喬如穎,李明,鄭新強(qiáng),陸建良,葉儉慧,王開榮,梁月榮*
1. 浙江大學(xué)茶葉研究所,浙江 杭州 310058;2. 余姚市林業(yè)特產(chǎn)技術(shù)推廣總站,浙江 余姚 315499;3. 寧波黃金韻茶業(yè)科技有限公司,浙江 余姚 315400
茶葉及其兒茶素類對乳腺癌的抑制作用
喬如穎1,李明2,鄭新強(qiáng)1,陸建良1,葉儉慧1,王開榮3,梁月榮1*
1. 浙江大學(xué)茶葉研究所,浙江 杭州 310058;2. 余姚市林業(yè)特產(chǎn)技術(shù)推廣總站,浙江 余姚 315499;3. 寧波黃金韻茶業(yè)科技有限公司,浙江 余姚 315400
茶葉對人體健康有眾多益處是因?yàn)樗缓瑑翰杷仡惢衔?。茶葉中的兒茶素類化合物有10種以上,其中含量最高的是表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(EGCG)。許多研究表明,以EGCG為代表的茶葉兒茶素類化合物對乳腺癌具有抑制作用,其作用包括:抑制致癌物誘導(dǎo)的活性氧自由基(ROS)升高及其引起的DNA損傷、降低細(xì)胞對腫瘤壞死因子的響應(yīng)、阻礙雌激素與雌激素受體的結(jié)合、抑制DNA甲基化、保護(hù)線粒體免受氧化損傷、抑制腫瘤血管生成、減少癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和增殖、改善代謝綜合征以減少抗癌藥物副作用、與抗癌藥物產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)等。本文綜述了該研究領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)展,并討論導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果不一致的原因和未來的研究方向。
茶;兒茶素;抗癌;抗氧化劑;雌激素受體;抗增殖;轉(zhuǎn)移
乳腺癌是女性最常見的癌癥之一,全世界平均每年約有120萬人被確診為乳腺癌,約占總癌癥患者的四分之一[1]。盡管人類對乳腺癌治療的研究已取得眾多進(jìn)展,但是乳腺癌的死亡率仍然很高,美國女性癌癥患者的死亡率排名第二[2]。膳食被認(rèn)為是預(yù)防乳腺癌的一個重要途徑[2-3]。
茶是全世界最受歡迎的飲料之一。茶樹鮮葉富含兒茶素類物質(zhì),這使得茶葉對人體健康有眾多益處。茶樹鮮葉中主要的兒茶素類物質(zhì)有表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(EGCG)、表兒茶素沒食子酸酯(ECG)、表沒食子兒茶素(EGC)和表兒茶素(EC)等;但在不同茶類的成品茶中檢出的兒茶素類超過10種,這是因?yàn)樵诓枞~加工過程中,表型兒茶素類物質(zhì)發(fā)生異構(gòu)反應(yīng)而衍化產(chǎn)生多種異構(gòu)體[4]。根據(jù)發(fā)酵過程中兒茶素類氧化程度的不同,茶葉可分為全發(fā)酵的紅茶、半發(fā)酵的烏龍茶和不發(fā)酵的綠茶。EGCG是綠茶中含量最多的兒茶素類物質(zhì),占總兒茶素含量的40%以上[5]??們翰杷仡惡吭诰G茶中為58.0~183.9mg·g-1[4],在烏龍茶中為74.8~105.7mg·g-1[6],在紅茶中為11.7~55.3mg·g-1[7]。兒茶素類是一組具有抗氧化活性的物質(zhì),也是茶葉中主要的功能化合物[8]。已有的流行病學(xué)和體外研究證明,茶葉攝入量與乳腺癌發(fā)病率之間存在相關(guān)性[9-10]。但是,茶及其兒茶素類物質(zhì)對乳腺癌的預(yù)防效果仍然需要進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,并有爭議[11-12]。本文擬從流行病學(xué)、體內(nèi)和體外試驗(yàn)等方面的研究結(jié)果闡述茶及其兒茶素類物質(zhì)對乳腺癌的抑制效果,并分析討論導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)、體外研究結(jié)果出現(xiàn)分歧的原因以及未來的研究方向。
中國有流行病學(xué)研究顯示,綠茶的攝入量與降低乳腺癌風(fēng)險之間存在弱相關(guān)[13]。上海一項(xiàng)基于74 942名中國女性的群體研究表明,乳腺癌發(fā)病率與開始飲用綠茶的年齡具有相關(guān)性(P=0.03);與不喝茶的女性相比,25歲及以下開始飲茶的女性在絕經(jīng)前期患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險比(Hazard ratio, HR)為0.69(95%置信區(qū)間(CI):0.41~1.17)[14]。飲茶頻率(如每月消費(fèi)茶葉大于100g)與0至Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者的抑郁癥呈負(fù)相關(guān),其機(jī)會比(Odds ratio, OR)為0.39(CI95%:0.19~0.84)[9]。