李君榮 申婷 雷曉盼
摘 要:該文主要介紹了非常規(guī)抗生素替代物抗菌肽的結構和功能,以及其在生豬養(yǎng)殖中的應用。研究表明,抗菌肽作為潛在的抗生素替代物,可提高斷奶仔豬的生長性能,并可通過進一步保持和提高抗菌肽在動物體內(nèi)的生物活性,以提高抗菌肽在生豬養(yǎng)殖的應用效果。
關鍵詞:抗菌肽;結構;功能;生豬養(yǎng)殖;應用
中圖分類號 R392.11 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1007-7731(2014)23-113-02
抗生素在養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中應用,能有效提高生長率和飼料利用率,并降低疾病死亡率[1],同時其在肉產(chǎn)品中的耐藥性也越來越受到關注[2]。目前大量的抗生素替代物被廣泛運用于養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn),如益生菌[3],益生元[4],酶[5],酸化劑[6],植物提取物[7],營養(yǎng)添加劑[8]等。抗菌肽是一類從原核生物到人類的大部分有機生物體中成功分離和提取出來具有抗菌特性的肽[9],它是宿主防御系統(tǒng)的重要組成成分,是具有直接抗菌性先天免疫的效應分子,含有30~60個具有不同疏水區(qū)和帶電區(qū)的極性氨基酸,并能有效作用于革蘭氏陽性和陰性菌、真菌及具有包膜的病[10]。在豬生產(chǎn)中應用抗菌肽,不僅可以使細菌不易產(chǎn)生抗藥性[11],而且也不會影響到正常的原生菌叢,其殘留物也不會對豬肉產(chǎn)生任何風險;此外,抗菌肽對pH和溫度都具有較寬的耐受性[12]。
從原核生物到哺乳動物的眾多生物體內(nèi)都能合成抗菌肽,以抵抗日常外來的成千上萬的致病菌。所有的高等真核生物都能產(chǎn)生抵御微生物的分子[17]。但是,很多抗菌肽對細菌膜具有較少的選擇性,因此它們需要通過調(diào)制或者共價結合,以保持或提高其在生物體內(nèi)的生物活性。
2 抗菌肽在生豬養(yǎng)殖中的應用
天蠶素抗菌肽是從家蠶(Hyalophora cecropia)中提純的天然抗菌肽,其被用于大腸桿菌(K88)應激后的斷奶仔豬的飼養(yǎng)試驗[11]。飼養(yǎng)分為3組,分別為基礎飼糧、抗生素飼糧、天蠶素抗菌肽飼糧。試驗結果表明,天蠶素AD抗菌肽類似于抗生素,可以促進斷奶仔豬的生長性能。天蠶素抗菌肽對4周齡斷奶仔豬生長性能的影響見表1。由表1可知,抗菌肽組和抗生素組的日增重都顯著高于對照組(P<0.05),而抗菌肽和抗生素組之間并沒有顯著差異(P>0.05)。
3 結論
抗菌肽作為潛在的抗生素替代物,可提高斷奶仔豬的生長性能,并可通過進一步保持和提高抗菌肽在動物體內(nèi)的生物活性,以提高抗菌肽在生豬養(yǎng)殖中的應用效果。
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(責編:張宏民)endprint