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      毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)在氨基酸分析中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

      2015-04-05 21:34:36李紅霞曹富媛
      關(guān)鍵詞:緩沖溶液檢測(cè)法毛細(xì)管

      李紅霞, 曹富媛, 常 輝

      (1.河北聯(lián)合大學(xué) 化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,河北 唐山 063009;2.唐山市曹妃甸區(qū)質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)所,河北 唐山063299)

      毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)在氨基酸分析中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

      李紅霞1, 曹富媛1, 常 輝2

      (1.河北聯(lián)合大學(xué) 化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,河北 唐山 063009;2.唐山市曹妃甸區(qū)質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)所,河北 唐山063299)

      食品和生物體內(nèi)氨基酸種類和含量對(duì)于人體健康至關(guān)重要。毛細(xì)管電泳儀以其成本低、污染小、高效和操作簡(jiǎn)易等優(yōu)點(diǎn)被廣泛應(yīng)用于氨基酸的分析中??偨Y(jié)了毛細(xì)管電泳儀結(jié)合紫外、質(zhì)譜、熒光和電化學(xué)等檢測(cè)器用于氨基酸分析的最新應(yīng)用進(jìn)展,綜述了毛細(xì)管電泳法在氨基酸手性分離方面的應(yīng)用。

      氨基酸;毛細(xì)管電泳;檢測(cè)器;手性分離

      氨基酸是生物體的重要組成單元,參與并控制著體內(nèi)代謝,對(duì)一切生物體的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有舉足輕重的作用,因此,氨基酸的檢測(cè)對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品的研究與對(duì)機(jī)體營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的判斷有著重要意義。分光光度法[1]、液相色譜法[2]、氣相色譜法[3]和氨基酸分析儀方法[4]等都可應(yīng)用于氨基酸的檢測(cè)中,但是上述方法均存在各自局限性,如檢測(cè)靈敏度低、操作繁瑣、操作費(fèi)用高等,在一定程度上限制了其在氨基酸檢測(cè)中的應(yīng)用。

      毛細(xì)管電泳法(capillary electrophoresis,CE)是20世紀(jì)80年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種以電場(chǎng)為推動(dòng)力的高效分離技術(shù),該方法具有成本低、污染小、高效和操作簡(jiǎn)單等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因此,毛細(xì)管電泳法用于氨基酸分析成為研究的熱點(diǎn)課題,主要應(yīng)用于食品安全、生物科技、醫(yī)療診斷等領(lǐng)域。作者綜述了結(jié)合不同類型檢測(cè)器的毛細(xì)管電泳在氨基酸分析中的應(yīng)用,介紹了近幾年該技術(shù)在氨基酸手性分離中的應(yīng)用。

      1 毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)

      毛細(xì)管電泳儀將樣品中氨基酸分離后,結(jié)合不同的檢測(cè)器對(duì)每種氨基酸進(jìn)行定性和定量分析。常用的檢測(cè)器有紫外檢測(cè)器(ultraviolet detector,UV)、激光誘導(dǎo)熒光檢測(cè)器 (laser-induced fluorescence,LIF)、質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)器(mass spectrometric detection,MS)和電化學(xué)檢測(cè)器(electrochemical detection,EC)。

      1.1 毛細(xì)管電泳-紫外檢測(cè)法(CE-UV)

      CE-UV是根據(jù)氨基酸具有的紫外吸收性質(zhì)對(duì)其進(jìn)行定性定量分析的。由于某些氨基酸本身對(duì)紫外吸收較弱[5],因此,為了提高分析靈敏度,需要在樣品溶液中加入背景電解質(zhì)(緩沖溶液)和衍生劑。因此,毛細(xì)管電泳紫外氨基酸分析方法包括直接紫外檢測(cè)法和衍生化紫外檢測(cè)法。