1995~1998年在美國洛杉磯進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)人群調(diào)查,對501名乳腺癌患者組和594名對照組的分析結(jié)果顯示:隨著綠茶攝入量增加,乳腺癌患病幾率明顯下降[15]。2004~2005年中國東南地區(qū)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)病例對照研究表明:在絕經(jīng)前和絕經(jīng)后的華人女性群體中,飲用綠茶有助于降低乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險;另外,綠茶與蘑菇有協(xié)同效應(yīng),能產(chǎn)生更好的降低乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險效果[12,16]。在新加坡華裔中開展了一項(xiàng)巢式病例對照研究,選取了297名乳腺癌患者和665名對照,研究結(jié)果顯示,血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶(ACE)基因型(P=0.039)高活性的女性,綠茶攝入頻率與乳腺癌患病幾率呈負(fù)相關(guān)[17]。新加坡的另一項(xiàng)巢式病例對照研究,對380名乳腺癌患者和662名對照研究顯示,葉酸攝入量低或者M(jìn)THFR/TYMS基因型活性強(qiáng)的女性,綠茶攝入量高者患乳腺癌的幾率明顯降低[18]。據(jù)此認(rèn)為抑制葉酸通路可能是綠茶預(yù)防乳腺癌的機(jī)制之一。香港的一項(xiàng)以醫(yī)院病例為基礎(chǔ)的對比研究顯示,經(jīng)常飲茶的女性,絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險低(OR=0.62;CI95%:0.40~0.97)[10]。還有研究證明,女性攝入含咖啡因飲料的數(shù)量與絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險呈負(fù)相關(guān)[19],飲茶者在50歲之前患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險顯著降低[20]。每天喝茶3杯以上的女性,患乳腺癌的幾率比不喝茶的女性低37%[20]。
2.1抑制致癌物誘導(dǎo)的活性氧自由基(ROS)升高及其造成的DNA損傷
ROS是一組化學(xué)活性分子,包括過氧化氫、超氧陰離子自由基、單態(tài)氧和羥基自由基等,它們與癌變的多個階段都有重要的關(guān)系[21]。茶葉兒茶素類的抗癌活性可以通過減輕ROS脅迫、保護(hù)DNA免受活性氧誘導(dǎo)損傷。茶多酚類物質(zhì)如綠茶兒茶素類和紅茶茶黃素類等化合物,具有抑制過氧化氫結(jié)合細(xì)胞色素C引起的DNA裂解[22-23]。
兒茶素類物質(zhì)減輕ROS脅迫的機(jī)制包括:(1)提高抗氧化物酶活性,如過氧化氫酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GHS-Px)等[24];(2)直接清除ROS[25];(3)通過螯合鐵離子抑制鐵離子發(fā)生“哈伯-韋斯和芬頓反應(yīng)”(Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions)形成羥基自由基[26]。
2.2降低細(xì)胞對腫瘤壞死因子的響應(yīng)
長期暴露在致癌物環(huán)境中會引起散發(fā)性乳腺癌的發(fā)生。在對細(xì)胞無毒的劑量濃度范圍,兒茶素類通過上調(diào)COX17(細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶同工酶-17)、S100P(S100鈣結(jié)合蛋白P)和ATM(共濟(jì)失調(diào)性毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥突變基因)等基因的表達(dá),下調(diào)TNFRSF8基因(腫瘤壞死因子超家族-8)的表達(dá),能有效抑制致癌物如NNK、B[a]P和2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑基[4,5-b]吡啶(PhIP)等誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞癌病變[27-28]。
在癌細(xì)胞中,PI3K/Akt/mTOR(磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白)信號通路通常被激活,而其通路中的重要節(jié)點(diǎn)是癌癥治療過程中的關(guān)鍵治療靶點(diǎn)。EGCG能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231中的PI3K和mTOR信號通路,其Ki值范圍為320~380nmol·L-1之間[29]。
