污權(quán)交易方案提供依據(jù)。首先,根據(jù)對(duì)研究區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)和需水量預(yù)測(cè)成果,預(yù)測(cè)未來生活污染源、工業(yè)污染源等點(diǎn)源的污染物排放量;根據(jù)耕地面積、水土流失面積、畜牧養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模等預(yù)測(cè)各類非點(diǎn)源的污染物排放量。進(jìn)而,考慮研究區(qū)將來的土地利用情況、污水管網(wǎng)覆蓋率、污水處理能力等因素,確定主要污染源的入河系數(shù),計(jì)算各水功能區(qū)的污染物入河量。

      (2)控制斷面水質(zhì)預(yù)報(bào)。在對(duì)污染源、污水處理廠、河道等要素概化的基礎(chǔ)上,建立能有效描述污染源“產(chǎn)污-治污-排污”過程以及污染物在水體中遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程的水環(huán)境數(shù)學(xué)模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)不同排污負(fù)荷和來水條件下水質(zhì)濃度時(shí)空變化過程的仿真模擬。由于各污染源的產(chǎn)污機(jī)制不同,因此所排放的污染物類型也不盡相同,可能會(huì)涉及耗氧有機(jī)物、難降解有機(jī)物、營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、重金屬等,為此要結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐奈廴驹刺攸c(diǎn)來研制相應(yīng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型,如富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化模型、重金屬模型、綜合水質(zhì)模型等。由建立的模型可模擬出在一定來水條件下的水功能區(qū)納污能力以及主要控制斷面的水質(zhì)濃度,并評(píng)價(jià)各水功能區(qū)的水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)情況。

      (3)分析減排潛力。對(duì)照各水功能區(qū)的污染物入河量和納污能力,計(jì)算其陸域污染源的污染物排放消減量,并依據(jù)實(shí)際排放量計(jì)算各污染源對(duì)水功能區(qū)污染負(fù)荷的貢獻(xiàn)率(采用等標(biāo)污染負(fù)荷比值作為評(píng)判指標(biāo))。針對(duì)那些貢獻(xiàn)率大的污染源(重點(diǎn)是工業(yè)污染源),分析其現(xiàn)有的污廢水循環(huán)利用率、治污措施和處理能力,并根據(jù)企業(yè)的物料實(shí)際流失量與定額流失量差距,估算最大的可能減排量。

      (4)計(jì)算可交易排污權(quán)。可交易排污權(quán)主要來自于政府預(yù)留排污權(quán)、污染源減排所得排污權(quán)以及其他途徑得到的排污權(quán),可根據(jù)各水功能區(qū)當(dāng)前剩余的納污能力、污染源的減排潛力等計(jì)算得到。在交易時(shí),雙方同樣不能以等量的排污權(quán)進(jìn)行交換,而應(yīng)按等貢獻(xiàn)值的原則(采用排污交易系數(shù)進(jìn)行折算)來進(jìn)行交易。等貢獻(xiàn)值是指由排污權(quán)交易所引起的、在不同地點(diǎn)所排放的污染物對(duì)控制斷面的貢獻(xiàn)應(yīng)當(dāng)是等同的,即對(duì)控制斷面水質(zhì)的影響是相等的。利用水環(huán)境數(shù)學(xué)模型,可計(jì)算出不同污染源排放的污染物在相應(yīng)控制斷面的貢獻(xiàn)值,進(jìn)而確定其排污交易系數(shù)[8]。在交易時(shí),應(yīng)依照污染源對(duì)控制斷面的貢獻(xiàn)值大小,按一定的比例進(jìn)行折算和交易。

      (5)提出排污權(quán)交易方案。排污權(quán)交易方案的獲取可借鑒用水權(quán)交易方案優(yōu)選思路,只是目標(biāo)函數(shù)與約束條件有所不同,故在此不再贅述。

      4結(jié)語(yǔ)

      開展以實(shí)踐最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度為導(dǎo)向的水權(quán)基礎(chǔ)理論研究,對(duì)于推動(dòng)我國(guó)水資源管理體制改革、解決日益嚴(yán)峻的水危機(jī)具有急迫的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義。本文通過深入分析最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度與水權(quán)制度兩者的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,構(gòu)建了適應(yīng)最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度需求的水權(quán)理論框架,為我國(guó)水權(quán)制度的建設(shè)提供借鑒。但需要看到,理順最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度與水權(quán)制度兩者的關(guān)系脈絡(luò)將是一項(xiàng)十分艱巨的任務(wù),其涉及的基礎(chǔ)理論和工作內(nèi)容廣博而深邃。本文僅是在這一領(lǐng)域做了些許嘗試,有的內(nèi)容和提法還不夠完善,仍需要通過今后大量的工作對(duì)其進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充和深化。

      (編輯:田紅)

      參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

      [1]賈紹鳳,張杰.變革中的中國(guó)水資源管理[J].中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境,2011,21(10):102-106.[Jia Shaofeng, Zhang Jie. Institutional Reform of Water Resources Management in China [J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2011, 21 (10): 102-106.]

