戰(zhàn) 昊, 朱 凱, 胡志強, 王鵬程, 代 智, 黃曉武, 周 儉
復旦大學附屬中山醫(yī)院肝癌研究所,上海 200032
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環(huán)狀RNA: 非編碼RNA研究新方向
戰(zhàn) 昊, 朱 凱, 胡志強, 王鵬程, 代 智, 黃曉武, 周 儉*
復旦大學附屬中山醫(yī)院肝癌研究所,上海 200032
環(huán)狀RNA(Circular RNAs,circRNAs)是一類新型的非編碼RNA,其首尾通過共價鍵形成閉合的環(huán),表現(xiàn)出與線性RNA不同的特性。circRNA大量存在于真核細胞轉錄組中,在物種間具有保守性,表達穩(wěn)定且具有組織及發(fā)展階段特異性。circRNA不易被核酸外切酶RNase R降解,在體液中較線性RNA更穩(wěn)定,因而具有作為臨床診斷及預后標志物的潛在應用價值。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)狀RNA能夠發(fā)揮miRNA分子海綿作用,調控基因轉錄過程。CircRNA在心血管系統(tǒng)疾病、神經系統(tǒng)疾病、朊蛋白疾病及癌癥等疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用,有望成為RNA領域研究新的熱點。
環(huán)狀RNA;非編碼RNAs;miRNA分子海綿;癌癥;生物標記
環(huán)狀 RNA(Circular RNAs,circRNAs)是一類通過共價鍵形成的閉合環(huán)狀非編碼 RNA。circRNA不具備5′→3′極性及3′ polyA末端,表現(xiàn)出與線性RNA不同的特性。circRNA不易被核酸外切酶 RNase R 降解。在體液如血漿[1]及唾液[2]里較線性RNA更穩(wěn)定。大部分circRNA有外顯子編碼(exonic circular RNA, ecircRNA),主要存在于細胞質中。circRNA分子富含miRNA應答元件(microRNA response elements, MRE)[3-5],能通過這些MRE吸附特定的miRNAs,充當miRNAs的分子“海綿”,從而調控miRNA的功能[5-6];還有一部分circRNA由內含子編碼(circular intronic RNA, ciRNA),或外顯子與內含子共同編碼(circular exon-intron circRNAs, EIciRNAs),位于細胞核內,參與調控基因轉錄[7-8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA在動脈粥樣硬化[9]、神經系統(tǒng)紊亂[5]、朊病毒疾病[10]和腫瘤等疾病[11-14]中發(fā)揮重要作用。通過研究circRNA與疾病之間的關系能夠為疾病診治提供新的發(fā)展方向。
1979 年科學家們利用電子顯微鏡第一次在真核細胞的細胞質中觀察到 RNA以環(huán)狀的形式存在[15]。隨后在酵母的線粒體中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了circRNA的存在[16]。1993 年,科學家們在人體細胞的轉錄本中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些由外顯子編碼的circRNA[17]。然而這些circRNA 僅僅被認為是可變剪切過程中產生的中間產物或錯誤剪切產物[17-19],被歸為轉錄“噪聲”,因而沒有得到廣泛關注。近年來,隨著測序技術和生物信息學技術的發(fā)展,科學家們通過高通量RNA測序(RNA-sequencing,RNA-seq)對circRNA進行了深入研究。2012年,Salzman等[20]通過 RNA-seq首次證實circRNA在人類體細胞中廣泛表達。此后大量研究證實circRNA在哺乳動物細胞內含量豐富,其序列具有進化保守性,通常還具有組織及發(fā)育階段的特異性表達[3-5,7-8,21-22]。Zhang等[7]又在人類細胞內發(fā)現(xiàn)了內含子編碼的circRNA。Li等[8]還發(fā)現(xiàn)了環(huán)狀外顯子-內含子RNA。但是EIciRNA的形成機制目前還不清楚。
在真核細胞內,mRNA前體(pre-mRNA)的外顯子區(qū)域被內含子隔斷。經典剪接通過剪接體(spliceosome)去除pre-mRNA中的內含子并連接外顯子。經過5′加帽及3′ polyA等轉錄及轉錄后修飾形成具有5′→3′極性的線性RNA轉錄本[23]。與經典線性剪接不同的是,circRNA的形成通過反向剪接(back-splicing)將下游剪接供體與上游剪接受體反向連接,形成閉合circRNA轉錄本。Jeck等[4]提出circRNA環(huán)化的兩種模型。第一種叫做“套索驅動的環(huán)化”模型;第二種叫做“內含子配對驅動的環(huán)化”模型。先發(fā)生經典剪接還是反向剪接是兩者的主要區(qū)別?!疤姿黩寗拥沫h(huán)化”先發(fā)生經典剪接,產生一個線性RNA和一個包含外顯子的內含子套索,后者通過反向剪接生成circRNA[3-4,20,24]?!皟群优鋵︱寗拥沫h(huán)化”則先發(fā)生反向剪接,直接生成circRNA[3-4,20,24]?!皟群优鋵︱寗印陛^“套索驅動”更常見[24]。
