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      美國(guó)神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)防神經(jīng)重癥患者靜脈血栓栓塞指南的解讀

      2016-01-23 22:15:17高亮陳宋育
      關(guān)鍵詞:低質(zhì)量指南證據(jù)

      高亮 陳宋育

      ·指南與共識(shí)·

      美國(guó)神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)防神經(jīng)重癥患者靜脈血栓栓塞指南的解讀

      高亮 陳宋育

      神經(jīng)重癥這一亞專業(yè)得到了越來(lái)越多同道的重視。不少同道或許跟筆者一樣,在投身該亞專業(yè)之前就遭遇過(guò)神經(jīng)重癥患者的靜脈血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)。隨著人口老齡化和對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)的提升,筆者的團(tuán)隊(duì)在臨床工作中亦愈加重視VTE的預(yù)防。

      2016年,美國(guó)神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)(neurocritical care society,NCS)發(fā)布了其神經(jīng)重癥患者VTE預(yù)防指南暨專家聲明。此前雖然已有2002年?yáng)|部創(chuàng)傷外科協(xié)會(huì)(eastern association for the surgery of trauma,EAST)、2012年美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)(American college of chest physicians,ACCP)和2013年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/卒中學(xué)會(huì) (American heart association/American stroke association,AHA/ASA)發(fā)布的指南提及此類患者的VTE預(yù)防,但以上指南均未針對(duì)神經(jīng)重癥進(jìn)行回顧和評(píng)述,而本指南填補(bǔ)了這一空白。

      正如本指南所述,神經(jīng)重癥患者VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能主要來(lái)源于兩個(gè)因素:(1)癱瘓和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間昏迷導(dǎo)致的靜脈血流瘀滯;(2)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變導(dǎo)致凝血系統(tǒng)激活并促進(jìn)血栓形成。同時(shí),此類患者可能同時(shí)有相關(guān)的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需審慎評(píng)估VTE預(yù)防的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)-收益比。該指南依據(jù)病因,將神經(jīng)重癥患者歸入缺血性卒中、顱內(nèi)及腦室內(nèi)出血、動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、顱腦外傷、脊髓損傷、顱腦腫瘤、神經(jīng)肌肉疾病和接受神經(jīng)外科/神經(jīng)介入手術(shù)的患者,由相關(guān)專家組進(jìn)行全面的文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)和討論,最終制定和批準(zhǔn)了本指南。

      本指南在依據(jù)證據(jù)給臨床實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)的同時(shí)也提出了新的問(wèn)題。雖然本指南就不同神經(jīng)重癥患者的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和預(yù)防措施進(jìn)行了詳盡的綜述和解讀,然而依然缺乏足夠的高質(zhì)量證據(jù)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈推薦。例如對(duì)于特定患者群體如重癥動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血和神經(jīng)肌肉疾病,因缺乏VTE預(yù)防的高質(zhì)量證據(jù),有關(guān)推薦多來(lái)自缺血性卒中數(shù)據(jù)的外推。而且,回顧的文獻(xiàn)范圍限于2013年1月1日之前的30年,筆者在閱讀本指南時(shí)應(yīng)時(shí)刻不忘檢索新的證據(jù)。正如本指南結(jié)語(yǔ)所述,神經(jīng)重癥患者的VTE預(yù)防需要進(jìn)一步的大規(guī)模前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn),但特定患者數(shù)量較少導(dǎo)致此類研究困難重重。因此,希望各位同道利用現(xiàn)有條件,采集國(guó)人數(shù)據(jù)填補(bǔ)相關(guān)空白。此外在應(yīng)用本指南時(shí),尤其是弱推薦項(xiàng)目應(yīng)綜合最新臨床證據(jù)、自身臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)、本單位診療條件和患者/家屬意愿決定最終的VTE預(yù)防方案。最后,希望本指南的譯文能幫助各位同道進(jìn)行神經(jīng)重癥VTE預(yù)防的臨床決策,惠及更多的病友。

      (附全文)

      預(yù)防神經(jīng)重癥患者靜脈血栓栓塞:基于證據(jù)的指南暨神經(jīng)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)專家聲明

      高亮 陳宋育(譯)

      對(duì)因神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病而無(wú)法活動(dòng)的重癥患者,含深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombus,DVT)及肺栓塞(pulmonary embolus,PE)在內(nèi)的VTE是常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥。在心肌梗死和缺血性卒中之后,VTE導(dǎo)致的并發(fā)癥是所有因心血管疾病導(dǎo)致的死亡中第3常見(jiàn)的病因[1]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)估計(jì)世界范圍內(nèi)VTE的發(fā)生率為1~2例每1 000人每年,而有報(bào)道表明其發(fā)生率可高達(dá)4例每1 000人每年[2-5]。在進(jìn)入ICU的成人患者中,有臨床表現(xiàn)的DVT和PE發(fā)生率在20‰以上,即使進(jìn)行藥物預(yù)防其發(fā)生率仍有14.5‰[6,7]。

