朱澤興,張樹明,趙永軍,樊凱彬,喬 林
(1.解放軍第二炮兵總醫(yī)院骨科,北京 100088;2.武警醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨科,天津 300160;3.邯鄲市中心醫(yī)院骨科,邯鄲河北 056001)
急性血液稀釋技術(shù)在動物實驗圍手術(shù)期中的應(yīng)用
朱澤興1,張樹明1,趙永軍2,樊凱彬3,喬 林1
(1.解放軍第二炮兵總醫(yī)院骨科,北京 100088;2.武警醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨科,天津 300160;3.邯鄲市中心醫(yī)院骨科,邯鄲河北 056001)
目的觀察急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(ANH)在狗斷肢冷凍再植實驗中對改善術(shù)中、術(shù)后動物全身狀態(tài)的作用。方法 在狗后肢深低溫冷凍再植實驗中,對照組(A組)采用靜脈補(bǔ)充等量乳酸鈉林格氏液,實驗組(B組)采用急性血液稀釋技術(shù),對比兩組各時點循環(huán)動力學(xué)指標(biāo)、血常規(guī)、術(shù)后動物蘇醒時間、抬頭時間、站立時間、術(shù)后進(jìn)食、進(jìn)水時間。結(jié)果 ①術(shù)中兩組PaO2、PCO2值均在正常范圍,呼吸頻率正常,B組心率明顯低于A組,術(shù)中血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積輸血前A組與B組無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,術(shù)后B組明顯高于A組,差異存在顯著性。②術(shù)后動物蘇醒時間、抬頭時間、站立時間、術(shù)后進(jìn)食量、進(jìn)水量B組均明顯優(yōu)于A組,存在顯著差異。結(jié)論 在狗斷肢深低溫冷凍再植實驗中,急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(ANH)能明顯改善動物術(shù)中的全身狀態(tài),加快術(shù)后恢復(fù)速度。
自體輸血;急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(ANH);斷肢再植;冷凍保存;外科手術(shù)
復(fù)雜手術(shù)動物實驗往往手術(shù)時間長、創(chuàng)傷大、出血多,容易造成術(shù)中、術(shù)后動物休克死亡而使實驗失敗。由于目前尚無實驗動物異體血庫,無法進(jìn)行異體輸血,所以我們在狗后肢深低溫冷凍再植實驗中,引入了急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(ANH),對比術(shù)中、術(shù)后動物血液循環(huán)動力學(xué)指標(biāo)及全身狀態(tài),報告如下:
1.1 一般資料
選擇成年實驗用比格犬16只,實驗動物由北京維通利華實驗動物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司提供。動物許可證號:SCXK(京)2011-0006。雌雄各半,體重(15±0.5)kg,隨機(jī)分為A、B兩組,對照組(A組)采用靜脈補(bǔ)充等量乳酸鈉林格氏液,實驗組(B組)采用急性血液稀釋技術(shù)。在解放軍軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實驗室操作,實驗動物使用合格證號:SYXK-(軍)2012-0021。實驗過程中對動物處置方法符合《關(guān)于善待實驗動物的指導(dǎo)性意見》。
1.2 手術(shù)過程
術(shù)前40 min B組采犬靜脈血150 mL,同時輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液250 mL,A組不采血,直接輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液100 mL;術(shù)前10 min檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積。經(jīng)口腔插管全身麻醉成功后,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,自犬脛腓骨中遠(yuǎn)1/3處離斷,將肢體遠(yuǎn)端灌注后階梯式降溫至-196攝氏度,存放1 h后再階梯式復(fù)溫至常溫,行斷肢再植手術(shù),A、B兩組手術(shù)操作相同,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,心電圖(EKG),氧飽和度(SpO2),而后將B組術(shù)前所采自體血回輸;同時A組輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液150 mL,手術(shù)歷時約7 h,全部實驗組均由同一組手術(shù)人員執(zhí)行,術(shù)后60 min復(fù)測上述指標(biāo)(圖1)。
圖1 左上:實驗動物及血袋;(upper left),preoperative preparation(lower left),and post-operation blood transfusion(right)Fig.1 The experimental animal and blood bag
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 術(shù)前:術(shù)前10 min、檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積。
1.3.2 術(shù)中:手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min,檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,心電圖(EKG),氧飽和度(SpO2)。
1.3.3 術(shù)后:術(shù)后60 min,檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,同時觀察記錄A、B組動物術(shù)后蘇醒時間,抬頭時間,站立時間,術(shù)后首日進(jìn)食量(實驗動物飼料克)、進(jìn)水量(mL)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
表1 術(shù)前10 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.1 Monitoring indicators at 10 min before operation(±s)
表1 術(shù)前10 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.1 Monitoring indicators at 10 min before operation(±s)
注:A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積p值均大于0.05,差異無顯著性,認(rèn)為ANH技術(shù)對犬術(shù)前狀態(tài)無明顯影響。Note.There was no significant difference in BP,HR,BR,Hgb and HCT between the two groups(P>0.05).ANH had no obvious effect on the dog preoperative status.