3.1 circRNA的生成主要受circRNA前體中的內含子序列及RNA結合蛋白(RNA binding proteins, RBP)的調控 大量研究證實內含子區(qū)域的反向互補序列(如Alu元件)對circRNA的生成起重要作用[25-32]。Liang等[27]對Alu元件進行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯子兩側內含子中30~40 核苷酸的反向重復序列即可有效促進circRNA的產生。特異的互補序列及堿基配對的穩(wěn)定性對circRNA的生成至關重要。另外一些內含子不含有反向互補序列,也能形成circRNA。這提示除反向互補序列外,還有其他因素影響circRNA的生成[28]。Westholm等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)果蠅的circRNA缺乏Alu元件,但是這些circRNA兩側的內含子較一般線性產物長,在哺乳動物[4]及新桿狀線蟲內亦發(fā)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象[28],提示內含子長度也能影響circRNA生成。
3.2 RBP參與circRNA前體剪接過程,也能調控circRNA的生成 研究發(fā)現(xiàn) RBP Quaking(QKI)[34]和Muscleblind(MBL)[30]能夠結合外顯子兩側的RBP(位于內含子序列)結合模序,通過RBP之間的相互作用拉近外顯子的距離,促進反向剪接的形成[30,34]。RBP還可能通過增加互補序列的穩(wěn)定性或抑制經典剪接,促進環(huán)化的發(fā)生。Conn等[34]證實,在細胞中敲除RBP QKI后,含有QKI結合模序的circRNA表達發(fā)生下調。在某些外顯子兩側加入QKI結合模序,可誘導原本不發(fā)生環(huán)化的基因產生circRNA。Ashwal-Fluss等[30]對果蠅細胞的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MBL能夠與其同源pre-mRNA結合,拉近內含子,上調circMbl的表達。此外,Ivanov等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)敲除RBP ADAR1能夠上調部分circRNA,提示ADAR1可能抑制circRNA的生成。
4.1 circRNA 充當ceRNA或miRNA sponges ceRNA 全稱為“competitive endogenous RNA”,又稱 microRNA sponges。 Seitz等[35]于2009 年首次提出了 ceRNA 的概念:“不同蛋白的 mRNA 通過競爭性結合同一種 miRNA,從而調節(jié)相互的表達,這些 mRNA 之間互為 ceRNA?!?ceRNA(如mRNA,lncRNA)含有共同的MRE,ceRNA通過這些MRE競爭性結合miRNA,從而影響miRNA的活性,進一步影響miRNA靶基因的表達[36]。目前的研究證實circRNA亦含有MRE,能夠發(fā)揮miRNA sponges 或ceRNA 的作用[5-6,11,37]。如ciRS-7含有70個miR-7結合位點,能與miR-7特異性結合,發(fā)揮了天然miRNA sponges的功能[14]。Memczak等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)在斑馬魚體內過表達ciRS-7,其作用效果與miR-7敲除類似,證實了ciRS-7在體內發(fā)揮miR-7 sponges的作用。
Y染色體性別決定區(qū) (sex-determining region Y, SRY) 基因在成年小鼠睪丸組織內表達環(huán)狀轉錄產物SRY circRNA[19]。SRY circRNA含有16個miR-138結合位點,Hansen等[38]通過熒光素報告酶實驗證實SRY circRNA能夠抑制miR-138活性。免疫共沉淀實驗證實SRY circRNA與miR-138能發(fā)生共沉淀特異性結合,由此推斷SRY circRNA發(fā)揮miR-138 sponges的作用[38]。
4.2 circRNA調控基因表達 Li等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)某些基因編碼的circRNA能夠通過順式調節(jié)作用,促進其自身基因的表達。研究人員們敲低EIF3J circRNA和PAIP2 circRNA后,發(fā)現(xiàn)其自身基因EIF3J和PAIP2的表達相應發(fā)生下調[8]。盡管在基因轉錄的過程中circRNA與其線性RNA(mRNA, lncRNA等)可能發(fā)生競爭性抑制,但是細胞核內已存在的circRNA可能同時促進circRNA及mRNA的表達。
Zhang等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)在細胞核內,內含子來源的circRNA ci-ankrd52在其自身基因轉錄的位置聚集,并對Pol II依賴的轉錄起促進作用。敲低ci-ankrd52后,其自身基因的表達發(fā)生下調。此外,EIciRNA還可能順式調控其他基因的表達[7]。