      神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累的患者可在內(nèi)科/外科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit,ICU)或?qū)iT的NICU中接受診療。盡管推測(cè)此類患者的VTE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,但目前尚無(wú)可靠的基于人群的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì)。VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)源于多種因素,其中癱瘓和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間昏迷導(dǎo)致的靜脈血流瘀滯是主要原因[1,8,9]。此外,此類患者中血凝塊的形成、增大和收縮均增加。顱腦惡性腫瘤、累及中樞或外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)濕性/炎癥性疾病均導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞激活并促進(jìn)血栓形成[10-12]。缺血及出血性卒中等腦血管疾病通過(guò)對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮的繼發(fā)性作用增加血凝塊形成[13]。盡管多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病在ICU之外相對(duì)常見(jiàn),但此類疾病在ICU中的發(fā)生率相對(duì)較低,導(dǎo)致基于人群的大宗分析困難重重。因此,目前仍缺乏對(duì)神經(jīng)重癥患者進(jìn)行血栓預(yù)防的相關(guān)證據(jù)。

      本指南的目標(biāo)在于給臨床工作者提供一個(gè)基于證據(jù)的構(gòu)架,將需要神經(jīng)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)的患者作為焦點(diǎn),指導(dǎo)對(duì)罹患神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的患者進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)难A(yù)防。這包括罹患缺血性卒中、顱內(nèi)及腦室內(nèi)出血、動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血、顱腦外傷、脊髓損傷、顱腦腫瘤、神經(jīng)肌肉疾病,以及接受神經(jīng)外科及神經(jīng)介入手術(shù)的患者。

      神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)(neurocritical care society,NCS)依據(jù)有關(guān)專家的神經(jīng)重癥經(jīng)驗(yàn)和VTE預(yù)防的主題,選取了一個(gè)多學(xué)科專家組。 重癥醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(society of critical care medicine,SCCM)的一個(gè)代表被選為兩個(gè)組織之間的聯(lián)絡(luò)員。專家組成員在撰寫或復(fù)習(xí)文獻(xiàn)前均公開(kāi)其同企業(yè)等相關(guān)實(shí)體的所有關(guān)系;所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。專家組依據(jù)其專業(yè)分為專題工作組。

      在一位醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館學(xué)專家的幫助下,專家組檢索了2013年1月1日之前30年間的文獻(xiàn)。專家組優(yōu)先納入隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,亦納入薈萃分析。如果沒(méi)有上述文獻(xiàn),則將病例系列和回顧性研究納入決策。有關(guān)證據(jù)應(yīng)用GRADE系統(tǒng)分析和整理。首先各工作組撰寫初步推薦,并由整個(gè)專家組進(jìn)行審議。隨后,NCS的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)專家和NCS指南委員會(huì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層逐步審議該指南。接著,對(duì)有關(guān)推薦進(jìn)行外部同行審議(包括NCS的普通成員),最后由NCS和SCCM批準(zhǔn)。終稿代表了該指南小組委員會(huì)的最終分析。

      一、重癥缺血性卒中患者的血栓預(yù)防

      缺血性卒中是全世界致死和致殘的重要病因,也是公共健康一項(xiàng)重大挑戰(zhàn)[14-16]。全體缺血性卒中患者的PE發(fā)生率可能高達(dá)2.5%;而在卒中后的前3個(gè)月內(nèi),DVT和PE的發(fā)生率分別為2.5%和1.2%[17,18]。在美國(guó),如果卒中發(fā)病率和卒中后平均生存時(shí)間不下降,存活的住院卒中患者會(huì)占有疾病譜的更高比重[14,15,19]。在這種情況下,神經(jīng)重癥病房的VTE發(fā)生率也會(huì)更高。

      ICU收治的缺血性卒中患者存在多種高發(fā)病率和高死亡率的內(nèi)科問(wèn)題,而抗凝需要使得血栓預(yù)防更加復(fù)雜。例如,有出血轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大面積半球卒中可能也存在需要抗凝的合并癥如房顫、心衰和VTE。幸運(yùn)的是,目前已有數(shù)個(gè)基于隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)的指南專門闡釋此類問(wèn)題,例如美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(American Heart Association)及美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)(American College of Chest Physicians)均發(fā)布了指南[20,21]。多個(gè)薈萃分析探討了對(duì)缺血性卒中患者應(yīng)用不同藥物進(jìn)行血栓預(yù)防,例如普通肝素 (unfractionated heparin,UFH)、低分子肝素(low-molecular-weight heparin,LMWH)、彈力加壓襪(elastic compression stockings,CS)、間歇性靜脈加壓襪[22-25]??傮w而言,所有此類分析支持應(yīng)用LMWH或UFH進(jìn)行VTE藥物預(yù)防。藥物和機(jī)械預(yù)防可能有協(xié)同作用[22-25]。而應(yīng)用CS的證據(jù)尚不明確,雖然其應(yīng)用除了增加皮膚破損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之外似乎是安全的[22-25]。

      在 CLOTS 3研究中,卒中后 0~3 d內(nèi)啟用 IPC減少VTE的絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為3.6%[95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI):1.4~5.8%][24]。兩個(gè)前瞻性研究亦證實(shí)UFH和LMWH的效用[26,27]。PREVAIL試驗(yàn)證明對(duì)急性缺血性卒中LMWH較UFH有更好的臨床療效[22]。PREVAIL研究表明,LMWH較UFH減少43%的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(risk ratio,RR):0.57,95% CI:0.44~0.76,P=0.0001)[22]。

      總體來(lái)說(shuō),接受LMWH和UFH治療的住院缺血性卒中患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重出血并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低[27,28]。應(yīng)用CS或IPC對(duì)下肢靜脈進(jìn)行外部加壓的獲益已得到廣泛認(rèn)可[23,24]。盡管此類加壓裝置的應(yīng)用已成為常規(guī),但仍有研究者擔(dān)心其應(yīng)用造成附加損害或?qū)е麓龠M(jìn)VTE移位(尤其是應(yīng)用CS或IPC前已無(wú)法活動(dòng)的患者)[29,30]。

