傳統(tǒng)和優(yōu)化施氮對春玉米產(chǎn)量、氨揮發(fā)及氮平衡的影響

李欠欠， 李雨繁， 高 強(qiáng)， 李世清， 陳新平， 張福鎖， 劉學(xué)軍*

(1 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京 100193； 2 吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，吉林長春 130118；3 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，陜西楊凌 712100)

傳統(tǒng)和優(yōu)化施氮對春玉米產(chǎn)量、氨揮發(fā)及氮平衡的影響

李欠欠1， 李雨繁2， 高 強(qiáng)2， 李世清3， 陳新平1， 張福鎖1， 劉學(xué)軍1*

(1 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，北京 100193； 2 吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，吉林長春 130118；3 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水土保持研究所，陜西楊凌 712100)

春玉米; 產(chǎn)量; 氮肥利用率；氨揮發(fā); 氮平衡

我國氮肥用量占全球氮肥用量的30%左右[1]。氮肥施入農(nóng)田土壤后，作物吸收利用率普遍低于50%，大部分損失于環(huán)境中，氨揮發(fā)是氮肥損失的重要途徑之一[2-3]。進(jìn)入到大氣中的氨可以沉降方式返回陸地、海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[4]，過量的氨沉降可引起生態(tài)系統(tǒng)酸化、富營養(yǎng)化、降低生物多樣性等一系列問題； 同時，氨作為空氣中二次顆粒物(如PM2.5)來源的重要組成部分，與人體呼吸系統(tǒng)健康也有密切聯(lián)系[5-6]。玉米作為我國的三大糧食作物之一，其種植區(qū)域主要分布于我國華北、東北以及西北。目前針對玉米體系的田間氨揮發(fā)損失已有研究，但主要集中于華北平原[7-10]。針對東北及西北的春玉米體系氨揮發(fā)損失研究很少[11-12]，還需進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)研究。此外，由于技術(shù)及多處理試驗(yàn)小區(qū)面積等限制，微氣象方法(如梯度擴(kuò)散法、質(zhì)量平衡法)對土壤氨揮發(fā)測定在我國進(jìn)行較少[13]。目前國內(nèi)許多氨揮發(fā)研究采用的是簡易密閉箱式法[12]、海綿通氣法[14]等，雖然滿足了小尺度多處理田塊上氨揮發(fā)監(jiān)測，但由于無法考慮自然條件下的風(fēng)速等氣象條件，通常與氨揮發(fā)的實(shí)際排放量有一定差異。為此，本研究參考Pacholski等的研究[15-17]，結(jié)合自然條件下的風(fēng)速等氣象條件，采用校正的德爾格氨管法(簡稱DTM法)對東北、西北春玉米季的田間氨揮發(fā)開展原位測定，評價春玉米體系的土壤氨揮發(fā)通量。此外，通過比較傳統(tǒng)和優(yōu)化施氮條件下土壤氨揮發(fā)通量、春玉米產(chǎn)量以及土壤-春玉米作物系統(tǒng)氮素表觀平衡，以期為春玉米體系氮素優(yōu)化管理、減少氮素?fù)p失及提高氮肥利用率等提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)概況

春玉米田間試驗(yàn)于2011年分別設(shè)在兩個典型的北方春玉米種植區(qū)域，為西北的陜西省長武縣(CW)和東北的吉林省梨樹縣(LS)。長武縣位于黃土高原渭北旱塬，35°12′N，107°47′E，海拔1184 m，屬暖溫帶半濕潤易旱氣候區(qū)，年均氣溫9.1℃，無霜期171 d，土壤類型為黑壚土，2011年春玉米生育期間的降水量為500 mm；東北的吉林省梨樹縣，地處43°18′N，124°20′E，海拔155 m，屬寒溫帶半濕潤大陸性氣候區(qū)，年均氣溫5.8℃，無霜期140 d，土壤類型為黑土，2011年春玉米生育期間的平均降水量為340 mm。兩試驗(yàn)區(qū)的土壤基本理化性狀見表1。