4.3 circRNA與RBP相互作用 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Argonaute[6]、Pol II[7]及MBL[30]等RBP能夠與circRNA相互作用。circRNA存貯并轉運RBP,與RBP底物競爭其結合位點,從而調節(jié)RBP活性。
4.4 翻譯生成蛋白質 基于EcircRNAs具有開放閱讀框架(open reading frames, ORF)結構,已有研究證實EcircRNAs可以通過胞內核糖體插入位點(internal ribosome entry sites, IRESs)在體外生成蛋白質[39-40],或通過原核核糖體結合位點(prokaryotic ribosome-binding sites)在體內生成蛋白質[41]。然而,目前尚無證據顯示真核細胞來源的circRNAs能夠在體內翻譯生成蛋白質。
隨著研究者對circRNA結構及功能的研究不斷深入,越來越多證據顯示circRNA可能在人類疾病的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。
由于circRNA參與miRNA的調控,circRNA可能通過miRNA參與多種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[42]。其中研究最多的是ciRS-7及其對應的miR-7。MiR-7涉及帕金森病[43]、糖尿病[44]和腫瘤等多種疾病及相關通路中的關鍵蛋白,如α-synuclein[43]、mTOR[44]、EGFR、IRS-1、IRS-2[45]、Pak1[46]、Raf1[47]、Ack1[48]及PIK3CD[49]。ciRS-7作為miRNA的sponges,具有募集 miR-7 的能力,通過間接調控 miR-7 靶標的表達,影響疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[14]。最近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ciRS-7在阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)患者的海馬區(qū)發(fā)生下調,導致ciRS-7的sponges效應缺失,導致miR-7表達上調及其靶mRNA的表達下調[50]。
另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)circMbl與肌強直性營養(yǎng)不良的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關[4]。Hansen等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)在HEK293細胞中高表達朊蛋白 (prion protein, PrPC)可上調 ciRS-7,提示ciRS-7可能與朊病毒相關疾病的發(fā)病相關。此外,circRNA cANRIL的表達與動脈硬化性疾病的發(fā)病風險相關[9]。
越來越多的研究證實circRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展密切相關。Li等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)Cir-ITCH在食管鱗狀細胞癌組織中表達下調,Cir-ITCH通過吸附miR-7、miR-17和miR-124上調ITCH,從而抑制Wnt信號通路,在食管鱗狀細胞癌中發(fā)揮抑癌作用。Bachmayr-Heyda等[12]在結直腸癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNA表達發(fā)生廣泛下調,且circRNA的表達豐度與細胞增殖呈負相關。最近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清外泌體中包含大量circRNAs[51]。這些circRNAs的表達受到母細胞內相關miRNA的調控,在外泌體中富集,并向受體細胞傳遞生物學信息。腫瘤來源的circRNAs隨外泌體進入外周循環(huán)血,而血清外泌體circRNA表達的差異,能夠用來區(qū)分結腸癌患者與健康人群。該研究為腫瘤的外周血外泌體-circRNA診斷奠定了基礎。另一項研究通過轉錄組測序發(fā)現(xiàn)circRNAs在7種惡性腫瘤與正常組織間存在顯著差異。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),circHIPK3在肝癌組織中顯著上調。作為miRNA的分子海綿,circHIPK3能夠吸附至少9個具有腫瘤抑制作用的miRNA,并且對腫瘤細胞的增殖起到調控作用[52]。circRNAs能夠調控腫瘤相關的多種miRNA,并通過circRNA-miRNA-mRNA軸參與腫瘤相關的多種信號通路,從而促進/抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及復發(fā)轉移。
