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      名詞性從句考點(diǎn)剖析與精練

      2015-07-10 03:03:13馬國民
      試題與研究·高考英語 2015年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:分析題同位語空白處

      馬國民

      名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,是歷年來高考頻繁考查的重要考點(diǎn)之一,而且考查的角度越來越靈活。在高考備考中,對名詞性從句展開復(fù)習(xí)時,需要在全面復(fù)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上,科學(xué)部署,重點(diǎn)突出,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)針對性和實效性。

      一、考點(diǎn)剖析

      在語法填空這一高考題型中,涉及名詞性從句的考查是沒有提示詞的,做題時需要把名詞性從句的相關(guān)知識與題干緊密結(jié)合起來,才能確定空白處使用哪一個詞引導(dǎo)。

      1.考查賓語從句

      【典例1】I didnt understand this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.(2014年廣東卷)

      解析:分析題干可知,understand之后接的是賓語從句,且空白處在從句中做狀語,由此結(jié)合語境“我不理解為什么這種事情會發(fā)生”可知,應(yīng)填why。

      【典例2】The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered the boy would do.(2012年廣東卷)

      解析:在題干中,wondered之后接的是賓語從句,且空白處在從句中做do的賓語,由此結(jié)合語境“其他所有學(xué)生想知道那個男孩會做什么”可知應(yīng)填what。

      【知識延伸】賓語從句往往位于動詞、介詞或某些形容詞之后,其常用句式有:①主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語從句;②主語 + 及物動詞 + 間接賓語 + 賓語從句;③主語 + 動詞短語 + 賓語從句;④主語 + be + 形容詞 + 賓語從句。此外,it充當(dāng)形式賓語,而真正的賓語為賓語從句,常用句式有:

      ①主語 + think/ believe/ make/ find/ consider/ feel + it + [WTBX]adj./ n[WTBZ]. + 賓語從句

      ②主語 + enjoy/ hate/ love/ like/ dislike/ appreciate/ prefer + it + 賓語從句

      ③主語 + see to/ look to/ insist on/ stick to/ depend on/ answer for + it + 賓語從句

      ④主語 + 動詞 + it + 介詞短語 + 賓語從句(如take it for granted that…想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為;bring it to ones attention that…引起某人注意的是;owe it to sb. that…把……歸功于)

      2.考查主語從句

      【典例1】Perhaps my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. (2014年上海卷)

      解析:分析題干可知,“ my mother had told me”為主語從句,空白處在從句中做直接賓語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故填what。

      【典例2】 the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.(2014年陜西卷)

      解析:分析題干的句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,depends之前是主語從句,且空白處在從句中做時間狀語,故填when。

      【知識延伸】主語從句常位于謂語動詞之前,但是有時為了保持句子平衡,會使用it做為形式主語,而把真正的主語從句放在后面,常見的有:

      ①It + be + 名詞 + 主語從句(如It is a fact/ pity/ shame / surprise that…;It is no wonder that…)

      ②It + be + 形容詞 + 主語從句(如It is clear/ important/ necessary/ obvious/ possible/ strange that…;It is known to all that…)

      ③It + be + 過去分詞 + 主語從句(如It is believed/ reported/ said/ suggested/ thought that…)

      ④It + 不及物動詞 + 主語從句(如It happens that…;It occurred to sb. that…;It doesnt matter how/ whether/ what…)

      3.考查表語從句

      【典例1】The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal. (2014年北京卷)

      解析:分析題干可知,was之后是表語從句,且空白處在從句中做時間狀語,故填when。

      【典例2】As John Lennon once said, life is happens to you while you are busy making other plans.(2014年湖南卷)

      解析:在題干中,is之后是表語從句,從句中缺少主語,且指的是內(nèi)容,因此應(yīng)使用what引導(dǎo)表語從句。

      【知識延伸】表語從句指的是在句中做表語的從句,常位于系動詞之后,其常用句式有:

      ①主語 + be 動詞 + 表語從句

      ②主語 + appear/ look/ remain/ seem/ smell/ taste + 表語從句

      4.考查同位語從句endprint

      【典例1】One day, he came up with an idea he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.

      解析:idea之后的句子對其解釋說明,即idea之后的部分為同位語從句,且從句中不缺少句子成分,句意完整,故填that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

      【典例2】Evidence has been found through years of study childrens early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up.