表1 供試土壤(0—20cm)基本理化性狀

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

兩試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)均設(shè)3個施氮處理，為不施氮對照，傳統(tǒng)施氮(施氮量長武點(diǎn)為N 250 kg/hm2，梨樹點(diǎn)為N 300 kg/hm2)和優(yōu)化施氮(兩點(diǎn)均為N 200 kg/hm2)，分別以N0、Ncon、Nopt表示。每處理3次重復(fù)，小區(qū)面積為40 m2，田間完全隨機(jī)排列。兩試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)具體施肥的方法和時間見表2。所有處理磷肥和鉀肥施用量相同，均為P2O560 kg/hm2、鉀肥K2O 60 kg/hm2，在播種時作基肥一次施入。此外，依照長武當(dāng)?shù)氐墓芾矸绞?，所有處理均采用半膜覆蓋技術(shù)，長武點(diǎn)春玉米種植密度為75000 plant/hm2。梨樹點(diǎn)春玉米種植密度為60000 plant/hm2。

玉米品種均為先玉335，春玉米生長季無灌溉，除草、病蟲害防治等田間管理也均采用當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)方式進(jìn)行。

表2 試驗(yàn)期間長武、梨樹點(diǎn)的施肥量與施肥時間

注(Note): 除梨樹點(diǎn)播種期氮肥采用15-15-15氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥外，其他氮肥均采用尿素Except seeding time’s N application at LS site conducted as NPK(15-15-15) compound fertilizer, and all the other treatments conducted as urea.

1.3 德爾格氨管法(DTM)氨揮發(fā)的原位測定方法

圖1 測定氨揮發(fā)的DTM試驗(yàn)裝置示意圖Fig.1 Experimental set-up of DTM for ammonia volatilization

1.4 氨揮發(fā)的計(jì)算方法

DTM氨揮發(fā)原位測定計(jì)算公式為

FNg=V·∣conc.∣·10-6·pNH3·UN·UF·UZ

式中: FNg為氨排放量[N mg/(m2·h)]；V為抽氣的體積(L)；∣conc.∣為氨氣的濃度(μl/L)；pNH3為該溫度氣壓下NH3密度(mg/L)；UN為NH3換算為N的分子量換算因子；UF為表面積換算因子(m2)；UZ為時間換算因子(h)。

經(jīng)過為氣象學(xué)方法校正的DTM氨揮發(fā)的計(jì)算方法為：

冬季 ln(NH3fluxIHF)=0.444·ln(NH3fluxDTM)+0.590·ln(V2m)

夏季 ln(NH3fluxIHF)=0.456·ln(NH3fluxDTM)+0.745·ln(V2m)-0.280·ln(V0.2m)

式中: NH3fluxIHF表示由IHF微氣象法測定的氨揮發(fā)量[N kg/(hm2·h)]；V2m與V0.2m分別表示距地面2 m與0.2 m的風(fēng)速(m/s)；NH3fluxDTM表示 DTM測定的氨揮發(fā)量[N kg/(hm2·h)]。

通過DTM進(jìn)行原位測定，結(jié)合氣象數(shù)據(jù)(以風(fēng)速為主)，校正為微氣象學(xué)(IHF)下的氨揮發(fā)通量。由于該監(jiān)測方法已和IHF微氣象學(xué)法進(jìn)行了校驗(yàn)，所得結(jié)果接近于IHF法，而且具有操作簡便的特點(diǎn)，無需將氨采集后再進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析。 因此該方法在進(jìn)行多個處理的田間氨揮發(fā)測定中具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。有關(guān)此DTM法的詳細(xì)介紹可參考文獻(xiàn)[13,15-17]。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 春玉米產(chǎn)量、吸氮量及氮肥利用率