      1.1.1 直接紫外檢測(cè)法直接紫外檢測(cè)法需要在樣品溶液中加入緩沖溶液,使樣品溶液形成穩(wěn)定的電滲流體系。據(jù)研究[6],毛細(xì)管柱內(nèi)表面粒子運(yùn)動(dòng)方向及穩(wěn)定性和待分離氨基酸的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向和穩(wěn)定性均會(huì)受到pH值影響,因此,通過控制緩沖溶液的pH可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同樣品中氨基酸的較好分離效果,常用的緩沖溶液體系是磷酸鹽和硼砂。Chen[7]選擇了水楊酸、苯甲酸和鄰苯二甲酸三種芳香羧酸分別對(duì)植物組織提取液中的氨基酸進(jìn)行了分離,對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)中緩沖溶液分別選擇 10 mmol/L苯甲酸和 1 mmol/L陽(yáng)離子表面活性劑正十四醇三甲基溴化銨(MTAB),在pH為10.2時(shí)可以達(dá)到最佳的分離效果,17種氨基酸均能被檢測(cè)。Zunic[8]對(duì)血液中未衍生的氨基酸和多肽進(jìn)行了分離檢測(cè),選擇的緩沖溶液為10 mmol/L磷酸氫二鈉、8 mmol/L P-氨基水楊酸和碳酸鈉(pH 10.2),并應(yīng)用了析因?qū)嶒?yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方法考察了電壓、pH和電解質(zhì)濃度等因素對(duì)氨基酸分離效果的影響。Jiang[9]依據(jù)此原理對(duì)人體唾液和綠茶中的氨基酸進(jìn)行了分析檢測(cè),緩沖溶液中加入了體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05%HAc,pH為4.5。為了優(yōu)化實(shí)驗(yàn),Cédric[10]對(duì)毛細(xì)管的規(guī)格和背景電解質(zhì)組成做了正交試驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)徑越小分離效率越高,但是負(fù)荷量較低,所以可以通過延長(zhǎng)毛細(xì)管柱長(zhǎng)來(lái)提高效率。

      1.1.2 衍生化紫外檢測(cè)法衍生化紫外檢測(cè)法原理是在溶液中加入發(fā)色團(tuán)以增強(qiáng)氨基酸對(duì)紫外的吸收,因此提高了紫外檢測(cè)器對(duì)氨基酸檢測(cè)的靈敏性。對(duì)衍生劑的選擇原則是選擇產(chǎn)生副產(chǎn)物最少,有選擇性的衍生劑。常用的衍生劑有鄰苯二甲醛(OPA)[11]、氯甲酸-9-芴基甲酯(FMOC-Cl)[12]、異硫氰酸熒光素(FITC)[13]和萘-2,3-二甲醛(NDA)[14]等。

      1.2 毛細(xì)管電泳-質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)法(CE-MS)

      CE-MS是通過測(cè)定各峰的組分碎片離子質(zhì)荷比對(duì)樣品中氨基酸實(shí)現(xiàn)定性和定量分析的。此技術(shù)對(duì)樣品定量分析靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確性高,干擾少。

      樊靜[15]應(yīng)用CE-MS技術(shù),結(jié)合主成分分析,對(duì)胃癌患者的尿液中氨基酸進(jìn)行了分析,檢測(cè)結(jié)果能較準(zhǔn)確地反映尿液中氨基酸變化,從而反饋被化驗(yàn)者健康信息。Laura[16]采用此法,通過檢測(cè)6種非蛋白氨基酸(β-丙氨酸、氨基丁酸、L-焦谷氨酸、瓜氨酸、別異亮氨酸、鳥氨酸),對(duì)橄欖油摻假進(jìn)行了分析。Tom[17]將此法應(yīng)用于偵探工作,通過此方法分析了指紋殘留氨基酸,提高了破案的準(zhǔn)確性。應(yīng)用CE-MS技術(shù),樣品溶液會(huì)在毛細(xì)管電泳和質(zhì)譜儀接口處被稀釋。為了解決這一問題,在毛細(xì)管后裝入了電噴射離子裝置(CE-ESI-MS)。改進(jìn)后,能使電泳分離的樣品不間斷打入質(zhì)譜中,不僅避免了液體在接口處稀釋的問題,而且節(jié)省了分析時(shí)間,減少了裝置接口處的死體積。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明[18]CE-ESI-MS比CE-MS花費(fèi)小,且可以檢測(cè)更多種氨基酸。

      Kawai[19]應(yīng)用了此改進(jìn)技術(shù),成功的檢測(cè)了除草劑中的含磷氨基酸。Jeong[20]利用該技術(shù),選擇了揮發(fā)性堿性電解質(zhì)分析人體血清中氨基酸,電解質(zhì)組成為乙酸銨、甲酸銨、碳酸氫銨和醋酸,緩沖溶液的pH值為10.8,檢測(cè)分析時(shí)間低于15 min。