      解析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,study之后是主語Evidence的具體內(nèi)容,即同位語從句,從句的句意完整,且不缺少成分,故填that。

      【知識延伸】同位語從句常位于某些名詞之后,其引導(dǎo)詞最常用的是that。常接同位語從句的名詞有:belief,chance,conclusion,demand,desire,discovery,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,fear,feeling,hope,idea,news,notice,possibility,problem,promise, report,reply,request,sign,statement,theory,thought,truth,view,warning,wish,word

      為保持句子平衡,主語的同位語從句往往不緊跟其后,而是放在后面,從而形成了分隔式同位語從句,而做賓語或表語的名詞與其同位語從句之間有插入語、狀語或后置定語等修飾成分時,也會形成分隔式同位語從句。例如:

      Danby left word with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. Danby給我的秘書留言,他下午會再打電話的。

      二、備考建議

      名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞包括連詞that,if,whether;連接代詞what,which,whom,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whosever等;連接副詞when,where,why,how等。在復(fù)習(xí)備考中,一方面應(yīng)該掌握好賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句這四種名詞性從句的特征與用法,另一方面應(yīng)靈活掌握好連接詞的種類及其用法。同時還需要強(qiáng)化這方面的專題訓(xùn)練,進(jìn)一步提高自己的應(yīng)用能力。

      三、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

      (一)單句語法填空

      1. Pick yourself up. Courage is doing youre afraid to do.

      2. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “Thats I was born.”

      3. I think impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.

      4. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is my mother used to tell me.

      5. It is difficult for us to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world.

      6. I have no idea Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday and thats one of his favorite universities.

      7. Exactly the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.

      8. It remains to be seen the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice.

      9. Do not let any failures discourage you, for you can never tell close you may be to victory.

      10. one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.

      11. Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue.

      12. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

      13. We promise attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.

      14. struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son.

      15. Experts believe people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.endprint

      16. Over the next several months, my professor taught me one story was so much better than the other.

      17. For one thing, parents have time to think about they want to say before they write.

      18. There is clear evidence the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.

      19. makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.

      20. Its good to know the dogs will be well cared for while were away.

      21. you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.

      22. From space, the earth looks blue. This is about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water.

      23. Scientists study human brains work to make computers.

      24. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose suits you best.

      25.It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.

      26.Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter you have lived there for a short or a long time.

      27.It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.

      28.Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt he could have expressed it differently.

      29. Mom called me yesterday, asking me I was getting along with the exam.

      30.I made a promise to myself this year, my first year in high school, would be different.

      (二)語法填空綜合訓(xùn)練

      Many students may feel 1 (stress) because of their parents. Most parents have good intentions, 2 some of them arent very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in 3 (adjust) to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their childrens 4 (difficulty).

      For one thing, parents are often not aware of the kinds of problems their children face. They dont realize that the 5 (compete) is stronger, that the required standards of work are 6 (high), and that their children may not be prepared for 7 change. They may be upset by their childrens poor grades. At their kindest, they may 8 (gentle) ask why John or Mary isnt doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. At their worst, they may threaten 9 (take) their children out of college or cut off living expenses.

      Sometimes parents think it right and natural that they determine 10 their children do with their lives. They forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way.

      參考答案與解析:endprint

      (一)單句語法填空

      1.what。在題干中,doing之后跟的是賓語從句,空白處在從句中做do的賓語,且指的是具體內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

      2.where。在題干中,Thats之后是表語從句,空白處在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語,故應(yīng)填where。

      3.what。句意為:關(guān)于他的畫我認(rèn)為給我留下深刻印象的是他所使用的顏色。“ impresses me about his painting”為主語從句,空白處在從句中做主語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)。

      4.what。在題干中,is之后為表語從句,空白處在從句中做tell的直接賓語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)表語從句。

      5.what。動詞imagine之后為賓語從句,由此結(jié)合句式“What + be + sb./ sth. like?”可知,應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

      6. why。句意為:我不知道為什么Mike拒絕了耶魯大學(xué)的錄取,那是他最喜歡的大學(xué)之一。分析題干可知,idea之后是其具體內(nèi)容,即同位語從句,空白處在從句中做原因狀語,故應(yīng)用why引導(dǎo)。

      7.when。句意為:土豆確切是在何時被引進(jìn)歐洲的還不確定,大約在1565年左右。在題干中,“ the potato was introduced into Europe”為主語從句,空白處在從句中做時間狀語,由此結(jié)合語境可知,應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)。

      8. whether。句意為:新成立的委員會的政策是否能夠付諸實踐,還需拭目以待。在題干中,it是形式主語,真正的主語為空后的主語從句,由此結(jié)合語境可知應(yīng)填whether。

      [JP+1]

      9. how。分析題干可知,tell之后為賓語從句,由此結(jié)合感嘆句的句式“how + 形容詞或副詞 + 主謂”可知,應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。[JP]

      10. Whichever。句意為:你們當(dāng)中無論哪個人弄壞窗戶都得賠償??瞻滋幵趶木渲凶鰋ne的定語,由此結(jié)合語境可知應(yīng)填Whichever。

      11. what。在題干中,動詞found之后為賓語從句,空白處在從句中做主語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)。

