徐穎
[易錯
點1] [非謂語動詞作定語(現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞混淆)]
例1 ?(2015年高考新課標Ⅱ卷) The adobe dwellings (土坯房) ? ? ?(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
解析 ?built。本句主語為the adobe dwellings,謂語是are admired,故空處不需要謂語動詞。這里用過去分詞作定語表示一個被動的、已完成的動作。
例2 ?(2015年高考新課標Ⅰ卷) Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ? ? ? (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析 ?living。live與people之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動形式作后置定語。
分析 ?例1容易錯在搞不清楚主被動關(guān)系,寫成現(xiàn)在分詞building,或者寫成不定式的形式如to be built等。
點撥 ?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動與進行;過去分詞表示被動與完成;不定式常表示將來。可以用簡單的例子理清非謂語動詞作定語的區(qū)別。如:
The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(正在修建的)
The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(己經(jīng)修建了的)
The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(將要修建的)
[易錯
點2] [非謂語動詞作主語(不定式和動名詞混淆)]
例3 ?(2014年高考新課標Ⅰ卷) It took years of work ? ? ? (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析 ?to reduce。句型為it took ... to do sth.,it作形式主語,真正的主語是to reduce industrial pollution and clean the water。
例4 ?(2013年高考新課標Ⅱ卷)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.
解析 ?Have—Having。having tea在這里是動名詞短語作主語。
分析 ?例1容易錯在未能看出it作形式主語;例2容易錯在由于句子主語太長,修飾成分太多,發(fā)現(xiàn)不了動名詞作主語。
點撥 ?1. 不定式作主語一般指具體的一次行為或?qū)淼膭幼?而動名詞作主語一般屬于抽象的泛指概念,強調(diào)事物本身。如:
To be invited to the palace hall would be exciting.
Being invited to the palace made her very excited.
2. 不定式和動名詞二者都存在it 作形式主語的情況,要爛熟于心。
不定式:
It is good manners to do sth.
It is difficult/important/impossible for sb. to do sth.
It is nice/wise/stupid of sb. to do sth.
It takes sb some time to do sth.
動名詞:
It is no use doing sth.
It is a waste of time doing sth.
[易錯
點3] [非謂動詞作賓語(介詞和動詞后的動名詞)]
例5 ?(2015高考新課標Ⅱ卷) After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing.
解析 ?looks—looking。動名詞作介詞after的賓語。
例6 ?(2014年新課標Ⅱ卷) Still, the boy kept ? ? ? (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
解析 ?riding。keep doing表示繼續(xù)做某事。
例7 The wildest trip for a free flyer is falling “head down”. Falling “head down” requires a great deal of control, which means ? ? ? (travel) not only fast but also steadily.
解析 ?traveling。mean doing表示“意味著……”。
分析 ?例5可歸為介詞后的動名詞作賓語。同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e在于沒有識別介詞after,不知道介詞后面跟名詞或動名詞作賓語的用法。
例6和例7可歸為動詞后的動名詞作賓語。錯處在于對常見動詞接動名詞作賓語的搭配沒有概念,或者和接不定式的動詞混淆。比如keep后接了to ride, mean后面接了to do(表達的是“打算做”,而非“意味著”)。
點撥 ?1. 總結(jié)介詞及介詞短語:about,without,of,on,look forward to,be used to(習(xí)慣于),apologize for,have difficulty in,be busy in,object to等等。
2. 總結(jié)歸納以下三類動詞和動詞短語:
只接不定式作賓語的: decide,determine,want,hope,pretend,choose,plan,afford,happen等。
只接動名詞作賓語的:admit,allow,dislike,enjoy,avoid,consider,delay,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practice,risk,resist,suggest,suffer,cant help(情不自禁),give up,feel like,keep on,get down to,lead to,see to等。
要能分清接動名詞或不定式作賓語時意義的區(qū)別。如:
forget/remember/regret to do
忘記/記住/后悔去做某事
forget/remember/regret doing
忘記/記得/后悔已經(jīng)做過某事
[易錯
點4] [非謂語動詞作狀語(不定式與分詞混淆)]
例8 ?(2015年高考新課標Ⅱ卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ? ? ? (cool) the house during the hot day ...
解析 ? to cool。be adj. enough to do sth.表示“……到足以……”,不定式短語作結(jié)果狀語。
例9 ?Recently a survey has been done find out the reading interests of senior middle school students.
解析 ?find out前加to。這里是不定式作目的狀語。
例10 ?A boy trembled in the cold winter,
(wrap) his arms around himself on a bus stop bench.
