張 麗

（寧夏回族自治區(qū)六盤山高級中學(xué)）

高考英語短文改錯(cuò)題一直是學(xué)生感到棘手的題型之一。本文著重對高考英語短文改錯(cuò)題的題型特點(diǎn)以及錯(cuò)誤類型做分析、歸納和總結(jié)，進(jìn)而總結(jié)解題方法，幫助考生更好地應(yīng)對高考英語短文改錯(cuò)題。

一、短文改錯(cuò)題的題型特點(diǎn)及考查能力

高考英語短文改錯(cuò)題以篇章為單位，要求考生有較強(qiáng)的閱讀理解能力，考生必須擺脫孤立片面的思維定式，以一種連貫的思路、整體的眼光去適應(yīng)這一題型。高考短文改錯(cuò)題重在測試學(xué)生判斷、發(fā)現(xiàn)、糾正語篇中語言錯(cuò)誤的能力；考查學(xué)生在語篇中對于語言的觀察能力、評價(jià)能力以及綜合運(yùn)用英語的準(zhǔn)確性能力。

二、短文改錯(cuò)命題規(guī)律及考點(diǎn)分布

縱觀近5 年英語高考真題，短文改錯(cuò)的體裁以記敘文為主，字?jǐn)?shù)在120 字左右，內(nèi)容往往與學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活相關(guān)，錯(cuò)誤類型有多詞、少詞不多于3 處，近幾年呈現(xiàn)多詞1 處、少詞1 處、錯(cuò)詞8 處的趨勢?？键c(diǎn)主要涵蓋了名詞、動詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、代詞、形容詞、副詞連詞、冠詞、非謂語動詞、介詞。

三、短文改錯(cuò)的錯(cuò)誤類型

1.名詞：名詞數(shù)的誤用

e.g. One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.（2015 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

Since then-for all these year，we...（2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

He was tall，with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from ...（2013 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.（2012 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. （2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

總結(jié)歸納：

高中階段常見不可數(shù)名詞：（1）各種物質(zhì)的統(tǒng)稱：water，paper，oil，bread，money，etc.（2）抽象名詞：advice，beauty，knowledge，help，etc.（3）需要特別記憶的單詞：luggage，baggage，damage，advice，information，progress，furniture，equipment，news.

2.動詞：時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的誤用

e.g.Tony was scared and begun to cry.（2015 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）Since then...，we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.（2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

I was only four when she passes away.（2013 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father...（2012 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.（2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

They were looked like rain.（2014 陜西卷）

總結(jié)歸納：

不能用被動語態(tài)的動詞及動詞短語：cost，fit，suit，benefit，lack，happen to do sth，last，spread，belong to，break out，run out，go out，shut off，take place，work out，lose heart，consist of.

3.非謂語動詞：（1）doing，done 和to do 的混用。（2）謂語動詞和非謂語動詞的混用

e.g.After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around...（2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.（2013 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.（2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

總結(jié)歸納：

（1）常見做狀語的固定結(jié)構(gòu)：Judging from；generally honestlystrictlyfrankly speaking;considering that（考慮到……），supposingproviding（that）（假如……）；seeing that…（即然，由于……）；thinking that（想到）to tell you the truth; to make things worse; to begin with（首先）。

（2）常見表狀態(tài)現(xiàn)象的動詞過去分詞

be seated；be expected to do something; be linked connected to;be concerned with aboutfor; be supposed to do something; be determined to do something; be lost; be devoted to; be exposed to; be prepared to dofor

4.代詞：（1）前后指代是否一致。（2）不定代詞和反身代詞的誤用。（3）形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的誤用。（3）關(guān)系代詞which，that，as，who。（4）what 和that 的區(qū)別。

e.g.Five minutes later，Tony saw（his）parents.（2015 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

He had a deep voice，which set himself apart from others in our small town...（2013 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake（2013 陜西卷）

總結(jié)歸納：

常見含oneself 的短語：come to oneself 蘇醒過來；devote oneself to 致力于；獻(xiàn)身于；dress oneself 穿衣服；enjoy oneself 玩得快樂；help oneself to 隨便吃；隨便用；擅自拿；make oneself at home 不要拘束；make oneself understood 讓別人理解自己；say to oneself 心里想；seat oneself 坐下；talk to oneself 自言自語；teach oneself 自學(xué)；by oneself 單獨(dú)地；for oneself 為自己；of oneself 自動地；to oneself 獨(dú)自享用。

5.連詞：關(guān)聯(lián)詞、平衡結(jié)構(gòu)、行文邏輯的誤用

e.g. After...，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.（2015 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

Although we...，but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.（2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

He even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.（2013 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

But before long they began to see which was happening.（2012 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor...（2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

歸納總結(jié)：

不能連用的連詞：because...so...，although...but...（但although可以和yet，still 連用）

6.形容詞與副詞：混用、比較等級的誤用

e.g.Dad and I were terrible worried.（2015 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.（2014 新課標(biāo)全國卷I）

I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.（2012 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

I was going to visit a friend here and after that I would go to Xiamen...（2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷）

歸納總結(jié)：

四、短文改錯(cuò)解題步驟

1.通讀全文，了解大意

2.先易后難，縮小范圍

3.把握文意，逐句判斷

4.再次通讀，復(fù)查驗(yàn)證

五、短文改錯(cuò)解題原則

1.錯(cuò)誤以改動最少為原則

2.虛詞以添加或刪除為原則

3.實(shí)詞以改變形式為原則

4.原意以堅(jiān)持不變?yōu)樵瓌t

總之，考生在答短文改錯(cuò)題目時(shí)，如果能有意識地去判斷錯(cuò)誤位置及通過錯(cuò)誤類型歸納來幫助分析錯(cuò)誤，將會起到事半功倍的效果。