2.2 春玉米生長季氨揮發(fā)的動態(tài)變化及累積量

表3 不同施肥處理下長武和梨樹點(diǎn)春玉米產(chǎn)量、吸氮量和氮素利用率

注(Note): 籽粒產(chǎn)量是指包括14%含水量的玉米產(chǎn)量，地上生物量是指籽粒、棒芯和秸稈的干物質(zhì)總量The grain yield denotes air dry grain yield with 14% moisture and the shoot biomass refers to total dry matter yield of grain, cobs and straw . 氮素利用率(ANR%)=(施肥區(qū)氮吸收-對照區(qū)氮吸收)/氮肥施用量×100, ANR% =(N uptake in fertilized treatment-N uptake in unfertilized treatment)/N applied in fertilized treatment×100. 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示處理間差異達(dá)5%顯著水平 Values followed by different letters in a column are significant among treatments at the 5% level.

圖2 追肥期長武(a)和梨樹(b)春玉米田間氨揮發(fā)動態(tài)Fig.2 Rate of NH3 losses in Changwu county(a) and Lishu county(b) spring maize field with top-dressing fertilization[注(Note)： 箭頭表示降雨Arrows denote rainfall events.]

圖3 追肥期長武(a)和梨樹(b)春玉米田間氨揮發(fā)累積量Fig.3 Cumulative NH3 losses at Changwu county(a) and Lishu county(b) sites during N top-dressing of spring maize

2.3 春玉米生長季的氮素平衡

3 討論與結(jié)論

3.1 氮肥的玉米產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)與節(jié)氮潛力

3.2 玉米季的氮肥氨揮發(fā)損失特征

表4 不同施肥處理下長武和梨樹春玉米田間氮的表觀平衡

注(Note): 氮礦化=(對照區(qū)吸氮量-播前對照區(qū)0—1 m土壤無機(jī)氮量+收獲后對照區(qū)0—1 m土壤無機(jī)氮?dú)埩袅? N mineralization= N uptake from control-initial 0-1 m soil Nmin in the control + residual 0-1 m soil Nmin in the control

3.3 氮素優(yōu)化對土壤-玉米體系氮素平衡的影響

[1] 中國農(nóng)業(yè)年鑒編輯委員會. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)年鑒[M]. 北京: 中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社, 2004. Editorial Committee of China Agricultural Yearbook. China agricultural yearbook [M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2004.

[2] 朱兆良. 農(nóng)田中氮肥的損失與對策[J]. 土壤與環(huán)境, 2000, 9(1): 1-6. Zhu Z L. Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduction[J]. Soil and Environmental Sciences, 2000, 9(1): 1-6.

[3] Cui S H, Shi Y A, Groffman P Metal. Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China(1910-2010)[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013,110: 2052-2057.

[4] Galloway J N, Townsend A R, Erisman J Wetal. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions[J]. Science, 2008, 320: 888-892.

[5] Liu X J, Duan L, Mo J Metal. Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: An overview[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159: 2251-2264.

[6] Sutton M A, Oenema O, Erisman J Wetal. Too much of a good thing[J]. Nature, 2011, 472: 159-161

[7] 李宗新, 董樹亭, 王空軍, 等. 不同肥料運(yùn)籌對夏玉米田間土壤氮素淋溶與氨揮發(fā)影響的原位研究[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2007, 13(6): 998-1005. Li Z X, Dong S T, Wang K Jetal. In situ study on influence of different fertilization strategies for summer maize on soil nitrogen leaching and volatilization[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(6): 998-1005.

[8] 李貴桐, 李保國, 陳德立. 大面積冬小麥夏玉米農(nóng)田土壤的氨揮發(fā)[J]. 華北農(nóng)學(xué)報, 2002,17(1): 76-81. Li G T, Li B G, Chen D L. Ammonia volatilization from large field planted with winter wheat and summer maize[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2002, 17(1): 76-81.

[9] 蘇芳, 丁新泉, 高志嶺, 等. 華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系氮肥的氨揮發(fā)[J]. 中國環(huán)境科學(xué), 2007, 27(3): 409-413. Su F, Ding X Q, Gao Z Letal. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain[J]. China Environmental Science, 2007, 27(3): 409-413.