      尚無(wú)研究在惡性大腦中動(dòng)脈梗塞綜合征行單側(cè)去骨瓣減壓術(shù)后立即應(yīng)用藥物預(yù)防VTE[31]。在常規(guī)神經(jīng)外科文獻(xiàn)中,對(duì)擇期和急診開(kāi)顱手術(shù)的患者應(yīng)用UFH和LMWH是安全的[32-34]。因?yàn)槿毖宰渲泻蟪霈F(xiàn)偏側(cè)不全癱瘓的患者VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不明,而在單側(cè)去骨瓣減壓術(shù)后應(yīng)用UFH和LMWH總體是安全的,作者認(rèn)為在該人群中應(yīng)用藥物和機(jī)械預(yù)防措施是適當(dāng)?shù)摹?duì)于接受血管內(nèi)介入治療的患者,由于其治療方案多包括術(shù)中應(yīng)用大劑量肝素且時(shí)常應(yīng)用重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑 (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA),目前尚無(wú)足夠數(shù)據(jù)指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。盡管沒(méi)有足夠的臨床證據(jù),在應(yīng)用rtPA或單側(cè)去骨瓣減壓術(shù)后24 h后進(jìn)行血栓預(yù)防可能是適當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

      推薦

      1.推薦所有急性缺血性卒中患者在病情允許時(shí)應(yīng)該盡快開(kāi)始VTE的藥物預(yù)防。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,高質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)于活動(dòng)受限的急性缺血性卒中患者,采用預(yù)防劑量LMWH聯(lián)合間歇性靜脈加壓襪優(yōu)于UFH聯(lián)合間歇性靜脈加壓襪。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,高質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.盡管應(yīng)用CS可能無(wú)害,但專家組因證據(jù)不足未推薦應(yīng)用加壓襪預(yù)防VTE。

      4.對(duì)于接受單側(cè)去骨瓣減壓術(shù)后或血管內(nèi)治療的卒中患者,建議術(shù)后可以立即給予UFH、LMWH和/或IPC預(yù)防VTE;但對(duì)于使用rtPA溶栓的患者,此時(shí)藥物預(yù)防應(yīng)推遲24 h。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      二、重癥顱內(nèi)出血患者的血栓預(yù)防

      顱內(nèi)出血 (intracranial hemorrhage,ICH)患者有較高的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?;仡櫺匝芯抗烙?jì)有癥狀的DVT在ICH患者中發(fā)生率 1%~2%[35-38],而 FAST試驗(yàn)中安慰劑組的發(fā)生率為5%[39]。兩個(gè)前瞻性觀察性研究中,按研究計(jì)劃進(jìn)行靜脈超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)DVT的發(fā)生率20~40%[40,41]。臨床顯性PE的發(fā)生率約為0.5%~2%[35-43],而其中一半可能致命[17]。兩個(gè)大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的回顧性研究表明,ICH患者的VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可達(dá)急性缺血性卒中患者的 2~4倍[36,38]。

      一項(xiàng)前瞻性對(duì)照試驗(yàn)比較了長(zhǎng)度覆蓋大腿的間歇性充氣加壓裝置(intermittent pneumatic compression devices,IPC)聯(lián)合梯度加壓襪(graduated compression stockings,GCS)和單獨(dú)應(yīng)用GCS,發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)用IPC和GCS顯著減少了無(wú)癥狀性的DVT[44]。CLOTS 3試驗(yàn)亦證明在ICH患者中應(yīng)用IPC有益于預(yù)防DVT[24]。此外,CLOTS 1試驗(yàn)證明GCS造成皮膚損傷,并不預(yù)防VTE[45]。

      數(shù)個(gè)小規(guī)模前瞻性對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究了ICH患者中VTE藥物預(yù)防的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和獲益。Dickmann等[53]比較了單獨(dú)應(yīng)用IPC或聯(lián)用UFH 5 000 IU 3次/d皮下注射;而B(niǎo)oeer等[46]前瞻性研究了UFH 5 000 IU 3次/d皮下注射。但是,這些研究的質(zhì)量受到其樣本量較小和VTE/出血事件發(fā)生率低的限制。兩個(gè)薈萃分析檢驗(yàn)了ICH中VTE藥物預(yù)防的作用,但實(shí)際納入的病例較少且納入了質(zhì)量較低的研究[47,48]。Paciaroni等[49]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)更加全面的薈萃分析,納入了Boeer等[46]和Orken等[47]的前瞻性隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),以及兩個(gè)較大的單中心觀察性回顧性研究[50,51]。該薈萃分析表明,應(yīng)用UFH或LMWH預(yù)防較不進(jìn)行預(yù)防顯著減少PE的發(fā)生 (RR:0.37,95%CI:0.17~0.80,P= 0.01),而發(fā)生DVT、血腫增大或死亡率無(wú)顯著性差異[49]。美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)的第9版抗血栓治療和血栓預(yù)防指南[52]進(jìn)行了如下比較:將急性缺血性卒中VTE藥物預(yù)防的較高質(zhì)量研究中減少的VTE發(fā)生率,同構(gòu)成ICH的VTE預(yù)防基石但質(zhì)量有限的Boeer等[46]、Dickmann等[53]和Orken等[47]研究中血腫增大的發(fā)生率進(jìn)行對(duì)比。應(yīng)用上述方法,VTE藥物預(yù)防減少有癥狀DVT(RR:0.31,95%CI:21~0.42)和PE(RR:0.7,95% CI:0.47~1.03)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但不影響血腫增大的發(fā)生(RR:0.24,95%CI:0.05~1.13)或死亡率 (RR:1.05,95%CI:0.46~2.36)[52]。

