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      雙磷酸鹽在實(shí)體腫瘤中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展△

      2015-12-16 12:17:37王小林綜述侯建全審校
      癌癥進(jìn)展 2015年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:磷酸鹽腎癌生存期

      王小林 綜述 侯建全 審校

      1南通市腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 南通 226361

      2蘇州大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 蘇州 215006

      雙磷酸鹽在實(shí)體腫瘤中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展△

      王小林1綜述 侯建全2#審校

      1南通市腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 南通 226361

      2蘇州大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 蘇州 215006

      雙磷酸鹽是惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移治療中被廣泛應(yīng)用的藥物。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明雙磷酸鹽對(duì)乳腺癌、肺癌、腎癌、黑色素瘤、結(jié)腸癌、胰腺癌有直接或間接抗腫瘤作用。臨床研究顯示雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合內(nèi)分泌治療或細(xì)胞毒性藥物治療可對(duì)乳腺癌起協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用,但對(duì)絕經(jīng)期女性使用雙磷酸鹽預(yù)防乳腺癌尚存在爭(zhēng)議。去勢(shì)抵抗前列腺癌患者使用雙磷酸鹽可減少骨相關(guān)事件(skeletal-related events,SRE)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但在激素敏感性前列腺癌預(yù)防中未能顯示出優(yōu)勢(shì)。雙磷酸鹽能夠減少肺癌患者SRE發(fā)生概率,但其對(duì)患者總生存期無(wú)明顯改善。對(duì)腎癌、膀胱癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者使用雙磷酸鹽治療可減少SRE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),雙磷酸鹽可延長(zhǎng)膀胱癌延長(zhǎng)患者生存期。腎癌患者在雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合靶向藥物治療中獲益與否尚待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

      雙磷酸鹽;腫瘤;骨相關(guān)事件

      惡性腫瘤出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移可導(dǎo)致骨完整性下降,從而導(dǎo)致SRE的發(fā)生,包括病理性骨折、脊髓壓迫、需針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移骨骼進(jìn)行姑息性放療或外科治療以及惡性高鈣血癥[1-2]。破骨細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的骨破壞是惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移出現(xiàn)SRE的關(guān)鍵病理學(xué)機(jī)制[3]。雙磷酸鹽作為骨吸收抑制劑,被廣泛應(yīng)用于惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者的治療,以期減少SRE發(fā)生[4]。

      1 概述

      雙磷酸鹽的首次化學(xué)合成可追溯到1865年,德國(guó)[5]。然而,直到一個(gè)世紀(jì)以后的1968年[6],雙磷酸鹽才首次被證實(shí)能夠有效抑制破骨細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的骨吸收,從而成為臨床治療良性和惡性腫瘤導(dǎo)致骨病的重要選擇之一。

      根據(jù)化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和作用機(jī)制不同可將雙磷酸鹽分為兩類:簡(jiǎn)單雙磷酸鹽和含氮雙磷酸鹽。簡(jiǎn)單雙磷酸鹽的代謝產(chǎn)物能夠與不可水解的ATP類似物結(jié)合并在破骨細(xì)胞胞內(nèi)聚集,導(dǎo)致破骨細(xì)胞凋亡。含氮雙磷酸鹽能夠抑制甲羥戊酸途徑的限速酶即法尼基二磷酸合酶活性,抑制破骨細(xì)胞中此限速酶能夠阻止小GTP酶信號(hào)途徑異戊烯化所必需的類異戊二烯酯類化學(xué)合成,導(dǎo)致破骨細(xì)胞凋亡。此外,在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中雙磷酸鹽還能夠?qū)е履[瘤細(xì)胞中與腫瘤細(xì)胞黏附、遷移、侵襲、增殖功能密切相關(guān)的小分子G蛋白異戊烯化功能受損,從而表現(xiàn)出抗腫瘤效能[7]。同時(shí),雙磷酸鹽能夠抑制破骨細(xì)胞中骨相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子釋放間接抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、黏附、生存功能[8]。

      2 雙磷酸鹽在腫瘤中的應(yīng)用

      2.1 乳腺癌

      骨組織為乳腺癌腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移提供了一個(gè)良好的微環(huán)境,在一系列因素影響下其呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)棲息地,包括血管生成機(jī)制、破骨細(xì)胞骨吸收、激素水平等。這些因素的不平衡可導(dǎo)致骨密度的下降和骨質(zhì)疏松,進(jìn)而改變骨髓功能為微轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞提供合適微環(huán)境。因此,雙磷酸鹽不僅能夠穩(wěn)定骨密度,同時(shí)通過(guò)修復(fù)骨組織起到抗腫瘤作用[9]。

