湖北 楊 武

高考考點(diǎn)突破之過去分詞作定語

湖北 楊 武

過去分詞是高考的熱點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)。請看：

1.（2015全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）Yangshuo is really beautiful. A study of travelers 68 （conduct） by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【參考答案】conducted。過去分詞作后置定語，表示中心詞“study”與“conduct”之間的被動關(guān)系，意義相當(dāng)于“which（that） was conducted”。

2.（2015全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings（土坯房） 61 （build） by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

【參考答案】built。過去分詞作后置定語，表示中心詞“adobe dwellings”與“build”之間的被動關(guān)系，意義相當(dāng)于“which（that） was built”。

3.（2015安徽卷，任務(wù)型讀寫改編）Find some topics 81 （share）with the other person.

【參考答案】shared。過去分詞作后置定語，表示中心詞“topics”與“share”之間的被動關(guān)系，意義相當(dāng)于“which（that） was shared”。

過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式，既保留了動詞的某些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的作用；它還能作定語（前置或后置）來修飾一個(gè)名詞（或名詞詞組）。從以上高考例題來看，高考主要是考查后置定語。但無論過去分詞作前置定語還是后置定語，都有它各自的特點(diǎn)。

1.過去分詞作前置定語的情況

作前置定語的過去分詞大多是及物動詞。如：

Polluted air is also believed to be the direct cause of lung cancer.

被污染的空氣也被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致肺癌的直接原因。

We were each given some printed advertising cards before the lecture began.

報(bào)告開始之前，我們每人都收到一些已印好的廣告卡片。

過去分詞作前置定語時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

（1）該定語在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動態(tài)的定語從句，在時(shí)間上表示一個(gè)在謂語動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動作。如：

The principal is now praising us for our well organized camping （=camping that had been well organized） last week.校長因?yàn)槲覀兩闲瞧诘囊盃I組織得很好正在表揚(yáng)我們。

I have many copies of his recorded talks（=talks that have been recorded）.我有許多他的演講錄音。

（2）應(yīng)注意過去分詞和以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞作前置定語的區(qū)別。

①一般而言，過去分詞表示中心詞承受動作的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果，而以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞則表示中心詞所具有的特點(diǎn)。如：

The caged bird kept jumping here and there， hoping to get out of the cage， but in vain.那只被關(guān)在籠子里的鳥跳來跳去，它想逃出去，但只是徒勞一場。（“caged”是過去分詞，“caged bird”說明了鳥是處于被關(guān)的狀態(tài)）

The experienced doctor saved many dying people and he is respected by everybody here.

這位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)生挽救過許多垂死病人的性命，因此，這里人人都尊敬他。（“experienced”是-ed形容詞，說明了醫(yī)生的特點(diǎn)）

②過去分詞一般不能用very， too等副詞修飾，而-ed形容詞則可以。如：

Every guest praised the improved environment （=environment which have been improved）. 客人都稱贊這里得到了改善的環(huán)境。（improved為過去分詞）

Only trained workers （workers who have been trained）can get fairly high salary. 只有受過培訓(xùn)的工人才能拿到相當(dāng)高的工資。（trained 為過去分詞）

He is my very devoted friend. 他是我的摯友。（devoted是-ed形容詞）

They are using the most advanced technology in the worldin building the bridge. 他們在使用世界上最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)建造這座橋梁。（advanced是-ed形容詞）

③-ed形容詞可以通過后加 “l(fā)y”構(gòu)成副詞，而過去分詞則不能。如：

say excitedly激動地說，express confusedly 表達(dá)很混亂，a notedly-written novel 一本寫得很優(yōu)秀的小說

④很多不能單獨(dú)作前置定語的過去分詞，當(dāng)其有前綴-un或與副詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞時(shí)，也能作前置定語。如：

unexpected ending意想不到的結(jié)尾，the untold experience沒有說過的經(jīng)歷，the well-kept record 保持得很好的記錄，highly-developed electronic industry高度發(fā)達(dá)的電子工業(yè)，a beautifully-built library一座建得很漂亮的圖書館

⑤有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作前置定語時(shí)說明中心詞的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果，此時(shí)過去分詞沒有被動含義，但有主動含義。如：

a retired engineer一位退休的工程師，fallen leaves落下的葉子，the risen sun 升起的太陽

2.過去分詞作后置定語的情況

作后置定語的過去分詞一般常見的是詞組。如：

I think this book is the best of its kind ever written（=that have ever been written）.

我認(rèn)為這本書是這類書中寫得最好的。

This is the old man looked after（who is looked after）by those kind children.

這是那位受那些好心的孩子們照料的老人。

過去分詞作后置定語有以下幾點(diǎn)要注意：

（1）過去分詞作后置定語有被動意義。如：

Nothing valuable was found in the papers studied（=that had been studied）.

在所研究的資料中沒有找到有價(jià)值的東西。

Things discussed（=that is discussed/will be discussed）today have nothing to do with your project.

今天討論的問題與你們的工程無關(guān)。

（2）過去分詞能和with一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語。如：

They sat at the table with their umbrella laid beside them.

他們在桌子邊坐下來，把傘放在身邊。

I like to sleep with curtain drawn. 我喜歡關(guān)著窗簾睡覺。

（3）可以用逗號將過去分詞和中心詞隔開，作非限制性定語。如：

Kunming，known for its beautiful scenery，is a little far from our city.

昆明以美麗的風(fēng)景著稱，它離我們的城市有點(diǎn)遠(yuǎn)。

Yao Bo and Tang Tao，born and brought up in the south， are not used to the cold climate in Harbin. 南方生長的姚波和唐濤不太習(xí)慣哈爾濱的寒冷氣候。

【練一練】

1. It is said that there will be several new events_____（add）to the program for the 2022 Olympic Games.

2. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure”award， a title_____（give） to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.

3. Now more and more people have come to realize that prices of daily goods_____（buy） through a computer can be lower than store prices.

4. The repairs cost a lot，but it’s money well______（spend）.

5.“I think we can leave with our heads______（hold）high，”Eriksson said.“We came out of the toughest group，beat Argentina，beat Denmark in a convincing way.”

6. Fucheng Garden Villas，______（locate） along the North 4th Ring Road，is just 2 kilometers east away from the Asian Games Village with easy traffic connection.

7. News from ABC that the ever-______（capture） drug kingpin（毒梟） Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman，who had been on the run since his Hollywood-esque prison escape last summer，was arrested by the police yesterday.

8. Google appears to be displaying top 20 Philippine universities frequently_____（mention） on the web when one searches on Google using，for example，“top universities in the Philippines”.

【參考答案】

1. added 2. given 3. bought 4. spent 5. held 6. located 7. captured 8. mentioned

（作者單位：湖北省麻城市教科院）