組別Groups犬臂血壓BP of upper limb(mmHg)心率HR(次/分)呼吸頻率BR(次/分)血紅蛋白Hgb(g/L)紅細(xì)胞壓積HCT(%)對照組Control group(A組)155.6±4.1/68.6±7.9 102.8±6.4 38.3±3.7 177.3±4.2 48.4±0.87實驗組Experiment group(B組)155.9±3.4/71.6±8.5 103.4±4.6 39.6±4.4 174.4±2.9 47.5±0.89 p值0.895 0.825 0.508 0.138 0.63
表2 手術(shù)完成前30 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.2 Monitoring indicators at 30 mins before the completion of operation(±s)
表2 手術(shù)完成前30 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.2 Monitoring indicators at 30 mins before the completion of operation(±s)
注:A、B兩組血壓、心率、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積、氧飽和度p值均大于0.05,差異無顯著性,認(rèn)為術(shù)前用ANH處理對犬術(shù)中狀態(tài)無明顯影響。Note.There was no significant difference in BP,HR,BR,Hgb,HCT and SaO2 between the two groups(P>0.05).ANH had no obvious effect on the dog during the operation.
組別 犬臂血壓 心率 血紅蛋白 紅細(xì)胞壓積 氧飽和度 心電圖GroupsBP of upper limbHRHgbHCTSaO2ECG(mmHg)(次/分)(g/L)(%)(%)對照組124.4±3.5/140.9±4.2 104.6±4.0 34.0±2.50 98.5±1.20 Normal Control group(A組)58.6±5.9 正常實驗組123.6±3.7/140.3±5.4 104.1±3.1 32.9±2.99 98.3±1.28 Normal Experiment group(B組)56.6±6.5 正常p值 0.419 0.799 0.784 0.332 0.693 Normal正常
表3 術(shù)后60 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.3 Monitoring indicators at 60 min after the complation of operation(±s)
表3 術(shù)后60 min監(jiān)測指標(biāo)(±s)Tab.3 Monitoring indicators at 60 min after the complation of operation(±s)
注:A、B兩組血壓、呼吸、氧飽和度p值均大于0.05,差異無顯著性;兩組心率、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積p值均小于0.05,差異存在顯著性,認(rèn)為應(yīng)用ANH技術(shù),血液回輸后實驗犬術(shù)后心率明顯降低,同時可明顯提高術(shù)后血紅蛋白及紅細(xì)胞壓積。Note.There was no significant difference in BP,HR and SaO2between two groups(P>0.05),but HR,Hgb,HCT in the experiment group were different from those in control group(P<0.05).It suggested that dogs in the experiment group had lower HR and higher Hgb and HCT than the control group after operation.
組別 犬臂血壓 心率 呼吸頻率 血紅蛋白 紅細(xì)胞壓積 氧飽和度GroupsBP of upper limbHRBRHgbHCTSaO2(mmHg)(次/分)(次/分)(g/L)(%)(%)對照組141.4±3.6/129.1±26.4 33.9±3.0 116.0±4.2 30.1±1.70 96.4±0.9 Control group(A組)73.6±8.9實驗組143.1±2.23/116.1±3.14 35.0±2.9 144.4±3.1 40.8±1.64 96.8±1.0 Experiment group(B組)74.6±9.5 p值0.261 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.456
表4 手術(shù)時間和術(shù)后動物狀態(tài)(±s)Tab.4 The conditions of during operation and post-operation(±s)
表4 手術(shù)時間和術(shù)后動物狀態(tài)(±s)Tab.4 The conditions of during operation and post-operation(±s)
注:A、B兩組手術(shù)時間、蘇醒時間p值均大于0.05,差異無顯著性;兩組抬頭時間、站立時間、術(shù)后24h進(jìn)食、水量p值均小于0.05,差異存在顯著性,認(rèn)為應(yīng)用ANH技術(shù),能夠明顯改善實驗犬的術(shù)后狀態(tài),使其盡快抬頭、站立、進(jìn)食水,但進(jìn)水量較對照組減少。Note.There was no significant difference in operation time and resuscitation time between the two groups(P>0.05),but first rising head time,first standing time and eating and drinking intake in the experiment group were different from those in of the control group(P<0.05).It suggested that dogs in the experiment group restored earlier than the control group.
