唐 霖 綜述 朱江帆 馬希權(quán) 審校
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院糖尿病與減重外科,上海 200124)
·文獻(xiàn)綜述·
肥胖群體心理評估及減重手術(shù)的影響
唐 霖 綜述 朱江帆*馬希權(quán) 審校
(同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院糖尿病與減重外科,上海 200124)
肥胖一直是人們健康的一大威脅,它本身即是一種病態(tài),還能引起各種代謝性疾病。同時(shí),肥胖患者的心理狀態(tài)和正常人群有顯著的差異,肥胖的人會更容易出現(xiàn)焦慮、抑郁等心理問題。研究表明肥胖患者的這些心理問題會影響減重手術(shù)的效果。此外,減重手術(shù)也可能會對他們的心理狀況有所改善。本文就減重手術(shù)有關(guān)心理研究做一綜述。
肥胖; 減重手術(shù); 心理評估; 焦慮; 抑郁; 進(jìn)食障礙
隨著社會發(fā)展及人們生活質(zhì)量改善,肥胖也在人群中迅速蔓延。造成肥胖的原因有很多,包括遺傳、環(huán)境、飲食、文化以及心理因素[1]。一直以來,諸如焦慮、抑郁、自卑等心理癥狀都被認(rèn)為與肥胖的發(fā)病有關(guān)[2]。從目前研究來看,肥胖患者中這些心理異常很常見,但把這些心理癥狀視為肥胖的病因并不合適,兩者是相互影響的[3]。減重手術(shù)是目前唯一可使絕大多數(shù)肥胖患者達(dá)到持久減重及降低肥胖相關(guān)疾病發(fā)生率和病死率的方法[4]。近年來,與減重手術(shù)有關(guān)的研究在國內(nèi)逐漸展開,減重手術(shù)緩解2型糖尿病、高血壓、多囊卵巢綜合征的研究已有很多,但對肥胖相關(guān)心理狀況及其對減重手術(shù)的影響關(guān)注尚少。本文就減重手術(shù)有關(guān)心理研究做一綜述。
心理因素是肥胖發(fā)生的重要原因之一,因此,肥胖患者經(jīng)常會伴隨著各種心理問題。研究表明,肥胖人群中心理問題的發(fā)生率高于正常人群,如焦慮、抑郁等[5,6]。同時(shí),那些主動(dòng)尋求治療的肥胖患者比不想接受治療的肥胖患者有更高的心理疾病發(fā)生率[7]。Epel等[8]的研究表明,壓力會影響人的進(jìn)食,雖然有約30%的人處在壓力下會減少進(jìn)食,但大多數(shù)人在壓力下會增加進(jìn)食來緩解壓力,從而導(dǎo)致體重增加。因此,對肥胖的研究不能只停留在生理上,還要從心理方面來研究肥胖,探討減重手術(shù)對心理疾病的影響以及心理問題是否會影響減重的效果。
Lin等[9]的研究顯示,要求減重手術(shù)的患者中約42%的人被診斷有精神病,抑郁、焦慮、進(jìn)食障礙是其中發(fā)生率最高的3種心理表現(xiàn)(抑郁27.7%,焦慮17.2%,進(jìn)食障礙7.6%)。Adams等[10]報(bào)道,有進(jìn)食障礙的患者術(shù)后額外體重減少率明顯低于無進(jìn)食障礙者。Rutledge等[11]的隨訪研究表明,患有1項(xiàng)以上精神疾病者在術(shù)后1年會有更高的幾率體重停止下降甚至反彈(OR=6.4,95%CI1.3~12.4)。除此之外,人格特質(zhì)對減重手術(shù)也有顯著影響。相比其他人格,神經(jīng)質(zhì)人格特質(zhì)的人群中,焦慮、抑郁、壓力性進(jìn)食的發(fā)生率會更高[12](Wilks’λ=0.65,F(9, 85)=4.95,P<0.001),因此,這類患者需要進(jìn)一步評估與管理。減重手術(shù)患者可能會有自殺傾向,而有自殺史的患者通常會有更高的BMI[13]。
同時(shí),進(jìn)行術(shù)前心理評估可以幫助患者做好術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,增加依從性,從而更有效地改變患者術(shù)后的生活習(xí)慣,使手術(shù)取得更好的效果。患者在術(shù)后如果碰到任何困難也會更傾向于求助醫(yī)生,從而方便患者術(shù)后管理[14]。
心理評估不僅能促使減重手術(shù)成功,其評估結(jié)果也能在一定程度上預(yù)測減重手術(shù)效果。Agüera等[15]對139例行減重手術(shù)的肥胖患者進(jìn)行2年隨訪研究,結(jié)果表明減重效果好的患者往往已婚、更年輕、抑郁更少、依從性更高,同時(shí)伴有適當(dāng)?shù)慕箲]情緒,此類患者術(shù)后的額外體重減少率往往高于其他患者(結(jié)婚P=0.044,OR=7.50;年齡P=0.005,OR=0.88;抑郁P=0.047,OR=0.23;依從性P=0.022,OR=1.05;焦慮P=0.014,OR=13.85)。Kinzl等[16]在研究術(shù)前心理與手術(shù)效果的關(guān)系時(shí)觀察到,術(shù)前患有2項(xiàng)及以上心理疾病者術(shù)后減重效果比僅有1項(xiàng)心理疾病甚至無心理疾病的人差(BMI減少值10.8 vs. 14.0 vs. 16.1,P=0.047)。de Zwaan等[17]對107例重度肥胖者的隨訪研究也表明,術(shù)前長期抑郁或焦慮及術(shù)后抑郁癥狀都預(yù)示減重手術(shù)效果不佳(術(shù)前焦慮抑郁P=0.018,術(shù)后抑郁P=0.002)。