      1.3 毛細(xì)管電泳-熒光檢測(cè)法(CE-LIF)

      CE-LIF要求被檢測(cè)氨基酸樣品有熒光吸收,因此要對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行衍生化處理。CE-LIF對(duì)樣品檢測(cè)分析靈敏度極高,且進(jìn)樣量少,因此,在疾病診斷、評(píng)估和監(jiān)測(cè)疾病對(duì)藥物治療方面應(yīng)用較多。

      CE-LIF對(duì)衍生劑、分離條件和檢測(cè)條件的選擇有較高要求。王宇飛[21]以4-氯-7-硝基苯并-2-氧雜-1,3-二唑(NBD-F)為衍生劑,選擇的25 mmol/L硼砂、20 mmol/L聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij-35)和體積分?jǐn)?shù)5%乙腈(pH 9.5)的緩沖體系,分析了谷胱甘肽鈉藥品中氨基酸含量,分析時(shí)間為11 min,檢測(cè)限可達(dá)為0.1 μg/mL。Lorenzo[22]應(yīng)用此法,采用的衍生劑為NBD-F,衍生時(shí)間為35 min,檢測(cè)了人體血漿中氨基酸含量,從而判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)者是否患有抑郁癥。

      1.4 毛細(xì)管電泳-電化學(xué)檢測(cè)法(CE-EC)

      CE-EC可直接檢測(cè)未衍生的氨基酸含量,有良好的選擇性,儀器造價(jià)低廉,多用于生理液等臨床樣品的分析檢測(cè)。實(shí)驗(yàn)者往往通過修飾工作電極對(duì)CE-EC進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,通常選用的工作電極有碳、銅、金和鉑等。工作電極選擇中應(yīng)該考慮對(duì)檢測(cè)物質(zhì)有一定響應(yīng)值,但不易被液體污染,并且經(jīng)濟(jì)。

      Lenka[23]應(yīng)用CE-EC成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)生理液的檢測(cè),結(jié)合了液膜技術(shù)對(duì)氨基酸與其它非氨基酸物質(zhì)(蛋白質(zhì)、高濃度無(wú)機(jī)鹽)進(jìn)行分離。為了避免短路,使用的是非接觸式的鉑電極。Dossi[24]把混合化合價(jià)的釕氧聚合物涂抹在玻璃碳電極上,提高了電極的響應(yīng)靈敏度。董永平[25]用Ag2S/Cu2S納米晶修飾玻碳電極檢測(cè)了半胱氨酸,檢出限可達(dá)6.0×10-6mol/L。Tuma[26]選擇醋酸溶液為背景電解質(zhì),對(duì)臨床樣品中的氨基酸進(jìn)行分離,同樣使用非接觸式電極對(duì)樣品檢測(cè),分析時(shí)間低于6 min。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CE-EC比任何一種檢測(cè)器分離分析技術(shù)都省時(shí)。

      1.5 其他毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)

      毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)在氨基酸檢測(cè)方面已日趨重要,成為了熱點(diǎn)研究課題。Fengbin[27]應(yīng)用毛細(xì)管前沿技術(shù)(CE-FA)對(duì)β-甲氨基-L-丙氨酸(BMAA)和β-萘酰胺衍生劑的結(jié)合力進(jìn)行了研究,表明兩者由靜電結(jié)合力聚合在一起,應(yīng)用此技術(shù)可以通過計(jì)算結(jié)合鍵力來(lái)判斷最佳衍生時(shí)間,為選擇最好的衍生條件提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。為了提高毛細(xì)管電泳對(duì)氨基酸的分析靈敏度,Jeongmi[28]結(jié)合了單滴微萃取技術(shù)(SDME)對(duì)人類尿液樣品進(jìn)行分析,萃取劑為壬烷-1-磺酸,萃取時(shí)間20 min,把氨基酸濃度提高到了之前的120倍,檢測(cè)靈敏度明顯提高,此技術(shù)在臨床樣品分析中結(jié)合質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)器可以達(dá)到更好的效果。據(jù)研究[29],緩沖溶液的pH值會(huì)影響離子淌度,控制緩沖溶液pH值對(duì)毛細(xì)管電泳分離效果很重要,Tak[30]通過監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)態(tài)pH界面,隨時(shí)調(diào)整pH至最適宜值,優(yōu)化了毛細(xì)管分離方式。