[10] 張玉銘, 胡春勝, 董文旭. 華北太行山前平原農(nóng)田氨揮發(fā)損失[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2005, 11(3): 417-419. Zhang Y M, Hu C S, Dong W X. Ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation field in the piedmont of Taihang[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2005, 11(3): 417-419.

[11] 紀(jì)玉剛, 孫靜文, 周衛(wèi), 等. 東北黑土玉米單作體系氨揮發(fā)特征研究[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2009, 15(5): 1044-1050. Ji Y G, Sun J W, Zhou Weietal. In situ study of ammonia volatilization from black soil with maize monoculture system[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009, 15(5): 1044-1050.

[12] 王連君, 劉中軍, 王繼紅. 黒土玉米農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)氮磷配施氨揮發(fā)規(guī)律[J]. 東北林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2009, 37(7): 87-90. Wang L J, Liu Z J, Wang J H. Ammonia volatilization of corn farm land ecosystem under various proportions of nitrogen and phosphorus in black soil[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2009, 37(7): 87-90.

[13] Roelcke M, Li S X, Tian X Hetal. In situ comparisons of ammonia volatilization from N fertilizers in Chinese loess soils[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2002, 62: 73-88.

[14] 王朝輝, 劉學(xué)軍, 巨曉棠, 張福鎖. 田間土壤氨揮發(fā)的原位測定-通氣法[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2002, 8(2): 205-209. Wang Z H, Liu X J, Ju X T, Zhang F S. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil: Venting method[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2002, 8(2): 205-209.

[15] Pacholski A, Cai G X, Fan X Hetal. Comparison of different methods for the measurement of ammonia volatilization after urea application in Henan Province, China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2008, 171: 361-369.

[16] Pacholski A, Cai G X, Nieder Retal. Calibration of a simple method for determining ammonia volatilization in the field-comparative measurements in Henan Province, China[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2006, 74: 259-273.

[17] Gericke D, Pacholski A, Kage H. Measurement of ammonia emissions in multi-plot field experiments[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2011, 108: 164-173.

[18] Liu X J, Ju X T, Zhang F Setal. Nitrogen dynamics and budgets in a winter wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain[J]. Field Crops Research, 2003, 83: 111-124.

[19] Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X Petal. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106: 3041-3046.

[20] 李建奇. 地膜覆蓋對春玉米產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響機(jī)理研究[J]. 玉米科學(xué), 2008, 16(5): 87-92, 97. Li J Q. The mechanism study of the influences of plastics film mulch on grain yield and seed quality of spring maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2008, 16(5): 87-92, 97.

[21] 宋淑亞, 劉文兆, 王俊, 等. 覆蓋方式對玉米農(nóng)田土壤水分、作物產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的影響[J]. 水土保持研究, 2012, 19(2): 210-217. Song S Y, Liu W Z, Wang Jetal. Effects of different mulching modes on soil moisture, grain yield and water use efficiency in a corn fields[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 19(2): 210-217.

[22] Sanz-Cobena A, Misselbrook T, Camp V, Vallejo A. Effect of water addition and the urease inhibitor NBPT on the abatement of ammonia emission from surface applied urea[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45: 1517-1524.

[23] 高強(qiáng), 蔡紅光, 黃立華, 等. 吉林省半干旱地區(qū)春玉米連作體系氮素平衡研究[J]. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版), 2009, 37(8): 127-132. Gao Q, Cai H G, Huang L Hetal. Study on soil nitrogen balance of spring maize continuous cropping in semi-arid area of Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Northwest A & F University(Natural Science Edition), 2009, 37(8): 127-132.

[24] 蔡紅光, 米國華, 陳范駿, 等. 東北春玉米連作體系中土壤氮礦化、殘留特征及氮素平衡[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報, 2010, 16(5): 1144-1152. Cai H G, Mi G H, Chen F Jetal. Characteristics of nitrogen mineralization and residual in the soil and nitrogen balance in the continuous spring maize cultivation system in Northeast China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 16(5): 1144-1152.