雌性激素是影響乳腺癌發(fā)生和癌細(xì)胞生長的關(guān)鍵因子;雌激素受體蛋白α(Erα)是治療乳腺癌的靶標(biāo)分子。TFF1(Trefoil factor 1)是一種雌性激素誘導(dǎo)蛋白,可作為ERα活力的指標(biāo)。綠茶EGCG等兒茶素類可以明顯降低TFF1表達(dá),并與17-β-雌二醇產(chǎn)生競爭作用,減少17-β-雌二醇與ERα和ERβ結(jié)合,從而下調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7中ERα和ERβ的功能[30]。
基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶系(MMPs)是一個有鋅依賴性的內(nèi)肽酶家族,在乳腺癌細(xì)胞入侵和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起到關(guān)鍵作用[31],其中最常見的是MMP-2在癌細(xì)胞中的過量表達(dá)[32]。MMP-2在不同腫瘤細(xì)胞中以酶原的形式存在,受膜質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-1(MT1-MMP)的激活[33]。MMPs的表達(dá)和活化受到整合素與粘著斑激酶(FAK)的共同控制[34]。EGCG處理可以有效地降低FAK、MT1-MMP、核因子-κB(NF-κB)以及血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)的表達(dá),進(jìn)而降低MMP-2的活力[35]。
2.3阻礙雌激素與雌激素受體的結(jié)合
雌激素對原癌基因和乳腺細(xì)胞增殖有促進(jìn)作用,因而雌激素與乳腺癌的發(fā)生和擴(kuò)展密切相關(guān)[36]。在乳腺癌病理學(xué)和臨床治療研究中,雌激素與其特定受體之間的互相作用越來越受到關(guān)注。雌激素受體(ERs)有兩類:一類是細(xì)胞核ERs,屬于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族[37];另一類是細(xì)胞膜ERs,屬于G蛋白偶合受體GPER(GPR30,ER-X和Gq-mER)。人體乳腺癌可以分為ER陽性和ER陰性兩種亞型[38]。與ER陰性乳腺癌相比,ER陽性乳腺癌對激素治療的臨床反應(yīng)更明顯[39]。人工合成抗雌激素可以占據(jù)配體結(jié)合位點(diǎn)的相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu),阻止雌激素與ERs的結(jié)合,在乳腺癌的激素臨床治療中被廣泛應(yīng)用。但合成藥物對非靶標(biāo)組織有副作用,長期使用還會產(chǎn)生耐藥性。因此在臨床中,非常重視開發(fā)和尋找具有抗雌激素活性的植物化學(xué)物質(zhì),用以替代人工合成的抗雌激素。這些具有抗雌激素作用的植物化學(xué)物質(zhì)通常被稱為“植物雌激素”。
異黃酮類化合物是眾所周知的植物雌激素,茶葉兒茶素類的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與異黃酮類非常相似[40],因而被認(rèn)為是一類具有ER拮抗劑潛質(zhì)的化合物。有關(guān)兒茶素類物質(zhì)對ERs調(diào)節(jié)作用的體內(nèi)體外試驗(yàn)已有不少報(bào)道[30,41-42]。MCF-7、ZR75和T47D屬于ER陽性乳腺癌細(xì)胞,曾被用于驗(yàn)證ERs對兒茶素類的響應(yīng)[43]。ERs對兒茶素類的響應(yīng)取決于其分子結(jié)構(gòu)、兒茶素的濃度水平以及ER的亞型。與非酯型兒茶素類相比,酯型兒茶素對ERα和ERβ有更高的親和性,生物活性更強(qiáng)[42]。
兒茶素類物質(zhì)對ER陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的影響也被研究者所關(guān)注。研究表明,在ER陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231中,EGCG可以重新激活ERα的表達(dá),這可能是因?yàn)镋GCG可以通過改變組蛋白乙酰化和甲基化水平,使得ERα啟動子的染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生重構(gòu)效應(yīng)[44]。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,EGCG通過降低ERα的表達(dá)有效抑制癌癥細(xì)胞的生長[40]。這些結(jié)果都支持將EGCG作為一種臨床前期和臨床期ER陰性乳腺癌治療的選擇之一。
2.4抑制DNA甲基化
