復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放射治療科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)在鼻咽癌外照射中應(yīng)用的劑量學(xué)研究
李凱旋,王佳舟,姜 睿,胡偉剛
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放射治療科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
背景與目的:放射治療是治療鼻咽癌的首選方法。該文旨在研究簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療(simplified intensity-modulated radiation therapy,sIMRT )與調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(intensity-modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)技術(shù)在鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)放射治療中的劑量學(xué)差異。方法:對(duì)10例NPC患者以相同處方劑量和目標(biāo)條件分別設(shè)計(jì)9野IMRT和sIMRT計(jì)劃,比較兩種計(jì)劃靶區(qū)劑量分布和劑量適形指數(shù)(conformity index,CI)與均勻性指數(shù)(homogeneity index,HI),不同危及器官(organ at risk,OAR)劑量參數(shù)、機(jī)器總跳數(shù)(MU)和總子野數(shù)。結(jié)果:IMRT和sIMRT的CI、HI分別為0.647、0.057和0.633、0.071(t=2.14,P=0.062;t=-6.21,P=0.000),sIMRT計(jì)劃的靶區(qū)均勻性略差于IMRT,但兩種治療計(jì)劃均能滿足臨床劑量學(xué)的要求。兩種計(jì)劃中各OAR劑量參數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.51~2.22,P=0.053~0.621) 。sIMRT計(jì)劃的機(jī)器總跳數(shù)和總子野數(shù)均少于IMRT計(jì)劃。結(jié)論:鼻咽癌sIMRT計(jì)劃的靶區(qū)劑量覆蓋與IMRT計(jì)劃相當(dāng),均勻性略差于IMRT;危及器官受照劑量相當(dāng),但sIMRT技術(shù)可顯著減少機(jī)器總跳數(shù)和總子野數(shù),對(duì)患者數(shù)量大的治療中心提高治療效率具有較高的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
鼻咽癌;放射療法; 簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療;劑量學(xué)
鼻咽癌是我國(guó)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,有研究顯示,放射治療是目前治療鼻咽癌的首選治療手段[1]。調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(intensity-modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)技術(shù)是在三維適形放療技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種放療技術(shù),它克服了三維適形技術(shù)的局限,可實(shí)現(xiàn)靶區(qū)處方劑量的進(jìn)一步提高和危及器官受照劑量的減少。但是IMRT技術(shù)子野數(shù)目過多、面積過小必將增加治療時(shí)間和誤差。簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(simplified intensity-modulated radiation therapy,sIMRT)是針對(duì)IMRT的上述不足而提出的一種調(diào)強(qiáng)簡(jiǎn)化技術(shù),它保留了IMRT大部分劑量學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì)[2-4]。簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)放療是指單射野的平均子野數(shù)目小于等于5個(gè),子野面積大于等于10 cm2,子野機(jī)器跳數(shù)大于等于10 MU的調(diào)強(qiáng)放療技術(shù),總子野數(shù)相對(duì)少,治療時(shí)間短,同時(shí)也能減少在一般調(diào)強(qiáng)放療中所帶來(lái)的小子野和低跳數(shù)照射帶來(lái)的不確定因素[5-7]。該技術(shù)已經(jīng)在食管癌、直腸癌和宮頸癌等病種上廣泛應(yīng)用[8-9]。本研究旨在探討sIMRT技術(shù)應(yīng)用于鼻咽癌放療的可行性,并與IMRT進(jìn)行比較,為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。