      [2]李晶.最嚴(yán)格水資源管理制度與水權(quán)[N].中國(guó)水利報(bào),2013-01-10(002).[Li Jing. The Most Strict Water Resources Management System and Water Rights [N]. China Water Resources News, 2013-01-10.]

      [3]高而坤.我國(guó)的水資源管理與水權(quán)制度建設(shè)[J].中國(guó)水利,2006,(21):1-2.[Gao Erkun. Water Resources Management and Institutional Setting up for Water Rights System in China [J]. China Water Resources, 2006, (21): 1-2.]

      [4]姜文來,唐曲,雷波,等.水資源管理學(xué)導(dǎo)論[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2005:110-122.[Jiang Wenlai, Tang Qu, Lei Bo, et al. Introduction of Water Resources Management [M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2005.]

      [5]方丁.關(guān)于取水權(quán)限制的若干思考:以我國(guó)實(shí)行“最嚴(yán)格的水資源管理制度”為背景[J].湖北行政學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2012,(2):64-69.[Fang ding. Thoughts on Water Intake Right Restriction: Taking the Implement of the Most Strict Water Resources Management System in China as Background [J]. Journal of Hubei Administration Institute, 2012, (2): 64-69.]

      [6]左其亭.和諧論:理論·方法·應(yīng)用[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,2012:41-60.[Zuo Qiting. Theory, Method and Application of Harmony Theory [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.]

      [7]王宗志,胡四一,王銀堂.流域初始水權(quán)分配及水量水質(zhì)調(diào)控[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,2011:71-98.[Wang Zongzhi, Hu Siyi, Wang Yintang. Allocation of Initial Water Rights and Water Quantity & Water Quality Regulation in River Basin [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.]

      [8]王書國(guó),段學(xué)軍,李恒鵬,等.流域水污染物排放權(quán)交易構(gòu)建[J].云南環(huán)境科學(xué),2006,25(1):14- 17.[Wang Shuguo, Duan Xuejun, Li Hengpeng, et al. Establishment of Water Pollutants Emission Trading System within Water Basin [J]. Yunnan Environmental Science, 2006, 25 (1): 14- 17.]

      Discussion on Theoretical Framework of Water Rights Under

      the Most Strict Water Resources Management System

      DOU MingWANG YanyanLI Pei

      (Center of Water Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450001,China)

      AbstractThe establishment and development of water rights system with Chinese characteristic has been an urgent task in the process of practicing the most strict water resources management system (SWRMS) and solving the complicated water problems under the conditions of serious shortage of water resources and increasingly acute contradiction between water supply and demand in China. Firstly, the relations between the SWRMS and the water rights system were discussed by taking the development course of water resources management and future demand in China as the starting point, and the importance of water rights system construction to implement the SWRMS were also pointed out. Then, a twolevel classification system on water rights division was put forward from the perspective of administrative management, and the corresponding relation between the use rights and three red lines of the SWRMS was analyzed concretely. Finally, a theoretical framework of water rights was constructed from the point of view of the construction of water rights system, and it was comprised of three components, initial allocation of watertaking right based on the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount, water consumption right trading based on the red line of water use efficiency, and water pollutants emission right trading based on the limiting pollution load red line of water function area. In the process of watertaking right allocation, the harmony theory and the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount were taken respectively as the guideline and hard constraint, and workflow of initial watertaking right allocation was put forward, which consisted of the determination of harmonious distribution principles, section of harmonious state index, calculation of regional general harmony, harmonious objectives optimization model and scheme optimization of watertaking right harmonious distribution. And in the process of water consumption right trading, workflow of which was proposed on the basis of the hard constraint of the red line of water use efficiency and the application of optimal decision theory. It included several aspects, such as the constitution of water plan, analysis of water saving potential, calculation of water conversion coefficient and tradable consumption right, scheme optimization of water consumption right. While in terms of water pollutants emission right trading, the limiting pollution load red line of water function area was taken as rigid constraint, and workflow of water consumption right trading was come up in several aspects, including the prediction of pollutant discharge into the river and the control section water quality, analysis of potential of water pollutant emission reduction, calculation of tradable water pollutants emission right, and scheme optimization of water pollutants emission right trading. Thus, the theoretical framework can provide preference for the research of water rights theory in China.