      推薦

      1.推薦入院立即采用IPC和/或GCS預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,高質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)血腫穩(wěn)定且無(wú)尚未糾正的凝血病的患者,建議在入院48 h內(nèi)皮下注射預(yù)防劑量的UFH或LMWH以預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.建議在開(kāi)始藥物預(yù)防后繼續(xù)應(yīng)用IPC預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      三、重癥動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的血栓預(yù)防

      動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)患者的VTE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦較高。其急性小腿DVT的發(fā)生率在1.5%到24%,而臨床顯性PE的發(fā)生率在1.25%到2.0%[37,54-57]。VTE同近兩倍的平均住院時(shí)間(P<0.001)和心/肺并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),后者包括心肌頓抑和肺水腫[比值比(odds ration,OR):2.8,95%CI:2.4~3.2]。VTE同樣跟感染性并發(fā)癥例如肺炎和膿毒癥(OR:2.8,95%CI:2.4~3.3),以及血管痙攣(OR:1.3,95%CI:1.0~1.6)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[54]。

      在存在急性顱內(nèi)出血的情況下,確定合適的VTE藥物預(yù)防方案充滿挑戰(zhàn)?;颊呖赡苄枰心X室外引流術(shù)和/或開(kāi)顱手術(shù)以穩(wěn)定一個(gè)破裂動(dòng)脈瘤。目前缺乏aSAH中VTE預(yù)防的文獻(xiàn),此人群的多數(shù)推薦源自對(duì)缺血性卒中患者觀察的外推。

      對(duì)于神經(jīng)功能和生理上均穩(wěn)定、分級(jí)較好且沒(méi)有臨床和/或超聲上存在血管痙攣的aSAH患者,早期下床活動(dòng)有助于預(yù)防DVT[58]。長(zhǎng)度覆蓋大腿的GCS并不顯著性減少DVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但增加皮膚損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[45,59,60]。IPC較安慰劑組減少DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[59]。聯(lián)用IPC和抗凝藥可能對(duì)VTE預(yù)防有協(xié)同作用[27]。

      UFH減少DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[59]。5 000 IU 2次/d或3次/d皮下注射的方案均有報(bào)道,但沒(méi)有研究在aSAH患者中直接比較這兩個(gè)方案[59]。有研究者認(rèn)為(并未證明)3次/d的UFH增加顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而UFH 2次/d的方案可能更加安全(尤其是出血后的前幾天或開(kāi)顱手術(shù)后)[59]。

      LMWH同樣減少DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但增加顱內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[59,61,62]。總體來(lái)說(shuō),接受LMWH預(yù)防的神經(jīng)外科患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較接受機(jī)械性預(yù)防者的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著升高(P<0.0005)。接受UFH預(yù)防的患者出血率未明顯增加(P=0.40)[59]。對(duì)于接受開(kāi)顱手術(shù)的患者,低劑量LMWH帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能超過(guò)獲益。據(jù)估計(jì),對(duì)每1 000個(gè)患者應(yīng)用LMWH能預(yù)防8~36個(gè)VTE事件,但帶來(lái)4~22個(gè)額外的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。假設(shè)SAH所致殘疾和死亡是VTE的2~3倍,LMWH帶來(lái)的損害可能較不進(jìn)行此方案預(yù)防的更大[63]。許多中心常規(guī)應(yīng)用下肢多普勒超聲篩查aSAH患者。該方案是安全的,但其效用及費(fèi)效比尚不清楚[28]。

      推薦

      1.推薦所有aSAH患者均應(yīng)給予UFH預(yù)防VTE(強(qiáng)烈推薦,高質(zhì)量證據(jù)),但不包括預(yù)計(jì)需要手術(shù)的不穩(wěn)定破裂動(dòng)脈瘤。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.推薦aSAH患者入院應(yīng)該立即使用 IPC預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.推薦于手術(shù)處理或介入栓塞動(dòng)脈瘤至少24 h后開(kāi)始應(yīng)用UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      四、重癥顱腦外傷患者的血栓預(yù)防

      對(duì)于存活超過(guò)首個(gè)24 h的住院創(chuàng)傷患者,PE是排名第三的死因[64]。重型顱腦外傷(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是多發(fā)傷患者DVT的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其原因可能是活動(dòng)減少、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)和促凝因子的激活[65-67]。

      對(duì)于未行或延遲進(jìn)行預(yù)防的sTBI患者,DVT發(fā)生率在13%~17%。對(duì)有顱內(nèi)出血的創(chuàng)傷患者,目前缺乏基于證據(jù)的推薦意見(jiàn)。這導(dǎo)致血栓預(yù)防方案的不一致性和不同中心的差異性,尚沒(méi)有TBI患者進(jìn)行UFH/LWMH藥物預(yù)防或IPC機(jī)械預(yù)防VTE的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案[68]。盡管該人群VTE發(fā)生率較高,但尚無(wú)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)比較早期和晚期藥物預(yù)防。Nathans等[69]發(fā)現(xiàn),延遲超過(guò)4 d開(kāi)始抗凝藥物血栓預(yù)防導(dǎo)致DVT發(fā)病率升高3倍,而重型TBI患者出現(xiàn)延遲超過(guò)4 d開(kāi)始進(jìn)行血栓預(yù)防的比例是其他患者的兩倍。一個(gè)回顧性綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于有創(chuàng)傷性顱腦出血(traumatic intracranial hemorrhage,tICH)的多系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷患者,延遲超過(guò) 48 h啟動(dòng)預(yù)防導(dǎo)致 DVT發(fā)生率較沒(méi)有頭部創(chuàng)傷的患者高 3至 4倍 (RR:2.67,95%CI:1.69~4.20)[70]。

