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      視前正中核神經(jīng)元調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒的研究進展

      2015-01-08 13:53:02王典茹綜述黃志力曲衛(wèi)敏審校
      復旦學報(醫(yī)學版) 2015年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:核團下丘腦組胺

      王典茹(綜述) 黃志力,2,3 曲衛(wèi)敏,2△(審校)

      視前正中核神經(jīng)元調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒的研究進展

      王典茹1(綜述) 黃志力1,2,3曲衛(wèi)敏1,2△(審校)

      (1復旦大學基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學院藥理學系,2腦科學研究院和腦科學協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,3醫(yī)學神經(jīng)生物學國家重點實驗室 上海 200032)

      視前正中核(median preoptic nucleus,MnPO)位于下丘腦視前區(qū),主要由GABA能和谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元組成。研究顯示,MnPO在睡眠時大部分細胞放電增加;動物睡眠剝奪后,睡眠張力增高,MnPO區(qū)c-Fos表達量增多;毀損大鼠MnPO,睡眠量減少,覺醒量增加。MnPO與腦內(nèi)多個調(diào)控睡眠覺醒的核團有神經(jīng)纖維聯(lián)系。在MnPO區(qū)微注射GABAA受體激動劑,抑制MnPO神經(jīng)元,導致覺醒相關(guān)腦區(qū)神經(jīng)元去抑制,引起覺醒,提示MnPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)可通過抑制覺醒核團來維持睡眠。本文綜述MnPO調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒作用的研究進展。

      視前正中核; 睡眠; 覺醒

      Advanecs in slccp-wakc rcgulation of thc mcdian prcoptie ncuelcus

      WANG Dian-ru1,HUANG Zhi-li1,2,3,QU Wei-min1,2△

      (1Department of Pharmacology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,2Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science,3State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai 200032,China)

      【Abstraet】 The median preoptic nucleus(MnPO)located in the hypothalamus preoptic area,mainly consists of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons.It has been reported that most MnPO neurons are activated during sleep.Sleep deprived rats exhibit an increase in c-Fos expression in the MnPO with the increase of sleep propensity.Lesion of rat MnPO decreases the amount of sleep with an increase in wakefulness.Furthermore,MnPO innervates most of sleep-wake regulatory nuclei.Microinjection of GABAAreceptor agonist into the MnPO inhibits the MnPO neurons,and results in the disinhibition of wake-related nuclei projected from the MnPO and induces wakefulness.These findings indicate that the activation of MnPO neurons contributes to the suppression of wake-promoting systems and promotes sleep.In this review,we summarized the advances in the roles of MnPO in sleep-wake regulation.

      【Kcy words】 median preoptic nucleus; sleep; wake

      *This work was supportcd by thc National Kcy Dcvclopmcnt Plan of Foundamcntal Rcscareh of China(2011CB711000,2015CB856401)and thc National Natural Seicnec Foundation of China(31171010,31271164,31471064,81420108015).

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),位于下丘腦視前區(qū)的2個核團——腹外側(cè)視前區(qū)(ventrolateral preoptic nucleus,VLPO)和視前正中核(median preoptic nucleus, MnPO)參與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)。自1996年以來,大量研究顯示VLPO與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)[1]。多數(shù)報道認為MnPO參與調(diào)節(jié)水鹽攝取、體溫等生理活動,但也有研究提示MnPO在睡眠調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要作用。電生理及免疫組化實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),MnPO神經(jīng)元在非快動眼(non-rapid eye movement,NREM)睡眠時活性增強[2-3]。MnPO神經(jīng)元與腦內(nèi)多個調(diào)控睡眠-覺醒的核團有神經(jīng)纖維聯(lián)系,通過抑制覺醒核團或興奮睡眠中樞,維持睡眠[4-5]。本文從神經(jīng)電生理、藥理學和神經(jīng)化學等方面綜述Mn PO調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒作用研究進展。

      MnPO的神經(jīng)解剖學和基本功能視前正中核是位于下丘腦視前區(qū)中縫上的核團,它在前連合上形成一個蓋帽結(jié)構(gòu),位于第3腦室前壁,被前連合分為背側(cè)和喙側(cè)。MnPO區(qū)主要存在2種神經(jīng)元:谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元和γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)能神經(jīng)元[6]。MnPO對機體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)具有重要作用,例如水鹽平衡、血壓、渴覺[7]、體溫以及睡眠[8]等。