      體外研究表明雙磷酸鹽針對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞抗腫瘤機(jī)制包括:①通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡、染色體DNA分裂、bcl-2蛋白下調(diào)、PARP溶蛋白性裂解抗腫瘤[10];②通過(guò)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲性發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,并呈劑量依賴性,這和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的水解活性有關(guān)[11];③唑來(lái)膦酸能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞著絲粒中Cenp-F蛋白釋放,從而抑制癌細(xì)胞的有絲分裂,但是對(duì)正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞無(wú)此作用,表明唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞作用是細(xì)胞特異性的[12];④通過(guò)改變腫瘤微環(huán)境來(lái)達(dá)到抗腫瘤效應(yīng),如阻止間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞遷移和抑制其分泌CCL5、IL-6因子從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖[13];⑤唑來(lái)膦酸在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中作用后使得癌細(xì)胞表面磷酸化抗原增加,同時(shí)激活Vγ9Vδ2T細(xì)胞從而促進(jìn)其對(duì)癌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性作用[14]。腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡后釋放腫瘤抗原激活免疫細(xì)胞釋放細(xì)胞因子增強(qiáng)抗腫瘤免疫,這也解釋了唑來(lái)膦酸能夠使腫瘤細(xì)胞在接受化療后表現(xiàn)出對(duì)Vγ9Vδ2 T細(xì)胞毒性更敏感[15]。

      研究顯示骨髓中播散性腫瘤細(xì)胞(dissem inated tumour cells,DTC)陽(yáng)性和乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)存在正相關(guān),使得DTC或可成為新的預(yù)測(cè)乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)指標(biāo)[16]。雙磷酸鹽能夠通過(guò)消除DTC來(lái)抗腫瘤從而延長(zhǎng)患者總生存期[17]。同時(shí)還能夠延長(zhǎng)乳腺癌患者DTC陰性持續(xù)時(shí)間[18-19]。在腫瘤治療早期使用雙磷酸鹽,能有效阻止腫瘤治療相關(guān)骨丟失,或許可改變骨髓微環(huán)境中DTC生存所致的生長(zhǎng)因子或其他調(diào)節(jié)因子,從而起到抗腫瘤效果[18,20]。

      在雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合治療方面,Z-FAST和ZOFAST研究顯示絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者早期使用唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合芳香化酶抑制劑與在出現(xiàn)骨密度下降或骨折后開始使用唑來(lái)膦酸相比可顯著降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率(0.84%vs 1.9%,P=0.0401)[21]。ZO-FAST研究(n=1065)顯示絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者早期使用唑來(lái)膦酸加內(nèi)分泌治療能夠顯著延長(zhǎng)患者無(wú)病生存期(HR=0.59,P=0.0314;HR=0.66,P=0.0343)[22-23]。ABCSG-12研究(n=1803)顯示對(duì)絕經(jīng)期前乳腺癌患者使用唑來(lái)膦酸加內(nèi)分泌治療與單用內(nèi)分泌治療相比能夠顯著延長(zhǎng)患者無(wú)病生存期(HR=0.64,P=0.01,48個(gè)月時(shí);HR=0.68,P=0.009,62個(gè)月時(shí);HR=0.73,P=0.021,76個(gè)月時(shí))和總生存期(HR= 0.59,P=0.042)[24]。AZURE臨床試驗(yàn)顯示內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)于絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者能夠延長(zhǎng)無(wú)病生存期(HR=0.76,P<0.05)和總生存期(HR=0.71,P=0.017),但對(duì)于絕經(jīng)期前和圍絕經(jīng)期患者無(wú)效[25]。新進(jìn)研究表明作為輔助治療手段在早期乳腺癌患者中使用雙磷酸鹽僅對(duì)絕經(jīng)期后患者有效[26]。在乳腺癌患者中唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合新輔助化療和單用新輔助化療相比能夠顯著縮小腫瘤體積,提示唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合細(xì)胞毒性藥物能夠更好發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效能[27]。

      此外,在乳腺癌中唑來(lái)膦酸抗腫瘤效能與腫瘤細(xì)胞ER表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)??赡芘cER陽(yáng)性反映出膽固醇合成途徑高活性從而導(dǎo)致唑來(lái)膦酸抑制甲羥戊酸途徑的高效性有關(guān),同時(shí)其可與其他抗腫瘤藥物起到協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[28]。