1.1 臨床資料
本院10例鼻咽癌患者,男性6例,女性4例,平均年齡46.5歲。其中Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期3例。全組病理均為低分化鱗癌。
1.2 影像采集
所有患者仰臥位,熱塑面膜固定,采用飛利浦Big core CT掃描。
1.3 靶區(qū)定義與勾畫
由臨床醫(yī)生在每例患者CT圖像上勾畫鼻咽和淋巴結(jié)計(jì)劃大體腫瘤體積(planning gross tumor volume,PGTV)、亞臨床病灶與高危淋巴引流區(qū)域的臨床靶體積1(clinical target volume-1,CTV1)以及預(yù)防照射的CTV2。將GTV外放8 mm作為PGTV,CTV1外放5 mm作為計(jì)劃靶體積1(planning target volume-1,PTV1),CTV2外放5 mm作為PTV2,PGTV、PTV1和PTV2的處方劑量依次為66、60和54 Gy。靶區(qū)以外的危及器官參考ICRU 83號(hào)報(bào)告進(jìn)行定義和勾畫[10]
1.4 治療計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)
10例患者計(jì)劃都采用同步加量技術(shù),分30次同期完成治療,并對(duì)每例患者采用治療計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)(treatment planning system,TPS)進(jìn)行逆向優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)以下兩種計(jì)劃。各靶區(qū)與危及器官的計(jì)劃劑量約束條件如下:各PTV的V95%≥100%且V105%≤10%(Vx%為接受x%處方劑量照射的計(jì)劃靶體積的百分比);脊髓最大劑量D1cm3(1 cm3體積接受的最高劑量)<45 Gy;腦干最大劑量D1cm3<54 Gy;腮腺D50%(50%體積最多能接受的劑量,以下類似)<30 Gy;視神經(jīng)和視交叉最大劑量D1%<54 Gy;晶體最大劑量D1%盡可能低。IMRT和sIMRT均采用9個(gè)360°范圍內(nèi)均分機(jī)架角度的共面調(diào)強(qiáng)射野,其中IMRT計(jì)劃限定最大子野個(gè)數(shù)為80個(gè),最小子野面積為5 cm2,最小子野機(jī)器跳數(shù)為5 MU,sIMRT計(jì)劃限定最大子野數(shù)目為40個(gè),最小子野面積為10 cm2,最小子野機(jī)器跳數(shù)為10 MU。計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)均在飛利浦Pinnacle38.0計(jì)劃系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行,采用瓦里安Clinac iX直線加速器的6 MV光子線進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),計(jì)劃設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化算法為直接機(jī)器參數(shù)優(yōu)化(direct machine parameter optimize,DMPO)算法。
1.5 計(jì)劃評(píng)價(jià)
計(jì)劃的比較是基于劑量分布和采用1 cGy和1 cm3的分辨率生成的劑量體積直方圖。兩種計(jì)劃的處方都?xì)w一至96%的PGTV接受66 Gy。根據(jù)ICRU 83號(hào)報(bào)告,采用近似最大劑量D2%、近似最小劑量D98%和中位劑量D50%來(lái)評(píng)估靶區(qū)劑量分布,并引入適形性指數(shù)[11](conformity index,CI)和均勻性指數(shù)(homogeneity index,HI)評(píng)估計(jì)劃質(zhì)量。其中CI=(TVRI×TVRI)/(TV×VRI) ,HI=(D2%-D98%)/D50%,式中TVRI為處方劑量線所包裹的靶區(qū)體積,TV為靶區(qū)體積,VRI為處方劑量線所包裹的體積,Dχ%為x%靶區(qū)體積接受的劑量,HI表示靶區(qū)劑量分布的均勻度,理想情況下HI為0,均勻度最好,CI值介于0~1,值越接近于1說明此治療計(jì)劃適形越好。使用D1cm3來(lái)評(píng)估脊髓和腦干,D1%、Dmean來(lái)評(píng)估視神經(jīng)、視交叉和晶體,D50%來(lái)評(píng)估腮腺等危及器官(organs at risk,OAR)劑量;其中D1cm3和D1%分別為1 cm3和1%OAR體積接收的最大劑量,Dmean為OAR接受的平均劑量,D50%為OAR接受的中位劑量。同時(shí)比較兩種計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)和總子野數(shù)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
采用SPSS 13.0 軟件對(duì)IMRT和sIMRT的治療計(jì)劃參數(shù)進(jìn)行配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
?