      MnPO與腦內(nèi)睡眠-覺醒相關(guān)核團有廣泛纖維聯(lián)系。MnPO神經(jīng)元支配下丘腦室旁核

      (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus,PVH)[9]、外側(cè)下丘腦穹窿區(qū)(perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area,PF/LH)[5]、視交叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus,SCN)、視上核(supraoptic nucleus,SON)[10]、中縫背核(dorsal raphe nucleus,DRN)、藍斑(locus coeruleus,LC)[11]、VLPO[12]和下丘腦背內(nèi)側(cè)核(dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus,DMH)[13]。MnPO也接受來自臂旁核(parabrachial nucleus,PB)[14]、DMH[13]、穹窿下器(subfornical organ,SFO)[15]和終板血管器(organum vasculosum lamina terminalis,OVLT)[16]的纖維傳入(圖1)。已證明VLPO參與睡眠的調(diào)控及維持[17],LH、MPB、LC以及DRN對于覺醒的維持發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[18-20]。除此之外,DRN和LC還參與調(diào)控快動眼(rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠[21],SCN和DMH可通過調(diào)節(jié)生物節(jié)律影響睡眠[22-23]。MnPO與睡眠-覺醒核團的解剖學聯(lián)系提示MnPO可能參與調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒。

      圖1 MnPO與睡眠-覺醒核團神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)Fig 1 Conncetion of MnPO with slccp-wcck rcgulation systcms

      MnPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)元活性與睡眠相關(guān)

      在體電生理記錄SD大鼠的MnPO神經(jīng)元放電特性發(fā)現(xiàn):約75%的MnPO神經(jīng)元在睡眠時放電增加,其中58%的細胞在REM睡眠和NREM睡眠時都處于活化狀態(tài),被認為是睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元。REM睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元表現(xiàn)出高頻率的爆發(fā)式放電,腦波以θ波為主[3]。大多睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元在睡眠起始前出現(xiàn)放電頻率增加,提示MnPO神經(jīng)元的活動與啟動睡眠過程相關(guān)。

      大鼠睡眠剝奪2 h后,在體記錄發(fā)現(xiàn)MnPO睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元興奮。在隨后的睡眠恢復期,MnPO 區(qū)REM睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元放電增加約65.6%[24]。Sakai等[25]進一步研究Mn PO神經(jīng)元與睡眠的相關(guān)性及神經(jīng)元類型,發(fā)現(xiàn)MnPO中31.9%的神經(jīng)元為睡眠活性神經(jīng)元,33%的為覺醒活性神經(jīng)元,覺醒/REM睡眠活性神經(jīng)元占23.4%,少量神經(jīng)元(11.7%)與睡眠無相關(guān)性。電毀損大鼠的MnPO后,睡眠量顯著減少,覺醒量增加[26]。以上提示,MnPO部分神經(jīng)元活性與睡眠呈正相關(guān)。

      Modirrousta等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠睡眠時MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元活性升高,c-Fos表達增強,其中75%以上的c-Fos陽性細胞都與谷氨酸脫羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)共標。大鼠睡眠剝奪后,睡眠張力增強,MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元大量表達c-Fos,說明MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元在睡眠剝奪后活化,對睡眠內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)起重要作用[8,28]。貓在體研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元參與維持睡眠,尤其是NREM睡眠[29]。大鼠側(cè)腦室給予生長激素釋放激素,可增加動物睡眠量和Mn PO區(qū)c-Fos表達,且大部分c-Fos陽性細胞與GAD共標[30]。因此,MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元參與調(diào)控睡眠。

      MnPO區(qū)多數(shù)谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元放電頻率低于GABA能神經(jīng)元,為1~5 Hz[31]。電刺激MnPO,同時記錄其下游LH神經(jīng)元的放電變化,觀察到不同的反應[5]。Sakai[25]認為MnPO區(qū)有33%的神經(jīng)元可能是谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元,具有促覺醒作用。提示MnPO區(qū)的谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元在睡眠-覺醒調(diào)控中的作用與GABA能神經(jīng)元不同。

