彭茂瀟,牛東紅,李家樂(lè)
(上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部淡水水產(chǎn)種質(zhì)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201306)
·綜述·
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)研究進(jìn)展
彭茂瀟,牛東紅,李家樂(lè)
(上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部淡水水產(chǎn)種質(zhì)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201306)
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)是先天免疫的重要組成部分,在免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。補(bǔ)體的研究可以為海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物提供病害防治的理論基礎(chǔ)。本文介紹了海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)中已報(bào)道的C1q、MBL、ficolin、MASP、B因子、C3和C6等成分,比較了海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分的功能,描述了其補(bǔ)體激活途徑和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化情況。目前,海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體的研究發(fā)展很快,揭示可能存在與脊椎動(dòng)物差異較大的補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),但是缺乏系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)研究而未能構(gòu)建起理論模型。
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物;補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng);補(bǔ)體途徑;系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)是由一系列40多種蛋白質(zhì)分子所組成、有著精密調(diào)控機(jī)制的蛋白質(zhì)反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)。補(bǔ)體作為眾多免疫效應(yīng)機(jī)制中的一員,在免疫過(guò)程的末端和吞噬作用以及炎癥反應(yīng)等一起發(fā)揮著作用。補(bǔ)體的研究始于19世紀(jì)中葉BUCHNER等[1]對(duì)體外血清熱敏性物質(zhì)殺滅細(xì)菌的研究,然而“補(bǔ)體”一詞由PUAL于1899年提出的時(shí)候就被認(rèn)為是一批并不嚴(yán)格相互依賴的因子[2]。補(bǔ)體一直被認(rèn)為是免疫應(yīng)答機(jī)制中的配角。21世紀(jì),補(bǔ)體分子與重大疾病關(guān)系的功能研究頻頻被報(bào)道,學(xué)者們開始重視補(bǔ)體這一被低估的分子類群。
無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物缺乏真正的抗體和特異性的免疫細(xì)胞,機(jī)體防御反應(yīng)依靠非特異性的先天免疫[3]。補(bǔ)體在體液免疫中發(fā)揮著重要作用,是連接先天免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的樞紐[4]。在昆蟲和線蟲等陸生原口類無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中大部分的補(bǔ)體成分沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體的研究絕大多數(shù)以海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物為對(duì)象[5],主要集中在脊索動(dòng)物、節(jié)肢動(dòng)物、棘皮動(dòng)物、刺胞動(dòng)物和軟體動(dòng)物。近年來(lái),補(bǔ)體作為先天免疫的重要組成部分,以及與抗體多個(gè)水平上發(fā)生相互作用的特殊角色,其在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物病害防治和免疫機(jī)制的研究中不斷被重視。海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體的研究起步較晚,多處于相關(guān)成分基因的克隆、蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的分析、單一成分功能的描述、途徑的初步探索和進(jìn)化演變分析。
基于參與途徑的不同,補(bǔ)體成分在哺乳動(dòng)物中可以分成4類:1)固有成分:主要包括C1復(fù)合體(C1q、C1r和C1s)、C2~C9、B因子、D因子、P因子、甘露糖結(jié)合型凝集素(MBL)、ficolin和甘露糖結(jié)合型凝集素關(guān)聯(lián)絲氨酸蛋白酶(MASP);2)調(diào)控分子:主要包括C1抑制物、I因子、H因子、C4結(jié)合蛋白和膜輔助蛋白等;3)補(bǔ)體受體:主要包括CR1~CR5、C1q受體、C2a/C4a受體、H因子受體和不同片段的C3和C5受體等;4)活性片段:主要包括C3a、C4a和C5a等以及這些活性片段的進(jìn)一步分解產(chǎn)物[2,6]。
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分比脊椎動(dòng)物要少,就某一單一成分來(lái)說(shuō)存在不同程度的亞型,往往亞型數(shù)量眾多[7],甚至在不同的個(gè)體發(fā)育時(shí)期也存在不同亞型的差異表達(dá)[8]。海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分的研究主要以補(bǔ)體固有成分為主,其它成分僅個(gè)別被報(bào)道。從固有成分所形成的分子家族角度來(lái)看,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中,C1q家族(C1q、MBL和ficolin)分子均有所發(fā)現(xiàn),MASP家族(MASP、C1r、C1s)中僅MASP分子被發(fā)現(xiàn),B因子家族(B因子和C2)中僅B因子被發(fā)現(xiàn),C3家族(C3、C4和C5)中僅C3被發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)體終末成分家族(C6、C7、C8和C9)中僅C6被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
