邱瑜

定語(yǔ)從句是高一語(yǔ)法中的重難點(diǎn)之一，對(duì)于高一學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)起來(lái)比較吃力，它要求學(xué)生具備分析英語(yǔ)句子的能力以及組織句子的能力。學(xué)生如果能學(xué)好定語(yǔ)從句，就不怕看不懂有復(fù)雜句的文章。在定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法教學(xué)中，教師需要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意以下十個(gè)問(wèn)題：

一、“三步走”分析定語(yǔ)從句

首先找先行詞，接著分析所要求填的關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，最后把所填的關(guān)系詞放在整個(gè)句子中翻譯，看句子翻譯是否得體。

例：He who/whom/that wears red coat is my teacher.先行詞為He（指人），用who/whom/that;劃線部分在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的成分，所以只能填who/ that，當(dāng)然在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中也可填whom;最后翻譯：穿紅色風(fēng)衣的他是我的老師。

二、 that與which的用法

一是只用that不用which的情況：先行詞為all/anything/no/little等不定代詞;先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾或有序數(shù)詞修飾;先行詞有only/very/any等詞修飾;先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例：This is the best book that I have ever seen./There is nothing that can prevent her from doing it.

二是只用which不用that的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;代表整個(gè)主句的意思;介詞+關(guān)系代詞。例：She had failed in the English exam， which made her mother very sad. /This is the room in which my grandpa lived last year.

三、 as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法

1.as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常用于“the same...as，such...as”結(jié)構(gòu)中。

例：I want the same shirt as my sister`s./Such computer as used in our school are made in china.

2.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用于“as is known to all， as we know， as we expect， as is announced， as is said，as it reported”句型。

四、 定語(yǔ)從句與其他句子的區(qū)別

1.與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞，that充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，有時(shí)可省略。同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連詞，that不能充當(dāng)任何成分且不可省略。

例：Word came that their team was defeated.（同位語(yǔ)）

We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.（定語(yǔ)從句）

2.與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別

判斷一個(gè)句子是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，只需把“It was...that...”去掉，如果句子的意思跟沒(méi)去掉之前句子的意思保持一樣，就說(shuō)明它是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。

It was in the house that we stayed last week.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

It was the house in which we stayed last week.（定語(yǔ)從句）

五、as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句與which的區(qū)別

1.當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)用as，反之用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

例：Our class made the first in the sports meet， which was unexpected.

Our class made the first in the sports meet， as we expected.

2.當(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定時(shí)常用which引導(dǎo)。例：Tom always plays computer games， which his wife doesn`t like at all.

3.一是含義不同，as一般翻譯為“正好（好像）……”，which一般翻譯為“就（前面）……這一點(diǎn)”，代替前文所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容;二是位置不同，as可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，而which一般只放在主句之后，也就是位于句中。

六、關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定

例：The man who lives upstairs speaks English fluently./The students who are in Grade Five are going to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.

“one of the +n.”做先行詞時(shí)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)確定：1.“one of the +n.”做先行詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);2.當(dāng)one前面有“the， the only， the very”等修飾時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例：He is one of the best one that have lived in a village./He is the one of the best one the that has lived in a village.

七、間隔性英語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)，這就是英語(yǔ)中所說(shuō)的“間隔性英語(yǔ)從句”。例：There is a strange expression in my teacher`s eyes that I can`t understand.

八、“介詞+which”代替引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞

介詞在關(guān)系代詞前，只能用which和whom且不能省略;介詞在尾句，關(guān)系代詞可以有which， that， whom，口語(yǔ)中也可用who且可省略。例：The teacher （whom/who/that） you were talking about is my teacher.

九、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的選擇

根據(jù)后面動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。如：In school there was no person to whom she could turn for help.（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組）

根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。如：I`ll never forget the day on which I first met my boyfriend. （the day前面一般用介詞on）

同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。如：That is the house in which you once lived.（理解成live in the house） /The room has a window， through which I can see the blue sky.（ 理解成see the blue sky through the window）

根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來(lái)確定：This is my pair of glasses， without which I cannot see clearly.

十、the way做先行詞時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

需要主、賓或表語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞that、which或省略。主、賓或表語(yǔ)都有時(shí)用in which、that或省略，此時(shí)that相當(dāng)于一個(gè)副詞。如：This is the way that/in which he does.先行詞為situation/case/stage/point等表示抽象意義的詞，在滿足句中主、賓或表語(yǔ)齊全的情況下，后常用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，譯為“到了某種地步，在某種情況中”。◆（作者單位：江西省永新縣第二中學(xué)）

□責(zé)任編輯：張淑光