DNA甲基化由DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNMT)或者兒茶酚-O-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(COMT)來催化,其甲基供體為S-腺苷-L-甲硫氨酸(SAM)。近期研究表明,茶葉兒茶素類化合物通過兩種機(jī)制來抑制人體DNMT引起的DNA甲基化,一種是兒茶素類直接抑制DNMTs活性,另一種是通過提高SAH水平間接抑制DNMTs活性。根據(jù)半抑制濃度(IC50)將兒茶素類化合物的抑制效果排序,其抑制活力大小順序是:EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC[45]。EGCG通過與DNMT活性中心的脯氨酸、谷氨酸、半胱氨酸、色氨酸和精氨酸形成氫鍵,與DNMTs產(chǎn)生互作;其中EGCG的B環(huán)和D環(huán)起關(guān)鍵作用[46]。EGCG的人工合成類似物對COMT的作用效果,與EGCG相當(dāng)[47]。EGCG對DNA甲基化的抑制效果與其抗腫瘤活性緊密相關(guān)[49]。研究還表明,EGCG本身也可以被甲基化,EGCG被甲基化后會降低它對蛋白酶的抑制效果和癌癥預(yù)防效果[48-49]。
2.5保護(hù)線粒體免受過氧化脅迫損傷
茶葉兒茶素類具有優(yōu)越的抗氧化活性和抗癌活性[50-51],可以減輕抗癌藥物對正常組織細(xì)胞的過氧化損傷,還可有效降低抗癌藥物對正常細(xì)胞引起的線粒體過氧化損傷??拱┧幬颰AM可以擾亂促氧化劑和抗氧化劑之間的平衡,進(jìn)而引起細(xì)胞機(jī)能失調(diào)。小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,兒茶素類化合物對TAM誘導(dǎo)的線粒體氧化損傷具有保護(hù)效果,可以減輕由TAM誘導(dǎo)的正常細(xì)胞的線粒體過氧化損傷。
兒茶素類物質(zhì)減輕線粒體氧化損傷的機(jī)制可能與它對ROS的抑制有關(guān)。因?yàn)镽OS可以引起細(xì)胞凋亡[52-53],所以可以將兒茶素類作為ROS清除劑,以緩解正常細(xì)胞的凋亡[54]。經(jīng)過兒茶素類預(yù)處理后,有利于線粒體抗氧化酶活性在TAM處理后的自我恢復(fù)。
2.6抑制腫瘤血管生成
血管生成可以為腫瘤生長提供營養(yǎng)和氧氣,是腫瘤生長必不可少的過程[55]。血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)是最重要的血管生成因子。在腫瘤血管增殖過程中,VEGF促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖進(jìn)而促使新血管的形成[55-56],抑制血管生成有助于抑制腫瘤生長。
茶葉兒茶素類物質(zhì),尤其是EGCG,具有突出的抗血管增生作用[57-59]。綠茶提取物(Green tea extract,GTE)和EGCG對VEGF肽分泌、VEGF轉(zhuǎn)錄、VEGF啟動子活性、c-jun轉(zhuǎn)錄、c-fos轉(zhuǎn)錄以及蛋白激酶C(PKC)等都有抑制效果[60]。40mg·L-1GTE或EGCG可顯著抑制VEGF基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和VEGF蛋白生物合成。GTE還可以抑制VEGF啟動子的重要組分c-jun和c-fos基因的表達(dá)。此外,GTE和EGCG還可以抑制另一個VEGF調(diào)節(jié)因子PKC的表達(dá)[60]。說明兒茶素類物質(zhì)能夠有效抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞中VEGF的表達(dá),進(jìn)而抑制血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的生長和血管生成。
兒茶素類化合物抗血管生成的機(jī)制與它干預(yù)VEGF信號傳導(dǎo)密切相關(guān)。VEGF誘導(dǎo)血管生成的信號通路受多元受體啟動,該多元受體由VEGF-2、β-鏈蛋白、VE-鈣粘素和PI3激酶組成。EGCG對VEGF誘導(dǎo)的VE-鈣粘素的磷酸化作用和Akt激活有抑制效果。因此,兒茶素類抗血管生成的機(jī)制可以解釋為:兒茶素類化合物可抑制多元受體的形成,阻礙VEGF信號通路,進(jìn)而抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞形成。
2.7抗乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡
抗癌藥物的作用機(jī)制是基于其誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡的能力。50μmol·L-1的EGCG、沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(GCG)和沒食子兒茶素(GC)對乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的抑制效果分別達(dá)到100%、97%和95%[61]。茶葉兒茶素類抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡的途徑主要有:(1)引起細(xì)胞周期停滯;(2)促進(jìn)腫瘤蛋白P53(TP53)/caspase介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡;(3)下調(diào)抗凋亡因子的表達(dá);(4)抑制脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活力;(5)調(diào)節(jié)NO/NOS系統(tǒng);(6)誘導(dǎo)鈣離子相關(guān)的細(xì)胞凋亡。