1.1 C1q
C1q蛋白分子在文昌魚(Branchiostoma belcheri)[9]、玻璃海鞘(Ciona intestinalis)[10]、紫海膽(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)[11]、霸王蓮花青螺(Lottia gigantean)[12]、海蠕蟲(Capitella teleta)[12]、佛羅里達(dá)海牛(Trichechus manatus latirostris)[13]、櫛孔扇貝(Chlamys farreri)[14]、海灣扇貝(Argopecten irradias)[15]、紫貽貝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)[16]、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)[17]、近江牡蠣(Crassostrea ariakensis)[18]和堡礁海綿(Amphimedon queenslandica)[19]等海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中被報(bào)道。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)作為補(bǔ)體經(jīng)典途徑的啟動(dòng)分子Clq,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中存在大量的含有Clq結(jié)構(gòu)域的ClqDC分子[20]。在長(zhǎng)牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了321個(gè)亞型[21]。
在哺乳動(dòng)物中Clq分子是由6個(gè)亞單位組成的異源六聚體,各單位N端為聚成束狀的膠原區(qū),C端為放射狀球形的Clq結(jié)構(gòu)域,依其分子結(jié)構(gòu)被分為ClqA、ClqB和ClqC三個(gè)亞家族。對(duì)海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物C1q結(jié)構(gòu)分析表明這些ClqDC分子均不屬于哺乳動(dòng)物的ClqA、ClqB和ClqC亞家族,但是存在C1q分子的特征結(jié)構(gòu)域[22]。
1.2 M BL和ficolin
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中MBL蛋白分子在文昌魚[23]和玻璃海鞘[24]中被發(fā)現(xiàn)并存在數(shù)量較多的亞型。ficolin蛋白分子在文昌魚[25]、真海鞘(Halocynthia roretai)[26]、玻璃海鞘[24]、紫海膽[11]、長(zhǎng)牡蠣[27]和堡礁海綿[19]等海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中都有發(fā)現(xiàn),與MBL不同的是亞型數(shù)量有所減少。
MBL和ficolin分子的結(jié)構(gòu)和Clq相似,N端均為聚成束狀的膠原區(qū),僅在C端的放射狀球形結(jié)構(gòu)域上各自有所差別。在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中除MBL分子外,真海鞘中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了MBL類似分子——葡萄糖結(jié)合型凝集素(GBL),GBL的C端與MBL類似,存在一個(gè)C型凝集素的CRD;而N端與MBL不同,不存在膠原蛋白區(qū)域,而含有一段α螺旋[28]。此外,在玻璃海鞘中還存在其它MBL或ficolin的類似物,如ficolin的類似分子AsFCN[26]和MBL-like分子[29]。近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中含有大量的C型凝集素(含有甘露糖結(jié)合型CTLD結(jié)構(gòu)),以及含纖維蛋白原樣結(jié)構(gòu)域(FBG)的纖維蛋白原相關(guān)蛋白(FREPs),但是在結(jié)構(gòu)上大都缺少M(fèi)BL或ficolin分子N端的膠原蛋白區(qū)域,少數(shù)存在類似海鞘GBL的α螺旋區(qū)域[30]。
1.3 MASP
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中僅文昌魚報(bào)道了MASP1和MASP3分子[23],以及真海鞘[31]和???2]中報(bào)道了MASP1分子。除此之外,在其它海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中目前未有該家族分子的報(bào)道。MASP分子C端擁有絲氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)域,其它結(jié)構(gòu)域主要包括補(bǔ)體控制蛋白(CCP)和胰島素樣絲氨酸蛋白酶(Tryp_SPc)。與脊椎動(dòng)物相比該家族基因同源性較低,除存在特征性的絲氨酸蛋白酶結(jié)構(gòu)域組合外,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中其特征結(jié)構(gòu)域的拷貝數(shù)存在差異。
1.4 B因子
B因子在文昌魚[33]、玻璃海鞘[34]、紫海膽[35]、圓尾鱟(Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)[36]和歐洲溝紋蛤仔(Ruditapes decussatus)[37]等海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中被報(bào)道,并且存在一定數(shù)量的亞型。