      該人群應(yīng)選取何種抗凝劑仍需進(jìn)一步研究。目前,沒(méi)有研究在有重型TBI和 ICH的多系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷患者中直接比較LMWH和UFH進(jìn)行VTE預(yù)防。對(duì)伴有脊髓損傷而沒(méi)有頭部外傷的多系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)傷患者進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)表明,LWMH較UFH對(duì)VTE的預(yù)防更有效。2001年EAST和第8版美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)指南均推薦應(yīng)用LMWH對(duì)沒(méi)有頭部損傷的創(chuàng)傷患者進(jìn)行VTE預(yù)防[64,71]。對(duì)于有創(chuàng)傷性ICH的患者,EAST指南聲稱尚無(wú)足夠證據(jù)支持對(duì)LMWH的推薦,然而ACCP的指南則推薦LMWH用于所有創(chuàng)傷患者[64]。2007顱腦創(chuàng)傷基金會(huì)指南認(rèn)為對(duì)重型TBI患者,選用何種藥物預(yù)防血栓尚無(wú)足夠證據(jù),亦無(wú)足夠證據(jù)推薦開(kāi)始藥物抗凝預(yù)防VTE的時(shí)機(jī)[72]。

      推薦

      1.根據(jù)缺血性卒中和開(kāi)顱手術(shù)后VTE預(yù)防的證據(jù),推薦TBI后24 h或開(kāi)顱手術(shù)完成后24 h內(nèi)啟用IPC預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)于有TBI和ICH的患者,推薦在24~48 h內(nèi)或開(kāi)顱手術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)啟用LMWH或UFH預(yù)防VTE,(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.根據(jù)其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害如缺血性卒中的數(shù)據(jù),推薦采用機(jī)械性裝置如IPC預(yù)防TBI患者的VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      五、重癥顱腦腫瘤患者的血栓預(yù)防

      約20%~30%的惡性膠質(zhì)瘤患者出現(xiàn)VTE,而因腦腫瘤行開(kāi)顱手術(shù)的患者發(fā)生DVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可達(dá)31%。現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)顱腦腫瘤患者有數(shù)個(gè)VTE危險(xiǎn)因素,如罹患膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤、腫瘤體積較大、下肢不全癱瘓、高齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、化療及應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素[73]。

      在此人群中可采用機(jī)械(IPC)和/或藥物(UFH或LMWH)進(jìn)行DVT預(yù)防,但選擇最適宜方案必須考慮出血性并發(fā)癥。藥物可有效減少VTE,Simanek等[73]對(duì)63例高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤患者應(yīng)用GCS和不同的肝素方案 [40 mg依諾肝素、2 500 IU或5 000 IU達(dá)肝均為1次/d)]治療。24%(15/ 63)的患者發(fā)生VTE,其中60%(9/15)發(fā)生PE而40%(6/15)發(fā)生DVT。進(jìn)行聯(lián)合VTE預(yù)防的患者中5%(2/15)出現(xiàn)VTE;該研究并未報(bào)道出血性并發(fā)癥。Robbins等[74]應(yīng)用5 000 IU達(dá)肝素治療42例新近診斷的膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞患者,在6.3個(gè)月的中位治療時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)VTE或ICH。Perry等[75]應(yīng)用亭扎肝素對(duì)40例新近診斷的惡性膠質(zhì)瘤(WHOⅢ-Ⅳ級(jí))患者進(jìn)行了安全的VTE預(yù)防。術(shù)后2 d到4周內(nèi)開(kāi)始4 500 IU亭扎肝素皮下注射,療程最長(zhǎng)達(dá)12個(gè)月;但有5%(2/40)的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出血發(fā)生率。在另一項(xiàng)研究中,Perry等[75]將新近診斷的惡性膠質(zhì)瘤患者隨機(jī)化,分入達(dá)肝素5 000 IU組(n= 99)或安慰劑組(n=87)[16,76]。治療開(kāi)始的6個(gè)月內(nèi),VTE發(fā)生率在達(dá)肝素組為9%而安慰劑組為15%(P=0.29);而同時(shí)期ICH發(fā)生率達(dá)肝素組為3%而安慰劑組為0(P=0.22)。到治療12個(gè)月時(shí),ICH發(fā)生率分別為5%和1%(P=0.48)。與此相反,Cage等[77]回顧了86例因腦膜瘤行外科手術(shù)的患者,其中24例在術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)應(yīng)用了依諾肝素而62例未性預(yù)防。在顱內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生率上依諾肝素組和對(duì)照組沒(méi)有顯著差異(分別為12.5%和12.9%)[77]。

      推薦

      對(duì)于腦腫瘤患者:若大出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低且沒(méi)有出血轉(zhuǎn)化征象,推薦住院即開(kāi)始使用LMWH或UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      六、重癥脊髓損傷患者的血栓預(yù)防

      脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)是DVT的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。但在不同研究中SCI的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,故存在納入患者群體的差異性[78],下肢DVT的發(fā)生率在12%~64%之間。通過(guò)標(biāo)記纖維蛋白原、體積描記法及靜脈造影,在沒(méi)有預(yù)防措施的情況下DVT的發(fā)生率在50%~80%[7]。

      癱瘓SCI患者在最初 12周內(nèi) DVT的總體發(fā)生率在18%~100%,而PE的發(fā)生率在4.6%~14%。傷后最初2周的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能最高,而3個(gè)月后下降。盡管在6個(gè)月之后DVT的發(fā)生率進(jìn)一步下降,但DVT仍可能在傷后數(shù)月的時(shí)期內(nèi)發(fā)生[78,79]。

      對(duì)SCI患者進(jìn)行主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的活動(dòng)鍛煉和/或加壓襪對(duì)預(yù)防DVT的作用尚不明確。一項(xiàng)前瞻性臨床研究比較了LMWH聯(lián)合早期活動(dòng)(72 h內(nèi))和LMWH聯(lián)合晚期活動(dòng)(8~28 d之間,平均12 d),早期活動(dòng)組的DVT發(fā)生率為2%而晚期活動(dòng)組為26%[79]。

      單獨(dú)應(yīng)用IPC不足以預(yù)防SCI患者的DVT。Green等[80]和Merli等[81]通過(guò)IPC聯(lián)合藥物預(yù)防減少了DVT的發(fā)生。如果無(wú)法進(jìn)行機(jī)械或藥物預(yù)防應(yīng)考慮進(jìn)行二維超聲的篩查,并在有 DVT的客觀證據(jù)時(shí)考慮放置下腔靜脈 (inferior vena cava,IVC)濾器。一個(gè)納入病例數(shù)量較少的研究表明,應(yīng)用IVC濾器能有效預(yù)防SCI患者的有癥狀PE[82-84]。

      UFH和LMWH有效減少SCI患者的DVT[80,85,86]。第8版ACCP抗血栓指南建議相對(duì)于不進(jìn)行預(yù)防,建議應(yīng)用UFH(2C級(jí))或LMWH(2C級(jí))或機(jī)械預(yù)防(最好選用IPC,2C)[21]。脊柱醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)推薦應(yīng)用調(diào)整劑量的UFH[87]。一項(xiàng)納入90例急性創(chuàng)傷性SCI患者的回顧性隊(duì)列研究表明,應(yīng)用達(dá)肝素(5 000 IU 1次/d)或UFH(5 000 IU 2次/d)在VTE預(yù)防上沒(méi)有顯著性差異 (VTE總體發(fā)生率7.78%,UFH組為3/47而達(dá)肝素組為4/43,P=0.7054)[88]。一項(xiàng)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用分析表明,同依諾肝素30 mg 2次/d比較,調(diào)整劑量的UFH的費(fèi)效比更優(yōu)[88]。

      SCI患者DVT預(yù)防的具體時(shí)程尚不確定。脊柱醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)建議依據(jù)功能狀態(tài),是否有其他危險(xiǎn)因素或合并癥,以及患者的醫(yī)療服務(wù)可得性決定DVT的預(yù)防時(shí)程[89]。

      推薦

      對(duì)于脊髓損傷患者:

      1.應(yīng)該盡早開(kāi)始 (于受傷72 h內(nèi))盡早采取措施預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,高質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.不建議單獨(dú)使用機(jī)械性方法預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.出血控制后應(yīng)盡快應(yīng)用LMWH或調(diào)整劑量的UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      4.如果無(wú)法應(yīng)用LMWH或UFH,建議采用IPC預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      七、重癥神經(jīng)肌肉疾病患者的血栓預(yù)防

      住院患者、危重癥、無(wú)法活動(dòng)和呼吸衰竭是 DVT和PE發(fā)生經(jīng)典而重要的危險(xiǎn)因素[90]。因此格蘭巴雷綜合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)和重癥肌無(wú)力(myastheniagravis,MG)是DVT和PE的高危因素。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道GBS患者發(fā)生有癥狀DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為4%~7%,而PE為3%~7%[91-96]。故VTE預(yù)防是此類患者治療的重要組成部分。然而專家組未找到對(duì)住院或重癥神經(jīng)肌肉疾病患者應(yīng)用任意方法進(jìn)行VTE預(yù)防的系統(tǒng)性評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)。作者因此從最近似的患者人群數(shù)據(jù)中進(jìn)行外推,即住院/重癥內(nèi)科患者及脊髓損傷患者。

      數(shù)個(gè)薈萃分析已檢驗(yàn)了在住院和重癥內(nèi)科患者中應(yīng)用多種VTE預(yù)防措施的效用[90,97-100]。來(lái)自4到8個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(納入5 206~8 605例患者)、最為相關(guān)和新近數(shù)據(jù)決定了結(jié)果[90]。對(duì)于住院內(nèi)科患者,相對(duì)于不使用預(yù)防措施,應(yīng)用UFH、LMWH或磺達(dá)肝癸鈉發(fā)生有癥狀DVT的RR為0.47(95%CI:0.22~1.00),而致死性PE的RR為0.41(95%CI:0.22~0.76)。而發(fā)生非致死性PE、大出血及全因死亡沒(méi)有顯著性差異。低劑量UFH(5 000 IU 2次/d或3次/d皮下注射)同LMWH相比發(fā)生DVT、PE及死亡率均無(wú)差異。雖然應(yīng)用LMWH顯著性減少了重大出血事件 (RR:0.48,95%CI:0.24~0.99),但由于治療每1 000例患者其發(fā)生比例低于5例,故其絕對(duì)作用有限。而對(duì)UFH 2次/d和UFH 3次/d進(jìn)行比較(因這2種方案未進(jìn)行過(guò)直接比較,故在薈萃分析中進(jìn)行了間接比較),PE、DVT、重大出血及死亡均無(wú)顯著性差異。