解析 ?wrapping。句子已有謂語動詞trembled,且空前沒有連詞,所以要填非謂語動詞。wrap與邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞wrap作伴隨狀語。
分析 ?對不定式、分詞作狀語沒有概念,將它們相互混淆。
點撥 ?非謂語作狀語要把握大原則,用典型例子幫助區(qū)分:
1. 不定式作狀語表示目的/結(jié)果/原因等。
He got up very early in order not to be late. ?(表示目的)
He work up only to find himself in hospital. ?(only to do表示意料之外的結(jié)果)
We were very excited to hear the news. (表示原因)
2. 非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語,通常用分詞:與邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;與邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。
Whistling the merry tune, Jack fixed the tire.
Looked at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.
[易錯
點5] [非謂語動詞作表語、作賓語補足語(過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式混淆)]
例11 ?(2014年高考新課標Ⅱ卷) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ? ? ? (disappoint).
解析 ?disappointed。look disappointed是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示“看起來失望”。
例12 ?However, what still makes me puzzling is how to make my dream to go to the top university come true.
解析 ?puzzling—puzzled。表示“感到困惑的”應(yīng)用puzzled,表示“令人困惑的”用puzzling。
例13 ?To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missed.
解析 ?missed—missing。missing在此處意為“不見了”,等同于gone,作賓語補足語。而missed意為“錯過了的”,在此處詞意不符。
例14 ?Our goal is ? ? ?(meet) the internationally agreed targets for water and sanitation by 2015, and to build the foundation for further progress in the years beyond.
解析 ?to meet。此處to meet作is的表語。
分析 ?例11中把disappointed寫成disappointing, 例12中puzzling未能識別出錯誤,例13也沒改出來。原因在于對形容詞化的過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的詞義理解不清。
點撥 ?例11、12、13表面上考分詞,實際上是考形容詞。表示感覺、狀態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語時,現(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人……的”,指主語或被修飾的詞給人的感覺;過去分詞表示”感到……”,指主語或被修飾的詞本身的感覺。
2. 熟悉某些特定的名詞,如wish, hope, goal, purpose, aim, dream, plan等詞作主語,用不定式作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容,常表示將來的行為。如:
Our dream is to find an ideal job in a big company.
[易錯
點5] [非謂語動詞作表語、作賓語補足語(過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式混淆)] [易錯
點6] [非謂語動詞作賓語補足語(不定式、過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞混淆)]
例15 ?(2012年高考全國卷Ⅰ) Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys to last.
解析 ?刪掉last前的to。make sb. do sth.里的make意為“使”,其后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。
例16 ? As we started to go out, I turned around and saw them all ? ? ? (watch) us.
解析 ?watching。see sb doing意為“看見某人在做某事”。
例17 ? Several years ago, in one place of interest, I saw rubbish throwing away everywhere, such as waste paper, plastic bags.
解析 ?throwing—thrown。see sth. done的意思是“看見……被……”,此處垃圾被丟,所以應(yīng)填throw的過去分詞thrown作賓語補足語。
分析 ?例15容易錯在不知道m(xù)ake/let/have sb. do sth.這一結(jié)構(gòu),沒有看出來句中多了一個to;例17容易錯在對see sb do/doing/done不能區(qū)分,辨別不了其中的差異,做題全憑感覺。
點撥 ?1. 非謂語動詞作賓語補足語時:不定式表示動作全過程;現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或進行;過去分詞表示被動或完成。例如:
We heard her often sing next door. (主動,完成)
We heard her singing next door. (主動,進行)
We heard the song sung by her next door. (被動,完成)
We heard the song being sung next door. (被動,進行)
2. 對常見非謂語作賓語補足語的詞,做到心中有數(shù)。
在“四看”(see,look at,watch,notice),“二聽”(hear,listen to),“一感覺”(feel)以及使役動詞(1et,make,have)后用動詞不定式作賓語補足語時,通常省略to。又如如keep后既可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語,也可接過去分詞作賓語補足語;help后可接帶to的不定式或不帶to的不定式做賓語補足語; leave,find,get,feel,have等詞后不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可做賓語補足語。
綜合看來,非謂語動詞在新課標卷的考點非?;A(chǔ),近幾年的考試都沒有出現(xiàn)太難的題,主要考查同學(xué)們對非謂語動詞基本概念、非謂語動詞的形式、常見非謂語動詞語法功能的區(qū)分、常見句型和固定搭配的掌握。對做題中出現(xiàn)的易錯點的整理歸納有助于減少不必要的丟分,加深對考點的認識。