B因子結(jié)構(gòu)與MASP分子相似,均為含絲氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)域分子,主要包括相同短序列重復(fù)(SCR)、A型血管性血友病因子(VWA)和絲氨酸蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域。與脊椎動(dòng)物相比,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中B因子的分子結(jié)構(gòu)同源性較高,但是仍然具有差異。海鞘的B因子在N端另外具有2個(gè)A類低濃度脂蛋白受體(LDLR)結(jié)構(gòu)域和1個(gè)CCP結(jié)構(gòu)域,中國(guó)鱟(Tachyplens tridentatus)B因子在N端另外具有2個(gè)CCP結(jié)構(gòu)域[38],其它海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物B因子的N端均有不同程度結(jié)構(gòu)域的增加。
1.5 C3
C3是補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的中心成分,已在文昌魚[39]、真海鞘[40]、玻璃海鞘[10]、日本刺參(Apostichopus japonicus)[41]、縱條磯??℉aliplanella lineate)[42]、圓尾鱟[36]、刺柳珊蝴(Swiftia exserta)[43]、堡礁海綿[19]、歐洲溝紋蛤仔[37]、霸王蓮花青螺[12]、紫海膽[35]、長(zhǎng)牡蠣[27]和夏威夷短尾魷魚(Euprymna scolopes)[44]等海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中被報(bào)道。C3分子與大部分補(bǔ)體分子一樣在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中存在多種亞型。
C3是一種β2糖蛋白,由α和β兩條肽鏈組成,屬于硫酯蛋白(TEP)超家族。這類分子在結(jié)構(gòu)上都含有高度保守的α2巨球蛋白結(jié)合蛋白酶區(qū)域的一個(gè)硫酯鍵位點(diǎn)(thioester site)[45]。在已發(fā)現(xiàn)的海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物C3分子的研究表明,其結(jié)構(gòu)與脊椎動(dòng)物高度同源。
1.6 C6
C6蛋白分子作為一種典型的嵌合糖蛋白是補(bǔ)體終末成分(TCC)家族的一員。在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中,該家族成分僅C6分子被發(fā)現(xiàn)于文昌魚[46]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)除文昌魚外的海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物雖然缺乏TCC家族的分子,但是復(fù)合膜攻擊穿孔蛋白(MACPF)結(jié)構(gòu)域作為該家族的共有保守結(jié)構(gòu)域在大部分海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中被證明存在[5]。
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分的功能研究尚處于個(gè)體物種零星報(bào)道的初步階段。最新研究表明,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)各成分存在多種亞型的同時(shí),各單一成分亞型之間功能上可能存在差異。
2.1 C1q
C1q是激活補(bǔ)體經(jīng)典途徑的模式識(shí)別受體分子,由于普遍認(rèn)為海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物缺乏抗體,其C1q的功能一直未被系統(tǒng)的描述。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)文昌魚AmphiC1q1分子能被LPS和細(xì)菌刺激上調(diào),而且具有抑制血小板凝集等高等脊椎動(dòng)物Clq分子的特性[47]。在軟體動(dòng)物櫛孔扇貝和海灣扇貝的C1q研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)這些分子可以被微生物或LPS刺激而上調(diào),并且具有凝菌活性,該活性可以被D-甘露糖和肽聚糖所抑制[22]。同時(shí)WANG等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)櫛孔扇貝的C1q分子能識(shí)別高等動(dòng)物IgG抗體并與之結(jié)合,類似的結(jié)果在文蛤[17]和斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦(Penaeusmonodon)[48]中也有所體現(xiàn)。
2.2 MBL和ficolin
在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中對(duì)MBL和ficolin兩個(gè)分子的功能研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其功能與哺乳動(dòng)物的MBL分子功能類似。海鞘的GBL分子也能與海鞘的MASP結(jié)合激活凝集素途徑[28],在櫛孔扇貝CfLec-1的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)其還具有調(diào)理的作用[49]。在文昌魚中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)ficolin同源分子BjFCN1被證明參與了補(bǔ)體凝集素途徑[25]。同時(shí),含CTLD結(jié)構(gòu)的C型凝集素和含有FBG結(jié)構(gòu)的FREP在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中均參與了免疫反應(yīng)。在海灣扇貝C型凝集素AiCTL-9的研究確認(rèn)其在Ca2+存在的情況下能對(duì)特定的菌種產(chǎn)生凝集反應(yīng)[50],而在櫛孔扇貝CfFREP的研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn)其凝菌活性[51]。
2.3 MASP
對(duì)海鞘的MASP功能研究認(rèn)為,其功能上與脊椎動(dòng)物MASP分子存在高度保守性,均結(jié)合MBL或ficolin分子發(fā)揮作用[31]。
2.4 B因子