      在乳腺癌預(yù)防方面,一系列觀察性研究均顯示絕經(jīng)期后婦女使用雙磷酸鹽預(yù)防骨質(zhì)疏松能夠降低乳腺癌發(fā)生率[29-34]。然而,和上述觀察性研究結(jié)果相反,兩個(gè)大型多中心RCT研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)3~4年預(yù)防性使用雙磷酸鹽未能降低絕經(jīng)期后婦女乳腺癌發(fā)生率[35]。因此,或許還需要進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)證實(shí)雙磷酸鹽在乳腺癌預(yù)防治療中的價(jià)值。

      2.2 前列腺癌

      轉(zhuǎn)移到骨骼的癌細(xì)胞會(huì)模仿出正常骨細(xì)胞特征,這種現(xiàn)象稱為骨模仿。比如,癌細(xì)胞可能表達(dá)成骨和(或)破骨基因,因此可在骨髓微環(huán)境中適應(yīng)并繁殖。這種現(xiàn)象是在前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞中被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)。同時(shí)也表明了前列腺癌的親骨特性[36]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌患者,78%患者經(jīng)歷過(guò)≥1次SRE,22%患者在5年隨訪期間內(nèi)經(jīng)歷過(guò)許多不同類型的SRE[37]。

      自此,許多臨床試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)開始為前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移提供治療策略。2012年一項(xiàng)回顧性調(diào)查納入了6347例泌尿系統(tǒng)腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者,其中前列腺癌4976例,腎癌941例,膀胱癌430例,共有23%患者接受了唑來(lái)膦酸治療。對(duì)于前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者亞組分析顯示使用唑來(lái)膦酸后患者發(fā)生骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯降低(5.9%vs 8.5%,P<0.001),2年生存率明顯升高(89%vs 85%,P=0.007),隨著唑來(lái)膦酸使用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),發(fā)生骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)一步下降。唑來(lái)膦酸是目前唯一得到證實(shí)能夠減少惡性腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者SRE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的雙磷酸鹽[38]。

      一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究調(diào)查了643例前列腺癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于去勢(shì)抵抗性前列腺癌(castration resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)骨轉(zhuǎn)移,使用唑來(lái)膦酸可減少15個(gè)月內(nèi)SRE發(fā)生率,延長(zhǎng)SRE發(fā)生時(shí)間。臨床試驗(yàn)提示唑來(lái)膦酸能夠減少轉(zhuǎn)移性去勢(shì)抵抗前列腺癌并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[39-40]。進(jìn)一步研究顯示前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者使用唑來(lái)膦酸能延遲SRE的發(fā)生,使SRE發(fā)生率下降53%,同時(shí)還能降低患者二次SRE發(fā)生率、延遲患者發(fā)生二次SRE的中位時(shí)間。在發(fā)生過(guò)SRE患者中使用唑來(lái)膦酸能使得SRE發(fā)生率下降65%[41]。在局部進(jìn)展期前列腺癌患者中使用雄激素阻斷聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸能夠使患者阻止因雄激素阻斷導(dǎo)致的持續(xù)性骨密度下降,保持骨完整性[42]。

      然而,CALGB90202隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)顯示對(duì)于激素敏感性前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者來(lái)說(shuō),早期使用唑來(lái)膦酸并不能降低SRE發(fā)生率(31.9個(gè)月 vs 29.8個(gè)月,P=0.39)[43]。另一項(xiàng)開放、隨機(jī)、多中心研究(ZEUS研究)納入1433例高危局限性前列腺癌患者接受雄激素阻斷治療加或不加用唑來(lái)膦酸4mg,1次/3個(gè)月,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)加用唑來(lái)膦酸并不能有效地地預(yù)防患者出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移(14.7%vs 13.2%,P=0.65)??赡芘c每3個(gè)月一次使用不能夠有效的預(yù)防前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[44]。TROG 03.04 RADAR研究納入1071例局部進(jìn)展期前列腺癌患者,結(jié)果顯示對(duì)于高危(Gleason>8分)前列腺癌,唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合充分的雄激素阻斷(>18個(gè)月)能明顯改善患者PSA無(wú)進(jìn)展生存,對(duì)中低危(Gleason≤7分)前列腺癌或未進(jìn)行充分的雄激素阻斷治療者,加用唑來(lái)膦酸不但無(wú)效,反而可能增加骨轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)檫騺?lái)膦酸可能使骨微環(huán)境改變使其更適合腫瘤細(xì)胞定植。何時(shí)、如何使用骨靶向藥物預(yù)防前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移還需進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)證實(shí)[45]。