2.1 靶區(qū)劑量分布
圖1示例(T2N1期)了兩種計(jì)劃在橫斷面的劑量分布。10例患者IMRT和sIMRT計(jì)劃的劑量分布均能達(dá)到臨床要求。在均勻性方面,IMRT組各靶區(qū)的D2%和D98%更接近于處方劑量值,IMRT計(jì)劃的劑量均勻性略好于sIMRT;在適形性方面,在PTV1上,IMRT計(jì)劃在PTV1上的適形性略優(yōu)于sIMRT,在PGTV、PTV2上,兩種計(jì)劃均勻性指數(shù)相當(dāng)(表1)。
圖1 T2N1期鼻咽癌患者調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(A)和簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(B)計(jì)劃靶體積橫斷面CT示例Fig. 1 The dose distribution on transverse CT view for one T2N1stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma sample planned by (A) intensitymodulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and (B) simplified IMRT (sIMRT)
2.2 OAR劑量分布
IMRT和sIMRT都達(dá)到了臨床基本要求。對(duì)各OAR的保護(hù),兩種計(jì)劃中各OAR劑量參數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.51~2.22,P=0.053~0.621,表2)。
2.3 總子野數(shù)和機(jī)器跳數(shù)
sIMRT計(jì)劃的總子野數(shù)顯著少于IMRT計(jì)劃的總子野數(shù)(39.6個(gè)和77.8個(gè),t=46.94,P=0.000),sIMRT計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)相對(duì)IMRT計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)有所減少(698.9 MU和853.9 MU,t=7.54,P=0.000)。由于各計(jì)劃子野機(jī)器跳數(shù)與治療時(shí)間呈正相關(guān),sIMRT計(jì)劃的治療時(shí)間少于IMRT計(jì)劃的治療時(shí)間。
?
隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腫瘤放療進(jìn)入了精確放療時(shí)代。自從Brahme等[12]提出逆向調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)以來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,IMRT已發(fā)展為一種精確的放療技術(shù)[13]。其最大特點(diǎn)是可達(dá)到良好靶區(qū)劑量分布,同時(shí)降低腫瘤周圍正常組織劑量,從而提高腫瘤局部控制率,降低正常組織并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。鼻咽癌因緊鄰周圍器官或組織,IMRT已成為鼻咽癌放療的主要手段。但由于IMRT技術(shù)采用多葉光柵(multileaf collimator,MLC)形成多個(gè)子野,子野數(shù)過多,面積過小引入劑量不確定性因素[5], 機(jī)器跳數(shù)過多,放療時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),患者舒適度下降使不自主運(yùn)動(dòng)概率顯著增加,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致療效下降。黃曼妮等[8]介紹了sIMRT技術(shù)用于宮頸癌放療的情況,結(jié)果顯示sIMRT既能減少治療時(shí)間,又能較好保留IMRT的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
筆者選擇復(fù)雜的鼻咽癌病例進(jìn)行IMRT與sIMRT技術(shù)的比較研究,結(jié)果顯示sIMRT在靶區(qū)內(nèi)劑量均勻度上不能完全等效IMRT,但兩種治療計(jì)劃均能達(dá)到臨床要求,總體上,兩種計(jì)劃保護(hù)OAR能力相當(dāng)。在總子野數(shù)上,采用sIMRT技術(shù)相對(duì)IMRT技術(shù)顯著減少了子野數(shù)目,子野數(shù)目的大幅度減少有利于縮短計(jì)劃執(zhí)行時(shí)間,治療時(shí)間的減少不僅可提高科室加速器的使用效率,而且能減輕患者不舒適感,減少患者分次內(nèi)位移,提高治療劑量分布精度和治療效果。
從總MU數(shù)上來(lái)看,相對(duì)sIMRT計(jì)劃的子野面積,IMRT計(jì)劃的子野面積過小,導(dǎo)致需要更多的子野和更多的機(jī)器跳數(shù),增加了患者治療時(shí)間,也導(dǎo)致患者接受較多漏射劑量的可能性增加。隨著時(shí)間的推移和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,經(jīng)IMRT治療后第二原發(fā)腫瘤的危險(xiǎn)性越來(lái)越引起重視,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),患者非靶區(qū)的漏射和散射和所用的機(jī)器跳數(shù)成正比[14],本研究顯示sIMRT計(jì)劃的機(jī)器跳數(shù)比IMRT有所減少,因此漏射到全身的放射劑量將減少。
綜上所述,相對(duì)IMRT技術(shù),在鼻咽癌外照射中,采用sIMRT技術(shù)在滿足臨床要求的劑量分布質(zhì)量的前提下,減少了總子野數(shù),降低了機(jī)器跳數(shù),提高了治療效率,具有性價(jià)比高的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
[1] KAM M K, CHAU R M, SUEN J, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: dosimetric advantage over conventional plans and feasibility of dose escalation [J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2003, 56(1): 145-157.
[2] 耿 輝, 戴建榮, 李曄雄, 等. 一種簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)強(qiáng)放療技術(shù)應(yīng)用的初步研究[J]. 中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志, 2006, 15(5): 411-415.