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中B因子的功能研究集中在旁路途徑的功能驗(yàn)證上,在一定程度上證明了B因子在功能上的保守性。此外,在鱟中發(fā)現(xiàn)B因子可以和C3結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,在Mg2+存在下,使C3結(jié)合到革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌或酵母表面[38],說(shuō)明在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中B因子還具有脊椎動(dòng)物凝集途徑的相關(guān)功能。
2.5 C3
在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中C3分子功能的研究表明其具有類似于脊椎動(dòng)物C3的補(bǔ)體功能、調(diào)理作用和吞噬作用[52],PINTO等[53]研究了海鞘的C3a的活性片段,發(fā)現(xiàn)其能介導(dǎo)炎癥作用,在功能上與脊椎動(dòng)物存在高度保守。HIBINO等[8]在玻璃海鞘中對(duì)C3三個(gè)亞型(CiC3-1、CiC3-2和CiC3-3)進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CiC3-1和CiC3-2在成體中表達(dá),CiC3-3只在幼體中表達(dá),并認(rèn)為CiC3-3可能不參與補(bǔ)體途徑而與幼體的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有關(guān)。這也驗(yàn)證了在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中部分補(bǔ)體家族成分未分離多亞型的存在,可能分擔(dān)不同的功能,較脊椎動(dòng)物相比甚至更多的觀點(diǎn)。
海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體激活途徑的研究目前處于初步分析和假說(shuō)階段。近年來(lái),無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的補(bǔ)體激活途徑在一些代表物種上逐步開始了相應(yīng)的研究。由于脊索動(dòng)物存在真正意義上的MASP基因,NONAKA等[54]研究了海鞘的補(bǔ)體激活途徑后認(rèn)為其存在凝集素激活途徑。當(dāng)然目前未能解釋海葵中MASP基因與凝集素激活途徑的關(guān)系。研究認(rèn)為C3分子和B因子普遍存在于海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中,因此旁路途徑全面存在于海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中,但是不存在經(jīng)典途徑[55]。然而,目前均缺乏這兩個(gè)途徑在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中存在的系統(tǒng)性實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù),未能解釋C1q在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中普遍存在的原因。個(gè)別海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物C1q功能的研究預(yù)示著其可能參與凝集素激活途徑,但是缺乏系統(tǒng)證據(jù)。在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中針對(duì)終末途徑的研究有過(guò)初步的探索。THAI等[56]研究認(rèn)為,由于在文昌魚中缺乏FIM結(jié)構(gòu)域負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)控的C345C結(jié)構(gòu)域的C5分子,所以其發(fā)現(xiàn)的C6成分不具有脊椎動(dòng)物終末途徑的活性,并認(rèn)為在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中不存在終末途徑。另外,針對(duì)海鞘分泌的毒液研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其中含有大量的MACPF結(jié)構(gòu)域的非TCC分子蛋白并且有很高的溶血功能,認(rèn)為其中可能存在原始的類似終末途徑[5]。
此外,TAGAWA等[38]研究報(bào)道了一個(gè)有B因子參與的中國(guó)鱟的補(bǔ)體激活途徑,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)鱟中TtCRP-1、TL-5A、TL-1和TPL-1分子可以召集C3和B因子的復(fù)合物到革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和酵母表面形成C3轉(zhuǎn)化酶,進(jìn)而催化更多的C3分子結(jié)合到這些微生物表面,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)未知的C因子參與其中,表明其不同于脊椎動(dòng)物的補(bǔ)體激活途徑的存在可能。這可能預(yù)示著海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物具有更多特有的補(bǔ)體激活途徑,并且涉及范圍和角色也有所不同?;诤Q鬅o(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分和功能的研究現(xiàn)狀,其補(bǔ)體激活途徑和機(jī)制是研究的熱點(diǎn)。
補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)中的大多數(shù)成分有著特征性的結(jié)構(gòu)域及其組合形式,可以利用基因的結(jié)構(gòu)分析研究補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的起源與進(jìn)化。C3是被認(rèn)為最早出現(xiàn)的補(bǔ)體分子,其在無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中的結(jié)構(gòu)被證實(shí)和高等動(dòng)物C3分子高度同源[52]。研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)多孔動(dòng)物中存在部分補(bǔ)體成分丟失現(xiàn)象。在海綿中不存在C3分子但是存在其旁系同源TEP分子,又鑒于TEP分子從細(xì)菌開始廣泛的分布于生物中,針對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象CERENIUS等[57]認(rèn)為從刺胞動(dòng)物開始由于過(guò)敏毒素(ANATO)等結(jié)構(gòu)域的插入才出現(xiàn)真正意義上的C3分子。