Effect of conventional and optimized nitrogen fertilization on spring maize yield, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance in soil-maize system

LI Qian-qian1, LI Yu-fan2, GAO Qiang2, LI Shi-qing2, CHEN Xin-ping1, ZHANG Fu-suo1, LIU Xue-jun1*

(1CollegeofResourceandEnvironmentScience,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China;2CollegeofResourceandEnvironmentScience,JilinAgriculturalUniversity,Changchun130118,China;3InstituteofSoilandWaterConservation,NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling712100,China))

【Objectives】 Two field experiments were conducted in spring maize at Changwu county(CW) of Shaanxi province and Lishu county(LS) of Jinlin province, to compare the effects of optimized and conventional N fertilization on crop yield, NH3volatilization, and N balance in soil-spring maize system. The objective of the paper was to quantify the N saving potential and NH3mitigation potential in spring maize under optimization N fertilization. 【Methods】 NH3volatilization was monitoredinsituwith a Dr?ger-Tube Method(DTM), which was corrected by a micrometeorological flux method in previous work. Three N treatments: CK(no N application), Ncon(conventional N fertilizer, N 250 kg/hm2at CW and N 300 kg/hm2at LS) and Nopt(optimized N fertilization, N 200 kg/hm2), were designed at the two sites. 【Results】 Except CK treatment(7.9 t/hm2at CW and 3.8 t/hm2at LS), no significant difference of maize yield between Ncon and Nopt was found at both sites(10.6-10.8 t/hm2at CW and 9.5-9.6 t/hm2at LS). In contrast, apparent N recovery was significantly higher in Nopt(44.3%-44.5%) than in Ncon(33.6%-36.4%). Compared with Ncon, apparent N recovery increased by 8.1 percentage points and 10.7 percentage points in Nopt at CW and LS, respectively. No obvious NH3loss was detected during the basal fertilization period with uniformly incorporated fertilizer into soil, combined with later precipitation at both sites. However substantial NH3volatilization, accounting for 16%-22% of N applied, was found at the two sites during N top-dressing period. Reduced N application of N 30 kg/hm2(CW) and N 100 kg/hm2(LS) could significantly reduce NH3volatilization(N 8 kg/hm2at CW and N 15 kg/hm2at LS). Calculated N balance results showed regional difference for N surplus and apparent N loss between CW and LS sites. For apparent N mineralization, N 97 kg/hm2was observed at CW site, while only N 16 kg/hm2at LS site. The Nopt significantly decreased N surplus N 48-88 kg/hm2compared with Ncon. At CW, about 46% of N surplus was as 0-1 m residual soil N, and 54% of N surplus lost to environment, and NH3volatilization accounted for 15%-30% of total N loss. At LS, about 65% N surplus existed as 0-1 m residual soil N, 35% of N surplus lost to environment, and NH3volatilization accounted for 54%-75% of total N loss. Nearly N 140 kg/hm2of residual soil N in Ncon treatment at LS, while parts of residual soil N may be lost due to N leaching and/or nitrification/denitrification. Compared with Ncon, the Nopt treatment significantly decreased N 30-40 kg/hm2of N loss. The N loss results also showed large amounts of N unaccounted for(other N loss) was not NH3loss but a considerable amount of N leaching, and/or denitrification. 【Conclusions】 Out results reveal that there is a N saving potential of N 50-100 kg/hm2or 20%-33% of conventional N rate in major spring maize production area of China without yield loss but significant less N loss to the environment.

spring maize; grain yield; N recovery; ammonia volatilization; apparent N balance

2014-02-17 接受日期： 2014-05-09

國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41071151) 資助。

李欠欠 (1984—)， 女， 江蘇徐州人， 博士研究生， 主要從事植物營養(yǎng)與肥料方面的研究。E-mail: cute_lq@163.com * 通信作者 E-mail: liu310@cau.edu.cn

S513.062； S153.6+1

A

1008-505X(2015)03-0571-09