      Key wordsthe most strict water resources management system; three red lines; water rights system; theoretical framework

      Discussion on Theoretical Framework of Water Rights Under

      the Most Strict Water Resources Management System

      DOU MingWANG YanyanLI Pei

      (Center of Water Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450001,China)

      AbstractThe establishment and development of water rights system with Chinese characteristic has been an urgent task in the process of practicing the most strict water resources management system (SWRMS) and solving the complicated water problems under the conditions of serious shortage of water resources and increasingly acute contradiction between water supply and demand in China. Firstly, the relations between the SWRMS and the water rights system were discussed by taking the development course of water resources management and future demand in China as the starting point, and the importance of water rights system construction to implement the SWRMS were also pointed out. Then, a twolevel classification system on water rights division was put forward from the perspective of administrative management, and the corresponding relation between the use rights and three red lines of the SWRMS was analyzed concretely. Finally, a theoretical framework of water rights was constructed from the point of view of the construction of water rights system, and it was comprised of three components, initial allocation of watertaking right based on the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount, water consumption right trading based on the red line of water use efficiency, and water pollutants emission right trading based on the limiting pollution load red line of water function area. In the process of watertaking right allocation, the harmony theory and the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount were taken respectively as the guideline and hard constraint, and workflow of initial watertaking right allocation was put forward, which consisted of the determination of harmonious distribution principles, section of harmonious state index, calculation of regional general harmony, harmonious objectives optimization model and scheme optimization of watertaking right harmonious distribution. And in the process of water consumption right trading, workflow of which was proposed on the basis of the hard constraint of the red line of water use efficiency and the application of optimal decision theory. It included several aspects, such as the constitution of water plan, analysis of water saving potential, calculation of water conversion coefficient and tradable consumption right, scheme optimization of water consumption right. While in terms of water pollutants emission right trading, the limiting pollution load red line of water function area was taken as rigid constraint, and workflow of water consumption right trading was come up in several aspects, including the prediction of pollutant discharge into the river and the control section water quality, analysis of potential of water pollutant emission reduction, calculation of tradable water pollutants emission right, and scheme optimization of water pollutants emission right trading. Thus, the theoretical framework can provide preference for the research of water rights theory in China.

      Key wordsthe most strict water resources management system; three red lines; water rights system; theoretical framework

      Discussion on Theoretical Framework of Water Rights Under

      the Most Strict Water Resources Management System

      DOU MingWANG YanyanLI Pei

      (Center of Water Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450001,China)

      AbstractThe establishment and development of water rights system with Chinese characteristic has been an urgent task in the process of practicing the most strict water resources management system (SWRMS) and solving the complicated water problems under the conditions of serious shortage of water resources and increasingly acute contradiction between water supply and demand in China. Firstly, the relations between the SWRMS and the water rights system were discussed by taking the development course of water resources management and future demand in China as the starting point, and the importance of water rights system construction to implement the SWRMS were also pointed out. Then, a twolevel classification system on water rights division was put forward from the perspective of administrative management, and the corresponding relation between the use rights and three red lines of the SWRMS was analyzed concretely. Finally, a theoretical framework of water rights was constructed from the point of view of the construction of water rights system, and it was comprised of three components, initial allocation of watertaking right based on the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount, water consumption right trading based on the red line of water use efficiency, and water pollutants emission right trading based on the limiting pollution load red line of water function area. In the process of watertaking right allocation, the harmony theory and the red line of water resources exploitation and utilization amount were taken respectively as the guideline and hard constraint, and workflow of initial watertaking right allocation was put forward, which consisted of the determination of harmonious distribution principles, section of harmonious state index, calculation of regional general harmony, harmonious objectives optimization model and scheme optimization of watertaking right harmonious distribution. And in the process of water consumption right trading, workflow of which was proposed on the basis of the hard constraint of the red line of water use efficiency and the application of optimal decision theory. It included several aspects, such as the constitution of water plan, analysis of water saving potential, calculation of water conversion coefficient and tradable consumption right, scheme optimization of water consumption right. While in terms of water pollutants emission right trading, the limiting pollution load red line of water function area was taken as rigid constraint, and workflow of water consumption right trading was come up in several aspects, including the prediction of pollutant discharge into the river and the control section water quality, analysis of potential of water pollutant emission reduction, calculation of tradable water pollutants emission right, and scheme optimization of water pollutants emission right trading. Thus, the theoretical framework can provide preference for the research of water rights theory in China.

      Key wordsthe most strict water resources management system; three red lines; water rights system; theoretical framework

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