      機(jī)械性VTE預(yù)防措施在住院或重癥內(nèi)科患者中的研究相對(duì)較少。在該人群中應(yīng)用GCS不帶來(lái)有癥狀DVT、非致死性PE或死亡率的獲益,但依據(jù)CLOTS 1試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果GCS顯著增加皮膚破損/潰瘍/水泡/壞死的發(fā)生率(RR:4.02,95% CI:2.34~6.91)[45,90]。對(duì)手術(shù)患者,GCS和IPC同藥物預(yù)防聯(lián)用均使DVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降,但PE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒(méi)有下降[101,102]。該問(wèn)題未在內(nèi)科患者中得到研究。僅有一項(xiàng)納入少量PE事件的研究表明,LMWH可能較 UFH更有效的預(yù)防有癥狀 PE(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.34~0.97)[90,103]。亦沒(méi)有直接相關(guān)證據(jù)足以指導(dǎo)該人群在ICU中的VTE預(yù)防時(shí)程。

      推薦

      1.推薦優(yōu)先將應(yīng)用預(yù)防劑量的UFH (2次/d或3次/d)、LMWH或磺達(dá)肝素作為預(yù)防VTE的方案。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)于因出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)過(guò)高而不宜進(jìn)行藥物預(yù)防的患者,推薦采用IPC預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.建議神經(jīng)肌肉病患者應(yīng)聯(lián)合藥物和機(jī)械性方法(IPC)預(yù)防VTE(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      4.無(wú)法使用藥物或IPC預(yù)防的患者,建議單獨(dú)使用GCS預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      5.建議應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)預(yù)防VTE的時(shí)程 (至少在急性期住院期間,或直到能下地活動(dòng))。(弱推薦,非常低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      八、接受神經(jīng)外科和神經(jīng)介入干預(yù)的重癥患者的血栓預(yù)防

      在神經(jīng)外科的普通患者人群中,術(shù)后VTE如DVT和PE是致殘和致死的重要病因。但神經(jīng)外科患者及其術(shù)式復(fù)雜多樣,故擇期脊柱手術(shù)、腦腫瘤切除或有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)操作的患者VTE發(fā)生率不同。在進(jìn)行大型脊柱重建手術(shù)的患者中,DVT的發(fā)生率在0~15.5%,而PE可高達(dá)15%[104]。擇期脊柱手術(shù)的患者中,VTE的發(fā)生率在0.3%~31%,而匯集總體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)據(jù)估計(jì)為2.1%[105]。神經(jīng)外科普通患者人群DVT和PE的發(fā)生率均為0.4%[106-108]。據(jù)報(bào)道,特定手術(shù)體位如俯臥位和跪式體位VTE的發(fā)生率為0[31]。不同報(bào)道中因神經(jīng)腫瘤行開(kāi)顱手術(shù)的患者DVT和PE的發(fā)生率不同,可低至3%,而在高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤患者中可高達(dá)28.0%[109,110]。目前,對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)操作的報(bào)道極少。而在多種血管內(nèi)操作期間患者均接受抗凝,故血栓栓塞的發(fā)生率可能受到明顯影響。

      過(guò)去40年間,多個(gè)試驗(yàn)研究了神經(jīng)外科患者(包括接受開(kāi)顱手術(shù)者)的VTE預(yù)防措施[34,59,111-120]。最常見(jiàn)的干預(yù)措施是CS、IPC、LMWH和UFH。近來(lái)的兩個(gè)薈萃分析比較了VTE預(yù)防的獲益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(包括顱內(nèi)出血)[112,117,121]。 其中最新的薈萃分析納入了30個(gè)前瞻性研究 (18個(gè)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)和12個(gè)隊(duì)列研究),其結(jié)論為:LMWH的效用較IPC的差(LMWH:RR:0.60,CI:0.44~0.81;IPC:RR:0.41,95%CI:0.21~0.78),而隨后直接比較兩者的檢驗(yàn)沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著性差異(RR:1.97,95%CI:0.64~6.06)[117]。該薈萃分析提示應(yīng)用LWMH和IPC總體上是安全且有效的,而顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有限[122-128]。

      然而,這些大規(guī)模薈萃分析并未分析特定神經(jīng)外科亞組患者VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和獲益。UFH相比于其他預(yù)防措施出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[115,129]。在麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)和開(kāi)顱手術(shù)中預(yù)防性應(yīng)用LMWH同術(shù)后顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加有關(guān)[59,61,62,130]。與此相反,其他研究報(bào)道在神經(jīng)外科患者開(kāi)顱手術(shù)后的圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用LMWH或UFH的顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類似[112,113,131]。大型前瞻性隊(duì)列研究提示LMWH對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤擇期手術(shù)和常規(guī)開(kāi)顱手術(shù)是安全的[34,132,133]。GCS、IPC聯(lián)合LMWH或UFH在復(fù)雜脊柱手術(shù)中有效預(yù)防 VTE[33,112,113,115,129,134-136]。在重度脊髓損傷或復(fù)雜脊柱手術(shù)患者中,下腔靜脈(inferior vena cava,IVC)濾器的應(yīng)用尚未得到充分研究。小規(guī)模病例系列提示IVC濾器在創(chuàng)傷患者中有一定獲益;但是多數(shù)證據(jù)提示獲益有限而造成損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[137-140]。在擇期開(kāi)顱手術(shù)患者中,應(yīng)用IPC聯(lián)合LMWH或UFH 是有益的[59,112-114,131,141]。