組別 手術(shù)時間 蘇醒時間 抬頭時間 站立時間 進(jìn)食量GroupsOperationResuscitationFirst rising headFirst standingEating time(h)time(min)time(min)time(h)(g)對照組6.9±0.20 13.87±0.99 68.5±13.36 3.55±0.38 269.38±25.4 Control group(A組)實驗組6.9±0.24 13.1±1.36 52.9±5.13 2.49±0.22 393.8±38.9 Experiment group(B組)p值1.000 0.136 0.008 0.000 0.000
2.1 術(shù)前
術(shù)前10 min(備血后)、檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,各組數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件處理,采用兩獨立樣本的t檢驗(表1)。
2.2 術(shù)中
兩組麻醉機(jī)設(shè)置相同的呼吸頻率、潮氣量及氧濃度,手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min,檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,心電圖(EKG),氧飽和度(SpO2),各組數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件處理,采用兩獨立樣本的t檢驗(表2)。
2.3 術(shù)后
手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min將B組術(shù)前所采自體血回輸,同時A組輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液150 mL;術(shù)后實驗犬均順利拔管、蘇醒,術(shù)后60 min,檢測A、B兩組血壓、心率、呼吸、血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞壓積,同時觀察記錄A、B組動物手術(shù)時間、術(shù)后蘇醒時間,抬頭時間,站立時間,術(shù)后首日進(jìn)食量(實驗動物飼料克)、進(jìn)水量(mL)。各組數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件處理,采用兩獨立樣本的t檢驗(表3、4)。
由上述結(jié)果可見,急性血液稀釋技術(shù)可以有效降低術(shù)中實際出血,改善動物術(shù)后貧血,縮短動物復(fù)蘇時間,使動物快速恢復(fù)到術(shù)前狀態(tài),進(jìn)而保證實驗的順利進(jìn)行,同時減輕了實驗動物的痛苦。
一種創(chuàng)新技術(shù)、創(chuàng)新手術(shù)在進(jìn)入臨床前必須進(jìn)行大量的嚴(yán)格的活體動物實驗,而其中需要復(fù)雜手術(shù)操作的活體動物實驗失敗的主要原因除了手術(shù)操作失誤以外,很大一部分因素是因為手術(shù)時間長、創(chuàng)傷大、出血多,造成動物術(shù)中、術(shù)后休克死亡,所以輸血對需要復(fù)雜手術(shù)操作的活體動物實驗就顯得尤為重要[1-3]。但對動物輸血目前只有美國、澳大利亞等發(fā)達(dá)國家以中央血庫的形式建立了動物血庫,目的是治療寵物和拯救瀕危動物,而非動物實驗用血庫[4-7];國內(nèi)因為成本太高目前尚無動物血庫,僅少量寵物醫(yī)院采用臨時同種異體輸血方式對救治的寵物進(jìn)行輸血,但寵物品種繁多,血型也多種多樣,如犬的血型至少有8種,貓有6種,羊有9種,而牛的血型多達(dá)40種以上,且無統(tǒng)一的檢測標(biāo)準(zhǔn),存在巨大的安全問題,更無法在動物實驗中廣泛應(yīng)用[8-11]。
人類探索安全輸血經(jīng)歷了長達(dá)400年的歷程,隨著對異體輸血弊端認(rèn)識的深入,人們已逐漸接受并提倡自體輸血,并出現(xiàn)了術(shù)前自體采血貯存技術(shù)(preoperative active blood donation,PABD)、急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(acute normovolemic hemodilution)、術(shù)中及術(shù)后術(shù)區(qū)血液回收技術(shù)(intraoperative and postoperative blood salvage)等自體輸血技術(shù)。但目前術(shù)前自體采血貯存技術(shù)和術(shù)中及術(shù)后血液回收技術(shù)都需要專業(yè)的血液采集、儲存、凈化等設(shè)備,費(fèi)用昂貴,難以普及。而對于難以實現(xiàn)異體輸血的動物實驗,急性血液稀釋技術(shù)就成為一條重要的解決方法。
急性血液稀釋技術(shù)(ANH)是1946年發(fā)明的術(shù)中自體輸血的一種方式,現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[12,17]。ANH一般是在麻醉后和手術(shù)主要步驟開始之前,短時間內(nèi)快速抽取患者預(yù)定量的自體血液貯存于手術(shù)間,同時補(bǔ)充等效容量的晶體或膠體液,快速稀釋血液,有輸血指征或手術(shù)結(jié)束前再將采集的新鮮自體血回輸給患者[12,13,17]。其優(yōu)點有:(1)ANH可使術(shù)中血液稀釋,降低在手術(shù)操作過程中循環(huán)中的紅細(xì)胞濃度,減少術(shù)中紅細(xì)胞流失,使手術(shù)中的實際出血量減少,以達(dá)到不輸異體血或少輸異體血的目的[13];(2)ANH是唯一提供新鮮自體血液的方法,血小板及凝血因子功能基本不受影響,紅細(xì)胞損失少;(3)自身輸血,無抗原性及過敏反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險,對術(shù)后免疫學(xué)檢查影響?。?4,15,16]。