      2.3 肺癌

      研究表明,在小細(xì)胞和非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞系中均證實(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸可以抑制細(xì)胞增殖和促進(jìn)凋亡[46]。非小細(xì)胞肺癌動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明唑來(lái)膦酸能夠抑制血管生成、影響?zhàn)じ椒肿雍突|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶表達(dá)、促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[47-48]。非小細(xì)胞肺癌體外、體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合EGFR抑制劑、細(xì)胞毒性藥物可顯示協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[49-51]。

      一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究納入了773例肺癌和其他實(shí)體腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者,使用唑來(lái)膦酸組和安慰劑組相比明顯降低發(fā)生SRE中位時(shí)間(236天vs 155天,P=0.007),同時(shí)降低年化SRE發(fā)生率(1.74/年vs 2.71/年,P=0.012)。另外,還能夠使SRE發(fā)生率下降31%(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比0.693,P=0.003)[52]。另一項(xiàng)回顧性臨床研究納入382例非小細(xì)胞肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者,結(jié)果顯示使用唑來(lái)膦酸能夠顯著提高NTX基線水平升高患者生存率(P=0.005)[53]。最近臨床研究共納入了311例非小細(xì)胞肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者,結(jié)果顯示使用唑來(lái)膦酸4mg,每21~28天一次,使用>6次與使用<6次相比,前者能夠顯著延長(zhǎng)非小細(xì)胞肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者生存期(385天 vs 275天,P= 0.002),且能夠減少惡性胸腔積液的發(fā)生率(22.0%vs 33.8%,P=0.041)[54]。

      然而,雖然唑來(lái)膦酸能夠降低SRE發(fā)生率,但對(duì)于患者總生存未見明顯改善。一項(xiàng)多中心隨機(jī)臨床研究納入不能手術(shù)的ⅢB期或Ⅳ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者,隨機(jī)接受多西他賽聯(lián)合卡鉑+唑來(lái)膦酸,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率(40.9%vs 38.8%,P=0.8096)、中位無(wú)進(jìn)展時(shí)間(132天vs 132天,P= 0.9622)、總生存時(shí)間(266天vs 206天,P=0.4855)、最佳總有效率(64.1%vs72%,P=0.3423),均未見統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[55]。另一項(xiàng)臨床研究表明在ⅢB期或Ⅳ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者治療中唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間(9.0個(gè)月vs 11.3個(gè)月)、一年生存率(均為81.8%)未能顯現(xiàn)出生存優(yōu)勢(shì)[56]。小樣本臨床研究(n=94)顯示唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合多西他賽未能延長(zhǎng)非小細(xì)胞肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期。由于該研究納入患者少,尚無(wú)足夠證據(jù)證實(shí)其結(jié)論正確性[57]。

      對(duì)于雙磷酸鹽在肺癌患者中使用,尚需要進(jìn)一步的臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)其使用適應(yīng)證、使用時(shí)機(jī)、使用人群。

      2.4 腎癌

      臨床研究表明腎癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者平均每年要發(fā)生3~4次SRE[58]。在細(xì)胞因子治療轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌時(shí)代,一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)亞組分析表明,和安慰劑組相比,使用唑來(lái)膦酸能夠明顯降低SRE發(fā)生率(37%vs 74%,P=0.015)[59]。

      進(jìn)入靶向治療轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌時(shí)代后,體外試驗(yàn)研究表明唑來(lái)膦酸能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡并抗腫瘤血管生成[60]。幾項(xiàng)小樣本研究顯示在轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者中使用唑來(lái)膦酸能夠延長(zhǎng)患者生存期。其中,唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合舒尼替尼可延長(zhǎng)患者中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(15個(gè)月vs5個(gè)月,P<0.0001)和中位總生存期(45個(gè)月vs 14個(gè)月,P=0.029)[61]。唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合舒尼替尼或索拉非尼可提高有效率(38%vs 16%,P=0.028),中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(7.0個(gè)月 vs 4.0個(gè)月,P=0.0011)和中位總生存期(17.0個(gè)月vs 7.0個(gè)月,P=0.022)[62]。RAZOR研究顯示唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合依維莫司能夠顯著延長(zhǎng)患者無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(7.5個(gè)月vs 5.4個(gè)月,P=0.009)及發(fā)生首次SRE中位時(shí)間(9.6個(gè)月vs 5.2個(gè)月,P=0.03)[63]。