2.8抗乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移擴(kuò)散
癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移包括3個關(guān)鍵步驟:粘附、遷移和侵染。EGCG可以有效抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵染,進(jìn)而減少向肺部和肝部的轉(zhuǎn)移,并保護(hù)骨結(jié)構(gòu)[62]。兒茶素類對乳腺癌細(xì)胞的游走性和侵染性具有抑制效果[63-64]。兒茶素類化合物的抗轉(zhuǎn)移作用是由多種因素引起的,如:調(diào)節(jié)蛋白水解酶活性、調(diào)節(jié)信號通路和生長因子/受體、阻礙上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程以及抑制血管生成[64-65]。
EGCG對抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移信號通路的調(diào)節(jié)有非常重要的作用,其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制主要有:β1整合素介導(dǎo)的信號通路調(diào)節(jié)[66]、通過Rac1通路下調(diào)血管擴(kuò)張刺激磷蛋白(VASP)的表達(dá)[64]、通過調(diào)節(jié)PI3K/AKT通路提高α1-抗胰蛋白酶的表達(dá)[67],以及下調(diào)表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)信號通路的表達(dá)[68]。
2.9與抗癌藥物產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用
TAM是乳腺癌治療的常用抗癌藥物。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,EGCG通過降低ERα水平,增強(qiáng)TAM對ER陽性人體乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7、ZR75和T47D的抑制作用。在誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡方面,兩者組合使用的療效比任意單種成分的治療效果都好[43]。兒茶素類和TAM同時使用,能顯著降低TAM誘導(dǎo)的脂質(zhì)過氧化物(LPO)和氫過氧化物水平,兒茶素類可以緩解化療過程中TAM的副毒作用[69]。
環(huán)氧化酶(COX)是催化花生四烯酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍傲邢偎氐囊环N酶,而COX抑制劑如非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDS)可以用于預(yù)防乳腺癌[70]。兒茶素類化合物被證實(shí)是一種COX-1特異性抑制劑。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,兒茶素類物質(zhì)與NS398(一種COX-2的特異性抑制劑)對抑制乳腺癌表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同效應(yīng),對乳腺癌細(xì)胞HTB26和MCF-7具有抑制增殖效果[71]。每天對患乳腺癌裸鼠模型飼喂兒茶素類化合物(25mg·kg-1)、槲皮素(5mg·kg-1)和白藜蘆醇(0.5mg·kg-1)復(fù)合物,可以減少原發(fā)腫瘤的生長;但是這3種物質(zhì)分別處理時(0.5μmol·L-1),并沒有表現(xiàn)出抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖或影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程的功能[72]。
3.1研究結(jié)果的不一致性
盡管動物實(shí)驗(yàn)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)都證明茶葉兒茶素類化合物有抗乳腺癌的作用,但也存在體內(nèi)、人體流行病學(xué)研究結(jié)果不一致的現(xiàn)象。