      對(duì)于顱內(nèi)血管內(nèi)介入術(shù)中進(jìn)行抗凝的患者,其發(fā)生顱內(nèi)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能增加。有證據(jù)表明在置入腦室外引流管后,因動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞接受全量肝素化的患者在活化凝血酶原時(shí)間(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)得到嚴(yán)格控制的前提下,有癥狀或無(wú)癥狀腦室外引流相關(guān)出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不增加[142]。

      推薦

      (一)擇期脊柱外科手術(shù)的VTE預(yù)防

      1.采取特殊體位如俯臥位或跪式體位的門診背部手術(shù)患者無(wú)VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議對(duì)該人群僅使用IPC預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)常規(guī)擇期脊柱外科手術(shù),推薦下床活動(dòng)聯(lián)合機(jī)械性方法(GCS或IPC),或聯(lián)合LMWH預(yù)防VTE。對(duì)于VTE高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者,推薦下床活動(dòng)、GCS或IPC及LMWH的聯(lián)合方案預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.鑒于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加,僅推薦將UFH作為VTE的替代性預(yù)防手段。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      (二)復(fù)雜脊柱外科手術(shù)的VTE預(yù)防

      1.推薦使用IPC聯(lián)合LMWH或UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.對(duì)于重度脊髓損傷或復(fù)雜脊柱外科手術(shù)者,不推薦常規(guī)放置IVC濾網(wǎng)預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.對(duì)于有DVT和PE的患者,或DVT可能致PE但不能抗凝的患者,建議考慮臨時(shí)放置可回收的IVC濾網(wǎng)作為預(yù)防VTE的暫時(shí)性措施。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      (三)擇期開(kāi)顱手術(shù)的VTE預(yù)防

      1.推薦開(kāi)顱術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)使用IPC聯(lián)合LMWH或UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.推薦常規(guī)開(kāi)顱手術(shù)切除膠質(zhì)瘤后24 h內(nèi)使用IPC聯(lián)合LMWH或UFH預(yù)防VTE。(強(qiáng)烈推薦,中等質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      (四)擇期顱內(nèi)/動(dòng)脈內(nèi)操作的VTE預(yù)防

      1.建議在下床活動(dòng)之前采用CS和IPC預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.建議立即給予預(yù)防性抗凝藥物L(fēng)MWH或UFH。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      (五)顱內(nèi)血管內(nèi)介入手術(shù)的VTE預(yù)防

      1.檢測(cè)活化凝血酶原時(shí)間后,推薦于24 h內(nèi)對(duì)卒中或其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷的偏身不全癱瘓者啟用UFH和/或機(jī)械性方法如IPC或CS預(yù)防VTE。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      2.使用rtPA或其他溶栓藥物者,應(yīng)該推遲溶栓后至少24 h再開(kāi)始VTE的藥物預(yù)防。(弱推薦,低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      3.進(jìn)行擇期手術(shù)的患者可能不需要使用 LMWH或UFH,但是早期下地活動(dòng)和/或機(jī)械性方法如IPC或CS可能獲益。(弱推薦,非常低質(zhì)量證據(jù))

      九、結(jié)論

      在撰寫神經(jīng)重癥VTE預(yù)防循證指南的過(guò)程中,專家組遇到最重大的挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏隨機(jī)對(duì)照且有足夠效力的臨床試驗(yàn)。目前需要進(jìn)一步研究,以解決這一獨(dú)特診療條件下VTE預(yù)防的各種問(wèn)題。此類研究因?yàn)榛颊叩膹?fù)雜性和VTE的發(fā)病率較低而充滿挑戰(zhàn)。

      此類指南是未來(lái)臨床研究的起點(diǎn),應(yīng)該用于決定神經(jīng)重癥患者最佳的VTE預(yù)防措施。本專家組依據(jù)GRADE系統(tǒng)制訂推薦,在決定推薦強(qiáng)度時(shí)將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)-收益比、患者價(jià)值觀和偏好、資源的可得性納入考量。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是,弱推薦應(yīng)當(dāng)特別注意依據(jù)患者情況進(jìn)行個(gè)體化,并在實(shí)施前與患者的利益相關(guān)者共同進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的評(píng)估。本專家組推薦在臨床工作中依據(jù)其自身臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)和納入證據(jù)的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)應(yīng)用該指南的相關(guān)推薦。神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)將在新證據(jù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)更新該指南。

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      2016-06-27)

      (本文編輯:張麗)

      10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2016.05.002

      200000 上海,同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬上海第十人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科

      高亮,Email:fdu2005@163.com

      高亮,陳宋育.美國(guó)神經(jīng)重癥學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)防神經(jīng)重癥患者靜脈血栓栓塞指南的解讀[J/CD].中華神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷外科電子雜志,2016,2 (5):261-270.

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