      12. that。分析題干可知,belief之后的部分是其具體內(nèi)容,即同位語從句,從句中不缺少成分,而且句意完整,故應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)。

      13. whoever。句意為:我們承諾無論誰參加聚會,都有機(jī)會與影星合影。在題干中,promise之后為賓語從句,空白處在從句中做主語,由此結(jié)合語境可知應(yīng)填whoever。

      14. What。分析題干的句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,was之前為主語從句,在從句中缺少主語,且指的是事物,故填what。

      15. that。分析題干可知,believe之后接的是賓語從句,從句中不缺少句子成分,且句意完整,故應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)。

      16. why。在題干中,me之后是賓語從句,由此結(jié)合語境“為什么一個故事比另一個好得多”可知,空白處在從句中做原因狀語,故填why。

      17. what。分析題干可知,about之后為賓語從句,且空白處在從句中做say的賓語,由此結(jié)合語境可知,應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

      18.that。在題干中,evidence之后是其具體內(nèi)容,即同位語從句,從句句意完整,且不缺少句子充分,故應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

      19.What。句意為:使這本書如此不同尋常的是作者富于創(chuàng)造的想象力。在題干中,is之前為主語從句,空白處在從句中做主語且指的是內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)用What引導(dǎo)。

      20. that。動詞know之后為賓語從句,從句中不缺少句子成分,且句意完整,故應(yīng)填that。

      21. What。在題干中,describes之前為主語從句,空白處在從句中做said的賓語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故填What。

      22.because。在題干中,is之后為表語從句,空白處在從句中做狀語,由此結(jié)合語境“這是因為其表面的71%被水覆蓋”可知應(yīng)填because。

      23. how。分析題干可知,study之后為賓語從句,空白處在從句中做方式狀語,故應(yīng)填how。

      24.whichever。在題干中,choose之后為賓語從句,空白處在從句中做主語,由此結(jié)合語境可知應(yīng)填whichever。

      25.whether。在題干中,it為形式主語,真正的主語為discussion之后的主語從句,根據(jù)空后的or not及語境可知,應(yīng)填whether。

      26.whether。分析題干可知,It為形式主語,真正的主語是matter之后的主語從句,由此結(jié)合語境和句式whether…or可知應(yīng)填whether。

      [JP+1]

      27.what。分析題干可知,It為形式主語,真正的主語是clear之后的主語從句,空白處在從句中做do的賓語,且指的是內(nèi)容,故填what。[JP]

      28.that。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,felt之后為賓語從句,從句中不缺少句子成分,且句意完整,故應(yīng)使用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

      29.how。在題干中,人稱代詞me之后為賓語從句,空白處在從句中做方式主語,故應(yīng)用how做為賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

      30.that。在題干中,myself之后為promise的具體內(nèi)容,即同位語從句,從句中句意完整,且不缺少句子成分,故應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)。

      (二)語法填空綜合訓(xùn)練

      【文章導(dǎo)讀】父母的期望值過高,方法不當(dāng),使許多學(xué)生感到壓力很大,殊不知每個人都有不同的發(fā)展方式。

      1.stressed??疾樾稳菰~??瞻滋幵诰渲凶霰碚Z,故提示詞的過去分詞與題意相符(分詞形容詞化,意為“有壓力的,緊張的”)。

      2.but??疾椴⒘羞B詞??瞻滋幥昂笫莾蓚€并列的句子,且空白處表示轉(zhuǎn)折,故應(yīng)填but。

      3.adjusting。考查非謂語動詞。介詞之后應(yīng)該接動名詞做賓語,故空白處填提示詞的動名詞形式。

      4.difficulties??疾槊~。根據(jù)空前的定語childrens和語境可知,difficulty為可數(shù)名詞,空白處應(yīng)填提示詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

      5.competition??疾槊~??瞻滋幵诰渲凶鲋髡Z,故空白處填提示詞的名詞形式。

      6.higher??疾樾稳菰~。根據(jù)語境可知,空白處在句中暗含了一種比較的語氣,故空白處填寫提示詞的比較級形式。

      7.the。考查冠詞??瞻滋幹蟮腸hange是名詞,在句中表示特指,故應(yīng)填定冠詞。

      8.gently??疾楦痹~??瞻滋幵诰渲凶鰻钫Z,故提示詞的副詞形式與題意相符。

      9.to take??疾榉侵^語動詞。threaten之后應(yīng)該接不定式做賓語,故空白處填to take。

      10.what??疾橘e語從句。determine之后接的是賓語從句,而動詞短語do with常與what搭配,故空白處填what。endprint

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