首先,不同茶類對乳腺癌的抑制效果并不相同。攝入綠茶可以顯著降低乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險,但攝入紅茶并無明顯效果[10-11,15,17,73]。茶葉中主要的生物活性成分是兒茶素類化合物,尤其是EGCG。紅茶是全發(fā)酵茶,在發(fā)酵過程中,80%的兒茶素類物質(zhì)被氧化,并轉(zhuǎn)化為茶紅素類或茶黃素類,這可能是攝入紅茶無法顯著降低乳腺癌患病風(fēng)險的原因之一。
第二,不同人群的調(diào)查結(jié)果相互矛盾。一項(xiàng)流行病學(xué)研究證明,日常飲茶可以降低絕經(jīng)前女性患乳腺癌風(fēng)險(OR=0.62,CI95%:0.40~0.97),但卻增加絕經(jīng)后女性患乳腺癌風(fēng)險(OR=1.40,CI95%:1.00~1.96)。綠茶攝入量與乳腺癌患病幾率之間的相關(guān)性在絕經(jīng)后ER陽性婦女(OR=1.22,CI95%:0.43~3.43)與ER陰性婦女(OR=0.61,CI95%:0.25~1.49)之間也存在差異[10]。對男性與女性人群的調(diào)查結(jié)果也是不同的。有調(diào)查顯示,喝茶可以顯著增加男性患乳腺癌的風(fēng)險,但是與女性患乳腺癌風(fēng)險并無顯著相關(guān)[74]。對具有高活性血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶(ACE)基因型的婦女來說,綠茶攝入頻率高可以顯著降低其患乳腺癌風(fēng)險;但與低活性ACE基因型的婦女患乳腺癌風(fēng)險之間并無關(guān)聯(lián)[17]。這些有爭議的研究結(jié)果可能起因于不同人群的生理狀態(tài)不同,以致對茶葉中生物活性成分的響應(yīng)存在差異。
第三,體內(nèi)與體外試驗(yàn)結(jié)果有矛盾。體內(nèi)與體外試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的矛盾可能與兒茶素類化合物的生物可利用率低或者體內(nèi)的生物轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān)。對小鼠飼喂同位素標(biāo)記的3H-EGCG揭示,3H-EGCG廣泛分布于消化道、肝、肺、胰腺、乳腺、腦、腎、子宮和卵巢;但血液中的放射性則很低。在飼喂6 h后,血液的放射性只占總3H-EGCG攝入量的2%,并且該水平可維持24 h。在24 h內(nèi),全部攝入的放射性EGCG中有37.1%會隨著糞便排出,約6.6%隨尿液排出[75]。而且,茶葉兒茶素類化合物在消化道中發(fā)生化學(xué)修飾,這可能也與其低生物利用率有關(guān)。在人體生理?xiàng)l件下,COMT可以將EGCG轉(zhuǎn)化為4″-O-甲基-EGCG(MeEGCG)和4′,4″-2-O-甲基-EGCG(DiMeEGCG),從而降低EGCG的口服生物利用率,而且也降低了EGCG的抗癌生物活性。有體內(nèi)研究表明,EGCG與一種COMT抑制劑托卡朋(TOL)同時使用,可提高EGCG的生物利用率;同時抑制COMT介導(dǎo)的EGCG甲基化作用,提升EGCG的抗癌效果[76]。
3.2未來研究建議
提高兒茶素類生物活性物質(zhì)的生物可利用率應(yīng)該是今后的研究熱點(diǎn)。開發(fā)具有提高茶葉兒茶素類物質(zhì)穩(wěn)定性的方法,則可以提高其口服生物可利用率。有研究顯示,將茶葉兒茶素類化合物包埋在殼聚糖納米顆粒(NPs)中,可以提高兒茶素類如EGCG和兒茶素(C)等在體內(nèi)的穩(wěn)定性,并可以顯著增加其腸道吸收率[77]。用牛血清蛋白包埋兒茶素(C)和表兒茶素(EC)NPs,也可以提升其在細(xì)胞A549中的穩(wěn)定性及抗氧化能力[78]。
利用兒茶素類化合物與其他生物活性成分開發(fā)研制出復(fù)合制劑,也有助于提高茶葉兒茶素類化合物的穩(wěn)定性和生物可利用率。例如,EC不能誘導(dǎo)PC-9肺癌細(xì)胞凋亡,但將100μmol·L-1的EC與EGCG同時使用時,可以使EGCG的IC50從60μmol·L-1降到15μmol·L-1。說明EC具有提高EGCG抗癌活性的作用。10μmol·L-1或100μmol·L-1的舒林酸(Sulindac)與75μmol·L-1EGCG同時使用,誘導(dǎo)PC-9細(xì)胞凋亡的能力是單獨(dú)使用舒林酸的10倍[75]。將EC與其他兒茶素類物質(zhì)尤其是酯型兒茶素類結(jié)合使用,可以提高EC在細(xì)胞中的累積[79]。用木糖醇、維生素C、綠茶兒茶素類制成復(fù)合配方,再用g-環(huán)糊精(g-CD)或羥丙基甲基纖維素鄰苯二甲酸酯(HPMCP)包埋成納米顆粒,可以顯著增加兒茶素類在腸道的吸收率[80]。通過兩步乳化法將親水性兒茶素和疏水性姜黃素制成“水包油包水”(W/O/W)的雙重乳化劑,兒茶素類在模擬胃液或腸液中的穩(wěn)定性得到明顯提高,其生物可利用率相應(yīng)提高4倍[81]。
然而,為了使EGCG最大限度地被吸收利用,EGCG膠囊最好不要用普通食物送服。有研究表明,若將EGCG用早餐食物或草莓沙冰等送服,體內(nèi)或血液中的EGCG濃度明顯低于單獨(dú)服用[82]。