      藥理學方法調(diào)控 MnPO活性影響睡眠腺苷(adenosine,AD)是目前已知的強效內(nèi)源性促睡眠因子,可能通過激活腺苷A1和A2A受體在視前區(qū)發(fā)揮作用[32-33],與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)過程有關(guān)[34]。采用微透析法在MnPO給予腺苷及其轉(zhuǎn)運體抑制劑硝基苯硫嘌呤核苷酸[S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thionosine,NBTI],均能促進睡眠[35]。側(cè)腦室或基底前腦喙側(cè)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔給予A2A受體激動劑,可引起睡眠;且MnPO和VLPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)元的c-Fos表達增多,而與覺醒密切相關(guān)的組胺能神經(jīng)元結(jié)節(jié)乳頭體核(tuberomammillary nucleus,TMN)的c-Fos表達量下降[36-38]。相反,側(cè)腦室給予A2A受體拮抗劑可抑制Mn PO和VLPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)元的c-Fos表達,并抑制睡眠剝奪后的睡眠反彈[39]。以上結(jié)果提示,腺苷通過A2A受體間接或直接活化MnPO和VLPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元,促進睡眠。

      大鼠側(cè)腦室內(nèi)給予IL-1β,可增加NREM睡眠達4~5 h,同時MnPO區(qū)c-Fos表達增加,而VLPO無明顯變化[40]。Orexin是重要的促覺醒物質(zhì)[41-42],離體電生理研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Orexin可通過Orexin A和Orexin B受體增加部分MnPO神經(jīng)元的活性[43]。

      MnPO通過抑制覺醒核團活性,調(diào)控睡眠

      MnPO神經(jīng)元向覺醒相關(guān)核團廣泛投射,并且大多MnPO睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元是GABA能[44]。MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元投射至外側(cè)下丘腦穹窿區(qū)(PF/ LH)的Orexin能神經(jīng)元和中縫背核(dorsal raphe nucleus,DRN)的5-羥色胺能神經(jīng)元。PF/LH的orexin能神經(jīng)元和DRN的5-羥色胺能神經(jīng)元參與覺醒的調(diào)節(jié)。在麻醉大鼠MnPO區(qū)微注射GABAA受體激動劑蠅蕈醇,抑制MnPO神經(jīng)元活性。與對照組相比,PF/LH的Orexin能神經(jīng)元和DRN的五羥色胺能神經(jīng)元c-Fos表達量顯著增加,而下丘腦中黑色素凝集激素能神經(jīng)元無明顯變化[45]。表明MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元通過抑制調(diào)控覺醒的PF/LH Orexin能和DRN的5-羥色胺能神經(jīng)元活性,調(diào)節(jié)睡眠。

      為了研究MnPO對PH/LH的調(diào)節(jié)功能,對自由活動的大鼠MnPO進行電刺激,發(fā)現(xiàn)PH/LH區(qū)79%的神經(jīng)元對電刺激有反應,但反應不同,大部分PH/LH神經(jīng)元受到抑制,余下的一部分先抑制后興奮,另一部分先興奮后抑制,說明MnPO通過不同類型神經(jīng)元直接調(diào)控PH/LH神經(jīng)元活性[5]。在MnPO微透析給予L-谷氨酸興奮神經(jīng)元,引起了PH/LH區(qū)覺醒相關(guān)神經(jīng)元放電減少;而給予蠅蕈醇(GABAA受體激動劑)抑制MnPO神經(jīng)元活性,引起PH/LH區(qū)睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元的興奮[5],說明MnPO睡眠活性神經(jīng)元參與PF/LH的促覺醒神經(jīng)元的調(diào)控,證實MnPO通過GABA能神經(jīng)元抑制覺醒核團PF/LH促進睡眠。

      MnPO神經(jīng)元纖維也投射至中腦導水管周圍灰質(zhì)(periaqueductal gray,PAG)[46],其中腹外側(cè)中腦導水管周圍灰質(zhì)(ventrolateral periaqueductal gray,vlPAG)參與REM睡眠和覺醒調(diào)節(jié)[47]。逆行追蹤發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠完全剝奪后的睡眠恢復期,大鼠MnPO區(qū)c-Fos表達量顯著高于REM睡眠剝奪后睡眠恢復組和覺醒組,并且這些投射神經(jīng)元與GAD共標,表明MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元抑制vlPAG神經(jīng)元活性,促進睡眠[48]。

      MnPO神經(jīng)元不僅向覺醒核團投射,通過抑制促覺醒神經(jīng)元產(chǎn)生促睡眠作用,同時MnPO也接受覺醒相關(guān)核團的投射。覺醒時,MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元活性受到抑制。Modirrousta等[27]證明,大鼠奪眠后,同時表達腎上腺素α2受體和GAD的神經(jīng)元興奮性增加,提示MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元在覺醒時受LC釋放的去甲腎上腺素所抑制。MnPO離體腦片神經(jīng)元的全細胞記錄結(jié)果顯示,59%的細胞對去甲腎上腺素有反應,其中大部分表現(xiàn)為超極化,小部分表現(xiàn)為去極化[49]。提示MnPO 的GABA能神經(jīng)元與覺醒相關(guān)核團LC之間相互作用調(diào)控睡眠。