斷肢冷凍再植實驗手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,手術(shù)時間長,出血多,我們將ANH應(yīng)用到此實驗中,研究結(jié)果顯示,ANH可以有效降低術(shù)中實際出血,糾正術(shù)后貧血,同時縮短動物術(shù)后抬頭、站立時間,改善術(shù)后動物全身狀態(tài)。
綜上所述,對于需要復(fù)雜手術(shù)操作的活體動物實驗,急性血液稀釋技術(shù)可以有效降低術(shù)中實際出血,改善動物術(shù)后貧血,縮短動物復(fù)蘇時間,使動物快速恢復(fù)到術(shù)前狀態(tài),進(jìn)而保證實驗的順利進(jìn)行;同時ANH減輕了實驗動物的痛苦,符合動物實驗倫理學(xué)的要求,操作簡單,費(fèi)用低廉,值得進(jìn)一步推廣。
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Acute normovolemic hemodilution in cryopreserved dog limb replantation
ZHU Ze-Xing1,ZHANG Shu-Ming1,ZHAO Yong-Jun2,F(xiàn)AN Kai-Bin3,QIAO Lin1
(1.Department of Orthopaedics,the Second Artillery General Hospital,BeiJing 100088,China;2.Department of Orthopaedics,Armed Police Medical School affiliated Hospital,Tianjin 300160;3.Department of Orthopaedics,Handan Central Hospital,Handan,Hebei 056001)
Objective To observe the contribution of acute normovolemic hemodilution(ANH)in experiment of cryopreserved dog limb replantation.Methods Sixteen healthy Beagle dogs(male:female=1:1)were divided into two groups.Dogs in the experiment group(Group B)
ANH in the limb replantation,and dogs in the control group(Group A)received the same amount of lactate Ringer’s solution intravenously during the surgical operation.We recorded and compared the hemodynamic indexes,HB,HCT,the resuscitation time,the first rising head time,the first standing time and the first eating and drinking time between the two groups.Results (1)During the operation,both PaO2and PCO2in the two groups were normal,as well as the breathing rate.The heart rate in the group B was lower than that in the group A.Before blood transfusion,there was no statistically significant difference in HB and HCT between the two groups,but after transfusion they were significantly higher in the group B than in the group A.(2)The resuscitation time,the first rising head time,the first standing time and the first eating and drinking time of the group B were all better than those in the group A.Conclusions In cryopreserved dog limb replantation experiments,acute normovolemic hemodilution is helpful to improve the general condition and facilitate the recovery of animals after limb replantation.
Dog;Limb replantation;Cryopreservation;Acute normovolemic hemodilution;Surgery
喬林(1971-),男,研究方向:創(chuàng)傷骨科。qiaolindoc@sohu.com。
R33
A
1671-7856(2015)04-0014-03
10.3969.j.issn.1671.7856.2015.004.003
軍隊“十二五”課題基金《冷凍肢體再植的研究》(編號:08G051)。
朱澤興(1981-),男,研究方向:創(chuàng)傷骨科、顯微外科。E-mail:zzxzxcvbn@163.com。
2015-02-15