但也有部分研究認(rèn)為,術(shù)前抑郁、焦慮、進(jìn)食障礙等與手術(shù)效果無明顯關(guān)系。Kalarchian等[18]對199例減重患者3年的隨訪研究顯示,術(shù)前心境障礙、焦慮、進(jìn)食障礙等心理問題與體重改變不相關(guān),術(shù)后心境障礙、焦慮也與手術(shù)效果無關(guān)(P均>0.05)。Alfonsson等[19]在研究年齡與減重效果的關(guān)系時(shí)觀察到,在排除年齡影響后,術(shù)前是否有心理疾病與術(shù)后額外體重減少率之間并無顯著相關(guān)(P>0.05)。但這2項(xiàng)研究[18,19]也同時(shí)指出,體重下降不理想可能與術(shù)后進(jìn)食障礙有關(guān)。除此之外,Averbukh等[20]的研究指出,抑郁癥狀與減重效果呈正相關(guān)(P=0.014),并認(rèn)為這可能是因?yàn)檫@些抑郁癥多數(shù)伴有暴食癥,導(dǎo)致其胃容量更大,因此限制胃容量的減重手術(shù)對這類患者效果更好。
目前,心理問題對減重手術(shù)的影響仍有爭議,這些差異與受試者文化、生活環(huán)境以及手術(shù)方式是否有關(guān)仍不清楚。研究肥胖群體心理改變及減重手術(shù)的影響,對手術(shù)患者篩查以及術(shù)前心理輔導(dǎo)會有很大幫助。
患者的心理問題對減重手術(shù)效果有所影響,與之相對,減重手術(shù)對肥胖患者心理問題也有改善作用。Kalarchian等[18]的研究表明,術(shù)后隨訪2~3年,心理疾病發(fā)生率比術(shù)前有明顯改善(術(shù)前30.2%,術(shù)后2年16.8%,3年18.4%)。
多數(shù)研究表明術(shù)后抑郁會有所緩解[17,21~24]。Rutledge等[21]的55例減重手術(shù)后患者5年隨訪資料表明,抑郁患者比例從術(shù)前56.4%(31/55)降低到34.5%(19/55)。Booth等[24]的研究則顯示,術(shù)后2年內(nèi),抑郁患者比例從36%下降至32%,但術(shù)后第7年時(shí)抑郁比例回升至37%。作者認(rèn)為減重手術(shù)對抑郁雖有一定緩解作用,但效果并不持久。然而,并非所有研究都認(rèn)為減重手術(shù)可以改善抑郁狀態(tài)。Matini等[25]的研究顯示,用漢密爾頓抑郁量表進(jìn)行評估,術(shù)前與術(shù)后6個(gè)月評分無顯著差異(5.9±0.7 vs. 6.3±0.8,P=0.311)。減重手術(shù)對焦慮無顯著改善[17,21,25]。Burgmer等[22]的研究雖然顯示術(shù)后1年焦慮癥狀有所改善,但隨后3年隨訪和術(shù)前相比均無顯著差異。對于焦慮的研究結(jié)果也不完全相同。Kalarchian等[18]的研究顯示焦慮癥患者比例在術(shù)后3年較術(shù)前有明顯下降(8.2% vs. 17.1%)。對進(jìn)食障礙也有不同的意見,Matini[25]和Kalarchian等[18]的研究認(rèn)為手術(shù)可以改善進(jìn)食障礙,而Faulconbridge等[23]的研究則顯示暴食癥患者手術(shù)后癥狀并無顯著改善。
健康不僅局限于軀體,還包括心理健康和社會適應(yīng)。肥胖不僅伴隨身體壓力,同時(shí)還有心理壓力,因此,肥胖群體心理疾病發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于正常人群。減重手術(shù)對患者心理問題有一定改善作用。由于肥胖人群心理改變及減重手術(shù)影響非常復(fù)雜,研究尚少,進(jìn)行更多深入研究,了解其規(guī)律,對于改善減重手術(shù)效果具有重要意義。
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(修回日期:2016-07-15)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
Psychological Assessment of Obese People and Metal Influence of Bariatric Surgery
TangLin,ZhuJiangfan,MaXiquan.
DepartmentofBariatricSurgery,EastHospitalofTongjiUniversity,Shanghai200124,China
ZhuJiangfan,E-mail:zhujiangfan@hotmail.com
Obesity; Bariatric surgery; Psychological assessment; Anxiety; Depression; Eating disorder
*通訊作者,E-mail:zhujiangfan@hotmail.com
A
1009-6604(2016)10-0950-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.10.022
2016-06-12)
【Summary】 Obesity has been a great threat to people’s health. It is a kind of disease which lead to various metabolic diseases. Besides, there are significant difference in psychological status between obese people and normal population. Obese people have more psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Some studies have suggested that psychological disorders can influence the result of bariatric surgery. In addition, bariatric surgery may relieve patients’ psychological disorders. In this review, we focused on the mental aspect of bariatric surgery.