      然而,2014年一項(xiàng)回顧性分析納入2003─2011年共2749例進(jìn)入靶向藥物Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)的轉(zhuǎn)移性腎癌患者,其中781例(28%)有骨轉(zhuǎn)移,285例(10.4%)患者接受了雙磷酸鹽治療。結(jié)果顯示有骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者總生存期和無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期較無(wú)骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者明顯下降,在這類患者中使用雙磷酸鹽與不使用相比不能改善患者總生存期(13.3個(gè)月vs 13.1個(gè)月,P=0.3801)和無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(5.1個(gè)月vs4.9個(gè)月,P=0.1785),不能減少SRE的發(fā)生(8.6%vs 5.8%,P=0.191),同時(shí)還可能導(dǎo)致低鈣血癥、腎功能不全、下頜骨壞死等毒性反應(yīng)發(fā)生。因此作者對(duì)腎癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者使用雙磷酸鹽提出質(zhì)疑[64]。歐洲泌尿外科學(xué)會(huì)(European Association of Urology,EAU)腎癌治療指南中未將雙磷酸鹽作為骨轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細(xì)胞癌治療的一線推薦用藥[65]。

      需要進(jìn)一步的臨床研究來(lái)闡明在骨轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細(xì)胞癌患者治療中雙磷酸鹽與抗血管生成藥物或細(xì)胞因子聯(lián)用過(guò)程中的潛在作用機(jī)制,以尋找出能夠從中獲益的人群。

      2.5 膀胱癌

      轉(zhuǎn)移性膀胱癌患者中30%~40%會(huì)出現(xiàn)骨轉(zhuǎn)移[66]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究納入了40例膀胱癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者,將其隨機(jī)分為唑來(lái)膦酸組(20例)和安慰劑組(20例),發(fā)現(xiàn)使用唑來(lái)膦酸能夠減少患者發(fā)生SRE概率和提高總生存率,同時(shí)可減輕患者疼痛癥狀。安慰劑組患者中有18例在一年的中位隨訪時(shí)間中發(fā)生了SRE[67]。文獻(xiàn)顯示,對(duì)膀胱癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者使用唑來(lái)膦酸或地諾單抗可減少SRE發(fā)生,延長(zhǎng)生存期[7,68]。

      EAU指南推薦對(duì)肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌和轉(zhuǎn)移性膀胱癌使用雙磷酸鹽或地諾單抗來(lái)治療尿路上皮癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移,同時(shí)也應(yīng)該預(yù)防使用雙磷酸鹽后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,如下頜骨壞死、低鈣血癥等[66]。

      2.6 其他實(shí)體腫瘤

      體外實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,雙磷酸鹽能阻止黑色素瘤細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[69]。唑來(lái)膦酸能夠誘導(dǎo)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞凋亡[70]。唑來(lái)膦酸能夠抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡[71]。

      3 結(jié)論

      體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明雙磷酸鹽對(duì)乳腺癌、肺癌、腎癌、黑色素瘤、結(jié)腸癌、胰腺癌有直接或間接抗腫瘤作用。臨床研究顯示雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合內(nèi)分泌治療或細(xì)胞毒性藥物治療可提高乳腺癌治療效果,但臨床對(duì)絕經(jīng)期女性患者中使用雙磷酸鹽預(yù)防乳腺癌這一問(wèn)題尚存在爭(zhēng)議。對(duì)去勢(shì)抵抗前列腺癌患者使用雙磷酸鹽可降低SRE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但在激素敏感性前列腺癌預(yù)防使用中未能顯示出優(yōu)勢(shì)。雖然雙磷酸鹽能夠降低肺癌患者SRE發(fā)生概率,但對(duì)患者總生存率未見明顯改善。對(duì)腎癌、膀胱癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者使用雙磷酸鹽可減少SRE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)在膀胱癌中使用雙磷酸鹽可延長(zhǎng)患者生存期。腎癌患者中使用雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合靶向藥物治療獲益與否尚待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

      隨著新的雙磷酸鹽類藥物的研制成功以及對(duì)其抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制研究的深入,雙磷酸鹽類藥物的抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制將會(huì)被進(jìn)一步揭示。

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      R730.5

      A

      10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2015.13.06.08

      南通市人才工作專項(xiàng)資金(W 201208);南通市社會(huì)事業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新與示范計(jì)劃(HS2013023)#

      (corresponding author),e-mail:drhoujq@163.com

      2015-04-27)

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