摘要:
最低生活保障制度近十年來在發(fā)展中國家越來越受到重視。
最低生活保障制度的設(shè)計(jì)也成為我國城市減貧的一個(gè)重要的手段,
文章利用中國家庭收入調(diào)查(CHIP)2002和2007兩次大型的微觀調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),從家庭層面對我國城市低保的減貧效果進(jìn)行了全面分析。研究結(jié)果表明,2002年我國有8.70%的城鎮(zhèn)家庭在低保救助下擺脫了貧困,家庭的貧困深度和貧困強(qiáng)度分別下降了9.7%和11.5%;2007年我國有59%的城鎮(zhèn)家庭在低保救助下擺脫了貧困,家庭的貧困深度和貧困強(qiáng)度降幅分別達(dá)到79.2%和87.8%。目前城市低保的重點(diǎn)救助對象是單人戶、單親家庭、老年人口比重高、失業(yè)率高的家庭,以及有重度殘疾者和體質(zhì)虛弱者的家庭,上述特征與我國家庭結(jié)構(gòu)小型化、養(yǎng)老負(fù)擔(dān)加重、持續(xù)性失業(yè)和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體制改革不到位有直接的關(guān)系。
關(guān)鍵詞:城市低保;減貧;家庭
中圖分類號:D632.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號:1000-4149(2015)02-0108-11
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2015.02.012
收稿日期:2014-08-27;修訂日期:2015-01-21
基金項(xiàng)目:國家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目“基本公共服務(wù)的配置結(jié)構(gòu)、決策參與與農(nóng)民工公平感關(guān)系研究”(14CSH034)。
作者簡介:文雯,復(fù)旦大學(xué)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)研究中心博士后。
Urban Minimum Living Standard Security and Family Poverty Reduction:
An Analysis Based on CHIPS Project
WEN Wen
(Research Institute of Chinese Economy,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai ?200433,China)
Abstract:As the labor market is not standardized and the coverage of social insurance is low, in recent decades the minimum living standard security system has gained more concern in developing countries. Based on Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, two large scale microsurvey data,this paper analyzed the poverty reduction effect of urban minimum living standard security from the family level comprehensively. The results show that in the help of urban minimum living standard, there were 8.70% of urban households left out of poverty, poverty depth and intensity decreased by 9.7% and 11.5% respectively in 2002; there were 59% of urban households left out of poverty, the rate of poverty depth and intensity reached to 79.2% and 87.8% respectively in 2007. Currently the key subjects the urban minimum living standard security are singleperson households, singleparent households, households with high proportion of aged persons, households with high unemployment rate as well as households with severely disabled and physically weak members, which is related to the household size shrinking, heavier burden of supporting the elderly, persistent unemployment and health care reform not in place.
Keywords:urban minimum living standard security; poverty reduction; family
一、引言
在反貧困政策體系中,社會(huì)救助占據(jù)重要地位,尤其在發(fā)展中國家,由于勞動(dòng)力市場不規(guī)范、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率低且高度分層,被社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)排除在外或是社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)收入不能滿足需要的個(gè)體,將受到社會(huì)救助的保護(hù)。最低生活保障(簡稱低保)是社會(huì)救助制度的核心。它是國家向居民提供的一種單向保障,只要家庭收入狀況符合保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn),就有權(quán)獲得政府提供的資金或?qū)嵨锞戎皇軇趧?dòng)關(guān)系和前期繳費(fèi)的限制。低保的主要功能是減貧,對于因重病、殘疾喪失了勞動(dòng)能力的困難家庭來說,難以像其他社會(huì)成員一樣通過務(wù)工或經(jīng)營獲取市場化的收入。低保通過向此類家庭輸送補(bǔ)給,幫助他們維持生計(jì),更重要的是通過這一途徑使其參與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長利益的分享,一定程度上緩解社會(huì)收入差距。