      2 毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)在手性氨基酸分離中的應(yīng)用

      由于L-和D-氨基酸(手性氨基酸)在生物體中有不同的代謝作用,在制藥方面也各有差異[31],因此,近幾年對(duì)手性氨基酸的分離檢測(cè)也成為研究熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)以其微量、高效和省時(shí)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)廣泛應(yīng)用在手性氨基酸的分離和檢測(cè)。對(duì)于手性氨基酸的分離是通過改變其旋光性而實(shí)現(xiàn)的,重點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域是藥物的制備和臨床樣品的分析。常用的手性分離劑有環(huán)糊精[32]、金屬配合物Cu(Ⅱ)[7]和Zn(Ⅱ)[33]、大環(huán)抗生素[34]和冠醚[35]。其中環(huán)糊精因其帶電性不同又分為中性環(huán)糊精[36]、負(fù)電性環(huán)糊精[37]、正電性環(huán)糊精[38]和兩性環(huán)糊精[39]。

      Ioannis[40]單獨(dú)使用了手性分離劑聯(lián)萘酚磷酸酯(BNP)對(duì)氨基酸進(jìn)行分離。目前,在研究中并不單一的使用手性分離劑,而是在樣品溶液中加入衍生劑和合適的背景電解質(zhì),使得手性劑優(yōu)先與氨基酸的功能基團(tuán)發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng),提高手性劑的化學(xué)選擇性。Fradi[41]選擇了β-環(huán)糊精為手性試劑,經(jīng)濟(jì)便宜的芴甲氧羰基(FMOC)為衍生劑,十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)和異丙醇和硼砂為背景電解質(zhì),對(duì)L-和D-氨基酸進(jìn)行了分離,達(dá)到了預(yù)期效果。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明SDS對(duì)手性劑的化學(xué)選擇性有很大幫助,因此,對(duì)于毛細(xì)管電泳手性分離技術(shù),選擇合適的背景電解質(zhì)、衍生劑和分離條件也是至關(guān)重要的,尤其當(dāng)手性分離劑選擇環(huán)糊精時(shí),溫度控制至關(guān)重要,一般高溫會(huì)減弱手性分離劑與氨基酸的結(jié)合鍵力。

      3 展望

      毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)的應(yīng)用雖然不斷拓展發(fā)展,但是此技術(shù)在氨基酸分離檢測(cè)過程中還存在衍生劑的選擇和實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的優(yōu)化等一系列問題亟待解決。為了精準(zhǔn)分析臨床樣品、藥物和食品中的氨基酸需對(duì)這些問題進(jìn)行更深入細(xì)致的研究。此外,還可以結(jié)合偏最小二乘法、主成分回歸法和其他數(shù)學(xué)方法對(duì)分析值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)預(yù)測(cè),為全面對(duì)氨基酸定性定量分析做理論支撐。

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      [6]張紅醫(yī),梁佳麗,聶中原,等.PeakMaster軟件計(jì)算毛細(xì)管電泳緩沖液pH和離子強(qiáng)度[J].大學(xué)化學(xué),2008,23(4):43-46.

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      Review on Development and Applications in Amino Acids Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis

      LI Hongxia1, CAO Fuyuan1, CHANG Hui2
      (1.Chemical Engineering College,Hebei United University,Tangshan 063009,China;2.Tangshan Caofeidian Quality and Technique Supervision and Inspection Institute,Tangshan 063299,China)

      Analysis of amino acid in food and organisms is vital for people's health.Capillary electrophoresis characterized by low cost,less pollution,high efficiency and simple operation is widely used in analysis of amino acids.The developing and application of amino acids analysis by capillary electrophoresis combined with ultraviolet detector,mass spectrometry detector,fluorescence detector and electrochemical detector was reviewed.And capillary electrophoresis used in the chiral separation for amino acids was reviewed.

      amino acid,capillary electrophoresis,detection,chiral separation

      O 657.8

      A

      1673—1689(2015)01—0001—06

      2014-05-16

      河北省人力資源和社會(huì)保障廳項(xiàng)目(2012003);唐山市科技局項(xiàng)目(13130225z)。

      李紅霞(1963—),女,內(nèi)蒙古呼倫貝爾人,理學(xué)博士,教授,主要從事化學(xué)分離與分析研究。E-mail:lhx2453@126.com

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