成分上的進(jìn)化容易被描述,然而途徑角度的進(jìn)化則較模糊而不容易被描述。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),海鞘的凝集素激活途徑與脊椎動(dòng)物的凝集素激活途徑相似,存在明顯的進(jìn)化痕跡但未知其途徑機(jī)制[54],類似的研究結(jié)果在紫貽貝中得到了驗(yàn)證[58]。在??邪l(fā)現(xiàn)MASP的證據(jù)也預(yù)示了脊椎動(dòng)物的凝集素途徑可能演變于原始的低等海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中。在鱟的未知補(bǔ)體C因子的途徑研究表明,海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的旁路途徑與脊椎動(dòng)物的途徑相比,既存在進(jìn)化痕跡又存在較大的差異,同樣未知其途徑機(jī)制[59]。目前對(duì)終末途徑和經(jīng)典途徑進(jìn)化演變的研究認(rèn)為它們均起源于有頜類脊椎動(dòng)物,并預(yù)測(cè)海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的終末途徑可能是僅由部分成分結(jié)構(gòu)域參與組成的新途徑[5]。
由于缺少大量的基礎(chǔ)研究,整體上海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化演變的研究缺乏系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)。NONAKA[55]提出了補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為在I因子依賴的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制出現(xiàn)之前的無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中存在原始的補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng),隨著I因子在低等脊椎動(dòng)物中的產(chǎn)生進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)了中級(jí)系統(tǒng),最后在大規(guī)?;驈?fù)制事件[60]發(fā)生后在脊椎動(dòng)物中出現(xiàn)了完善的補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)(圖1)。HIBINO等[8]的研究也證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn)。
圖1 補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化[55]Fig.1 Evolution of com p lem ent system
綜上所述,補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中的研究尚處于初級(jí)階段,研究主要集中在補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的固有成分,而且較脊椎動(dòng)物而言補(bǔ)體成分不全,存在單一成分多亞型的現(xiàn)象。另外,補(bǔ)體受體成分和補(bǔ)體結(jié)合蛋白在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中的研究報(bào)道較少,僅有真海鞘中與CR3受體分子功能相似的整合素α和β亞單位分子[61-62]、玻璃海鞘中 C3aR受體分子[63]以及斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦中C1qBP的研究[48]。在脊椎動(dòng)物中補(bǔ)體活性片段成分的研究常常伴隨深入的功能研究,在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中這方面的研究較缺乏,僅見于海鞘C3裂解片段的報(bào)道。海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分的功能研究基本處于與高等脊椎動(dòng)物補(bǔ)體成分功能的模擬驗(yàn)證階段,未深入研究其在生命過(guò)程中的作用及其自身特有的途徑。但是,隨著越來(lái)越多的動(dòng)物全基因組測(cè)序的完成,以及高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用,海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中補(bǔ)體成分基因?qū)⒅饾u被發(fā)現(xiàn),隨之補(bǔ)體在海洋無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中的功能和途徑研究也將更加完善,為我們解決養(yǎng)殖病害、生長(zhǎng)抗逆問(wèn)題提供了可觀的前景。
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Complement system in marine invertebrate
PENG Mao-xiao,NIU Dong-hong,LIJia-le
(Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources,Shanghai Ocean University,Ministry of Education,Shanghai201306,China)