茶葉含有10余種兒茶素類化合物,其中EGCG對乳腺癌表現(xiàn)出最強(qiáng)的抑制活性。含有EGCG的兒茶素類物質(zhì)在體外研究中表現(xiàn)出抑制乳腺癌的作用,體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)還有緩解癌癥患者的代謝綜合征的效果;EGCG等與其他抗癌藥物同時使用時具有協(xié)同作用,可以增強(qiáng)抗癌藥物對乳腺癌的抗癌效果。非發(fā)酵的綠茶EGCG含量高,飲用綠茶對降低乳腺癌患病幾率效果最明顯。但綠茶對乳腺癌的抑制效果在不同飲茶人群之間存在差異,在絕經(jīng)前女性、ER陽性的絕經(jīng)后女性以及具有高活性ACE基因型的女性中,飲用綠茶對降低乳腺癌患病幾率的作用較明顯。兒茶素類抗乳腺癌效果在體內(nèi)、體外試驗(yàn)之間也出現(xiàn)結(jié)果不一致的現(xiàn)象,這種差異可能與兒茶素類的生物可利用率低及其在體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生生物轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān)。開發(fā)兒茶素類的納米制劑或者與其他生物活性成分制成復(fù)方制劑,將有助于提高兒茶素類在消化道中的穩(wěn)定性與吸收利用率,進(jìn)而提高其抗癌效果,是未來研究的方向和重點(diǎn)。
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Inhibitory Effects of Tea and Tea Catechins on Breast Cancer
QIAO Ruying1, LI Ming2, ZHENG Xinqiang1, LU Jianliang1, YE Jianhui1, WANG Kairong3, LIANG Yuerong1*
1. Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; 2. General Station of Forestry Speciality Technology Extension of Yuyao City, Yuyao 315499, China; 3. Ningbo Huangjinyun Tea Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Yuyao 315400, China
Tea with high catechin contents has various health benefits. There are more than ten catechins in tea, among which epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) is the most abundant. The inhibitory effects of tea and its major catechin (EGCG) on breast cancer were reviewed in the present paper, which included their abilities of suppressing carcinogen-induced ROS elevation and DNA damages, decreasing the responsiveness of cells to tumor necrosis factors, blocking the binding of estrogen to estrogen receptor, inhibiting DNA methylation, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damages and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The anti-proliferation and anti-metastasis of cancer cells and their synergistic effects with anticancer drugs were also mentioned. The inconsistent results in previous studies and directions for future research were finally discussed.
tea, catechins, anticancer, antioxidant, estrogen receptor, anti-proliferation, metastasis
TS272;Q946.84+1;R73
A
1000-369X(2016)06-557-10
2016-06-24
2016-08-07
2014年度寧波市農(nóng)業(yè)攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(2014C10008)
喬如穎,女,碩士研究生,主要從事茶樹生物技術(shù)與資源利用研究。*通訊作者:yrliang@zju.edu.cn