[3] SHEPARD D M, EARL M A, LI X A, et al. Direct aperture optimization: a turnkey solution for step-and-shoot IMRT[J]. Med Phys, 2002, 29(6): 1007-1018.
[4] TERVO J, KOLMONEN P. A model for the control of a multileaf collimator in radiation therapy treatment planning[J]. Inverse Probl, 2000, 16(6): 1875-1895.
[5] AZIMI R, ALAEI P, HIGGINS P. The effect of small field output factor measurements on IMRT dosimetry[J]. Med Phys, 2012, 39(8): 4691-4694.
[6] CHARLES P H, CRANMER-SARDISON G, THWAITS D I, et al. A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements[J]. Med Phys, 2014, 41(4): 1-8.
[7] SHARPE M B, MILLER B M, YAN D, et al. Monitor unit setting for intensity modulated beams delivered using a stepand-shoot approach[J]. Med Phys, 2000, 27(12): 2719-2725.
[8] 黃曼妮, 李明輝, 安菊生, 等. 簡(jiǎn)化調(diào)強(qiáng)技術(shù)在宮頸癌外照射中應(yīng)用的劑量學(xué)研究[J]. 中華放射腫瘤學(xué)雜志, 2009, 18(3): 217-220.
[9] 朱衛(wèi)國(guó), 周軻,陶光州,等. 簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)強(qiáng)高劑量或常規(guī)劑量放射治療伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的食管癌療效分析[J]. 中華放射醫(yī)學(xué)與防護(hù)雜志, 2011, 31(4): 460-464.
[10] ICRU. Prescribing, recording and reporting photon-beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy. ICRU Report 83[R]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 36-50.
[11] VAN’T RIET A, MAK A C A, MOERLAND M A, et al. A conformation number to quantify the degree of conformality in brachytherapy and external beam irradiation: Application to the prostate[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Phys, 1997, 37(3): 731-736.
[12] BRAHME A. Optimization of stationary and moving beam radiation therapy techniques[J]. Radiother Oncol, 1988, 12(2): 129-140.
[13] 李龍根, 徐志勇, 胡偉剛. 直接機(jī)器參數(shù)優(yōu)化技術(shù)在在鼻咽癌放療中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國(guó)癌癥雜志,2006, 16(12): 1038-1042.
[14] ABO-MADYAN Y, AZIZ M H, SCHNEIDER F, et al. Second cancer risk after 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT for breast cancer[J]. Radiother Oncol, 2014, 110(3): 471-476.
Dosimetric study of simplified intensity-modulated radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
LI Kaixuan, WANG Jiazhou, JIANG Rui, HU Weigang (Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
HU Weigang E-mail: Jackhuwg@gmail.com
Background and purpose:Radiotherapy has been the preferred method for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of this paper was to compare the dosimetric differences in target volume and organ at risk between simplified intensity-modulated radiation therapy (sIMRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:Treatment plans for ten NPC cases were designed with the same dose prescription and objective by means of IMRT and sIMRT respectively. Compare:(1) Plan dosimetric distribution, conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) of the targets, the dosimetric parameters of organ at risk (OAR); (2)The total monitor units (MU) and the total segments.Results:The CI and HI of the planning gross tumor volume(PGTV) were 0.647 and 0.057 (IMRT), 0.633 and 0.071 (sIMRT), respectively (t=2.14, P=0.062; t=-6.21, P=0.000). Compared to IMRT, sIMRT had less inferior target homogeneity. However both treatment plans could achieve the clinical dosimetric demands. There was no significant difference between IMRT and sIMRT in protecting OAR (t=-0.51-2.22, P=0.053-0.621). The sIMRT plan was better than IMRT plan in total MU and total segments.Conclusion:sIMRT is slightly inferior to IMRT in terms of target homogeneity, with similar target conformity and OAR dosimetric parameters. The sIMRT plan can reduce total monitor units and total segments. Thus it provides a clinical solution with high efficiency for radiotherapy center with a large number of patients.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Radiotherapy; Simplified intensity-modulated radiation therapy; Dosimetry
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2015.12.010
R739.62
A
1007-3639(2015)12-0978-05
2015-01-04
2015-06-30)
胡偉剛 E-mail: Jackhuwg@gmail.com