The complement system is an important part of innate immunity and plays a vital role in immune responses.This study can provide theoretical basis for disease control of the economic farming of marine invertebrates.This article described the ingredients including C1q,MBL,ficolin,MASP,B factor,C3,and C6 etc.,which had been found in the complement system ofmarine invertebrates.The inherent component of the complement system in marine invertebrates is a major study subject requiring deep research.Though our understanding of complement receptor,active fragment and binding protein is growing,it is still limited in mammalian vertebrates.The complement component of marine invertebrates is less than that in the vertebrates,there are different subtypes in terms of the amount in a single component,in most case,the number of subtypes is large.Different individuals vary greatly in the complement components and they have different expression in differet periods of developmental stage.We compared the function of complement component in marine invertebrate,finding that each complement component was presented in a variety of subtypes and there were differences between the functions of various subtypes.We also described some of the primary actors and pathways of the complement system inmarine invertebrates.Lectin pathway and alternative pathway potentially existed in marine invertebrates,but the classic pathway and terminal pathway were not found yet.After comparison of the vertebrate and invertebrate complement pathway,we found thatmarine invertebratesmay have their special features in terms of these pathways.The research on complement pathway in marine invertebrates is relatively limited.No systematic theoretical model has been developed to fully display the development ofmarine invertebrate complement pathway.This article also described the evolution ofmarine invertebrate complement system and compared with vertebrate the invertebrate features of evolution of complement component obviously.In the pathway there was not only the trace of evolution but also the existence of significant differences.At present,the state of research of complement system in invertebrates is primary.The development ofmarine invertebrates complement is fast,but short of basic research,failing to establish a large-scale system of theoreticalmodels.With more finished full sequence of gene from different species,and the use of technology of height sequence in study,gradually,complement gene will be found,and the function and pathway will be improved in marine invertebrates.The exploratory study of complement system in marine invertebrate will offer a critical framework for better understanding of immune system and stress resistance in the growth ofmarine invertebrates.
marine invertebrate;complement system;complement pathway;evolution
S 917
A
1004-2490(2016)03-0320-09
2015-07-03
國(guó)家“863”高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(2012AA10A400);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31472278);上海知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)(ZF1206)
彭茂瀟(1991-),男,浙江溫州人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樗a(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳育種。E-mail:maoxiaoccc@qq.com
李家樂(lè),教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:jlli@shou.edu.cn