隨著高通量測序技術及生物信息學技術的不斷發(fā)展,circRNA的生成、功能及其與疾病之間的聯(lián)系逐漸引起科學界的關注[53]。然而與mRNA、miRNA和lncRNA相比,我們對circRNA的認識才剛剛開始。對circRNA的研究將進一步增加我們對基因組非編碼序列的認知?;?circRNA對基因轉錄的調控作用及其對疾病相關miRNA的吸附作用,circRNA為疾病的治療提供了新的靶點。由于具有環(huán)狀閉合結構,circRNAs在體液中具有更高的穩(wěn)定性,在無創(chuàng)性疾病診斷領域具有巨大的應用前景。環(huán)狀RNA有望成為非編碼RNA研究領域新的熱點,未來的研究將進一步揭示環(huán)狀RNA在人類生理及病理學中發(fā)揮的重要作用。
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[本文編輯] 葉 婷, 賈澤軍
Circular RNA: a new research trend of noncoding RNAs
ZHAN Hao, ZHU Kai, HU Zhi-qiang, WANG Peng-cheng, DAI Zhi, HUANG Xiao-wu, ZHOU Jian*
Department of Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital,F(xiàn)udan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are the new type of noncoding RNAs characterized by their circular shape resulting from covalently closed continuous loops and they showed different characteristic with linear RNAs. The majority of circRNAs is conserved across species and with stable expression, and often exhibit tissue and specificity in developmental stage. They are resistant to RNase R, and thus more stable than linear RNAs in fluid. They have significant potential in clinical diagnosis and prognosis biomarker of different diseases. Recent research has revealed that circRNAs can function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, and modifiers of genetic transcription. Emerging evidence indicates that circRNAs might play important roles in disease of cardiovascular system, neurological disorders, prion diseases and cancer. CircRNA is becoming a new star in the research of RNAs.
circular RNA; noncoding RNAs;miRNA sponge; cancer; biomarker
2016-03-22 [接受日期] 2016-08-11
十二五國家肝病重大專項課題(2012ZX10002-016),國家自然科學杰出青年基金(81225019),國家重點研發(fā)計劃精準醫(yī)學研究專項(2016YFC0902400),國家自然科學基金青年科學基金項目(81402376). Supported by the National Key Sci-Tech Special Project of China (2012ZX10002-016), National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar (81225019), National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFC0902400) and Youth Science Fund Project(81402376).
戰(zhàn) 昊,博士生. E-mail: zhanhao860930@hotmail.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-64041990, E-mail: zhou.jian@zs-hospital.sh.cn
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2016.20160316
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Q 522
A