      組胺能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)也能調(diào)控 MnPO活性。組胺能神經(jīng)元分布于下丘腦后部的TMN,其神經(jīng)纖維投射至全腦。中樞組胺的釋放和組胺能神經(jīng)元活性與覺醒時相呈正相關(guān)[37,50]。Lundius等[51]使用單細胞反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)MnPO的GABA能神經(jīng)元表達組胺H3受體,非GABA能神經(jīng)元表達H1受體,而幾乎無H2受體表達。離體腦片電生理研究證實,組胺可以通過 H3受體減少MnPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)元的放電頻率,通過H1受體增加非GABA能神經(jīng)元的放電頻率,并使其去極化。另外,MnPO區(qū)vGlut2為標志的谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元同時表達 H1受體,組胺可以通過 H1受體持續(xù)興奮谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元[31]。以上提示,TMN組胺能神經(jīng)元釋放的組胺,作為重要的促覺醒物質(zhì),通過H3受體抑制、H1受體興奮MnPO神經(jīng)元[51]。

      MnPO區(qū)GABA能神經(jīng)元與覺醒核團之間的相互聯(lián)系和調(diào)控,與睡眠-覺醒調(diào)節(jié)的“蹺蹺板理論”[52]類似,即MnPO睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元興奮時,抑制覺醒相關(guān)核團,促進睡眠;反之,誘導覺醒。

      其他下丘腦視前區(qū)也是重要的體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞,這一區(qū)域包含大量的溫敏和冷敏神經(jīng)元,構(gòu)成哺乳動物腦內(nèi)的溫度敏感區(qū)。MnPO作為重要的體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞,表達溫度敏感的離子通道以及結(jié)節(jié)漏斗部激素、辣椒素等受體[13,53],可感受溫度變化信號,整合后調(diào)控其下游通路進而啟動體溫調(diào)節(jié)應答反應[54]。睡眠的起始與新陳代謝和體溫的降低一致。已有研究證明,基底前腦的溫度調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)參與睡眠的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié),當環(huán)境溫度從27℃升至30℃時,大鼠的睡眠量隨之升高,30℃時睡眠量達到最大,這一現(xiàn)象是由視前區(qū)的溫敏神經(jīng)元所介導[55],說明睡眠與溫度調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)。

      MnPO也與生物節(jié)律相關(guān),參與食物預期性活動。在食物預期性活動中,MnPO區(qū)時鐘基因PER1大量表達[56]。在食物預期性活動期間,動物的自主活動、中心體溫和覺醒量增加[57-59]。

      MnPO區(qū)能夠感受外周血管壓力變化,參與中樞神經(jīng)介導的血管緊張素Ⅱ誘導的高血壓癥[60]。MnPO還參與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征中的日間高血壓調(diào)節(jié)。抑制Mn PO區(qū)ΔFosB的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,可使低氧血癥模型動物在暗期的動脈血壓降低[61]。以上提示,MnPO在生物節(jié)律調(diào)節(jié)及生命活動的維持上發(fā)揮重要作用。

      結(jié)語MnPO在睡眠以及機體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要作用。MnPO區(qū)的GABA能神經(jīng)元激活后,抑制覺醒相關(guān)核團,促進睡眠;而GABA能神經(jīng)元受抑制后,使覺醒相關(guān)核團去抑制,促進覺醒。此外,MnPO區(qū)的谷氨酸能神經(jīng)元可能對睡眠-覺醒也有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。但MnPO如何啟動和維持睡眠,其神經(jīng)環(huán)路機制及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還不明確。闡明MnPO在睡眠-覺醒中的調(diào)節(jié)作用,對認識睡眠-覺醒調(diào)節(jié)機制和開發(fā)鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥等具有重要意義。

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      Q 428;R 96

      B

      10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2015.06.016

      2015-05-29;編輯:段佳)

      國家重點基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(2011CB711000,2015CB856401);國家自然科學基金(31171010,31271164,31471064,81420108015)

      △Corresponding author E-mail:quweimin@fudan.edu.cn

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