安徽 王玉峰 (特級(jí)教師)
透過(guò)考題對(duì)比與變式突破非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
安徽 王玉峰 (特級(jí)教師)
考情速遞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)名詞、分詞和不定式三種形式,一直以來(lái)是高考英語(yǔ)的重要考點(diǎn),其中在2015年的兩套全國(guó)卷的語(yǔ)法填空題中,卷Ⅰ有2個(gè)小題,卷Ⅱ有3個(gè)小題,這與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身的特點(diǎn)有著密切的關(guān)系。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身具有動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞的特點(diǎn),有時(shí)甚至可轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞、連詞等。在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分,可以與從句、并列句轉(zhuǎn)換。對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查熱點(diǎn)有:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式;非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài);非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所作成分;非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句式;固定句型中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;省略結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。題型上主要有:?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇、語(yǔ)法填空、短文改錯(cuò)、翻譯填空、翻譯和寫(xiě)作等。本文以全國(guó)卷中語(yǔ)法填空題的“用括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空”為例,解讀非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
Group 1
(1)_____(catch) the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. (改編自2015·北京卷·21)
(2)______(catch) the early flight,you can get to London to meet your boss on time.
(3)______(catch) in a shower of rain,we had to wait another day just to see our boss.
【參考答案】(1)To catch (2)Catching (3)Caught
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①不定式與分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別;②句子與短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別;③過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)中“提前叫出租車(chē)和早起”是為了“趕早班飛機(jī)”,所以是目的,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。不定式主要作目的狀語(yǔ),置于句尾時(shí)通常與句子之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),但是置于句首時(shí)則常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)一般不作目的狀語(yǔ),主要表示方式、伴隨、時(shí)間、原因、條件、假設(shè)等。題(2)和題(3)逗號(hào)后面是句子,但都沒(méi)有連詞連接,可確定用短語(yǔ),題(2)中“可以準(zhǔn)時(shí)到倫敦見(jiàn)老板”是“趕上早班機(jī)”的結(jié)果,“you”與“catch”之間是主謂關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)形式作條件狀語(yǔ);題(3)中“再等一天”是“被雨淋”的結(jié)果,通過(guò)短語(yǔ)“be caught in”可知,“we”與“catch”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng),作原因狀語(yǔ)。
Group 2
(1)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 61 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers. (2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,語(yǔ)法填空)
(2)Health care networks for women and children_____(build)in both urban and rural areas since 1949.
(3)No computer_____(build) so far can have the same ability as human beings.
(4)More highways,______(build)in China so far,make it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
【參考答案】(1)built (2)have been built (3)built(4)having been built/built
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①分詞作定語(yǔ);②現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí);③謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式作狀語(yǔ),不作定語(yǔ),但若被修飾詞后有逗號(hào),則可用having done作定語(yǔ),過(guò)去分詞可以作定語(yǔ)無(wú)此限制。題(3)雖然有完成時(shí)標(biāo)志“so far”,但是由于是作定語(yǔ)則只能用built。題(4)因?yàn)橛卸禾?hào),再考慮到“build”與被修飾詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則可以用現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式或過(guò)去分詞。題(1)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)部分“are admired”可看出前面應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ),再考慮到“build”與被修飾詞之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故確定用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。題(2)根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可看出要填的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,再根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“since 1949”可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),“build”與“Health care networks”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Group 3
(1)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without 64 (use)electric equipment. (2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,語(yǔ)法填空)
(2)When you enter a cinema,you often have to look about for your seat until your eyes get_____(use)to the darkness.
(3)They______(use) to live a traditional agricultural life,but their life style has greatly changed due to the changes in their living environment.
【參考答案】(1)using (2)used (3)used
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ);②分詞作表語(yǔ);③分詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別;④be+過(guò)去分詞+prep.。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)中介詞后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),根據(jù)句子意思可看出表示的是事實(shí)情況,應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞一般時(shí)形式。動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特點(diǎn),可以作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),也可以作主語(yǔ)。分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特點(diǎn),可以作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),不可以作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。題(2)根據(jù)句意可知空格處是“習(xí)慣于”的意思,短語(yǔ)“get used to”中的used是過(guò)去分詞,相當(dāng)于形容詞,作表語(yǔ)?!癰e+過(guò)去分詞+prep.”是一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn),如:be addicted (accustomed, devoted, dedicated, exposed, admitted, related...) to,be satisfied (pleased,concerned,combined,connected...)with,be dressed(absorbed,involved,interested,lost...)in等。題(3)根據(jù)并列連詞but可看出應(yīng)用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,再根據(jù)前后句意可知,指的是過(guò)去的情況,used to是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,句意是:過(guò)去他們大都以“刀耕火種”的方式為生,現(xiàn)在由于生活環(huán)境的改變,他們的生活方式也發(fā)生了變化。
Group 4
(1)A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. (2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,語(yǔ)法填空)
(2)Galileo is said______(conduct) his revolutionary experiments with falling objects from the leaning tower of Pisa,Italy.
【參考答案】(1)conducted (2)to have conducted
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①不定式的時(shí)態(tài);②不定式的固定結(jié)構(gòu);③過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ);④謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)中的“names”是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,根據(jù)by可看出應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。題(2)根據(jù)“is said”可看出是“be said to do”結(jié)構(gòu),可以與“It’s said that”轉(zhuǎn)換,再根據(jù)后面意思可看出conduct的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在say的動(dòng)作之前,所以應(yīng)用不定式完成時(shí),句意是:伽利略曾在意大利的比薩斜塔上做過(guò)具有劃時(shí)代意義的自由落體實(shí)驗(yàn)。有些動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要求跟不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:say,believe,expect,think,know,suggest,write,consider,report等。
Group 5
(1)It took years of work 65 (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,語(yǔ)法填空)
(2)As you know,the government has difficulty ______(reduce) the industrial pollution and cleaning the water.
【參考答案】(1)to reduce (2)reducing
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①固定句型中的不定式;②固定句型中的動(dòng)名詞。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)是句型“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”;題(2)是句型“have difficulty/trouble (in)doing sth.”。在固定句型中用不定式的有:There is no need for sb. to do sth.;用動(dòng)名詞的有:have a difficult/ hard/good/bad time(in)doing sth.,have difficulty/trouble/ a problem(in) doing sth.,spend/waste some time(in)doing sth.,prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.,keep/stop sb. from doing sth.,It’s no use doing sth./There be+n.+v.-ing(有……正在做某事)等。
Group 6
(1)Keep 64 (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. (2014·遼寧卷,語(yǔ)法填空)
(2)_____(hold)your position for a while,you will find it helps develop your strength and flexibility.
(3)Your position_____(hold) for a while,you will find it helps develop your strength and flexibility.
【參考答案】(1)holding (2)Holding (3)having been held/held
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);②動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ);③非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)keep后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。題(2)中的主語(yǔ)是“you”,與“hold”之間是主謂關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。題(3)中句子沒(méi)有連詞,根據(jù)空格前面的名詞可看出是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作條件狀語(yǔ),“hold your position”的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“find”的動(dòng)作之前,而且“hold”與“position”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或過(guò)去分詞。
Group 7
(1)All the staff in our company are______(consider) going to the city centre for the fashion show. (改編自2007·上海春招卷,33)
(2)What a pity._____(consider) his ability and experience,he might have done better. (改編自2008·江西卷,26)
(3)It is worth_____(consider) what makes “convenience” foods so popular,and introducing better ones of your own. (改編自2008·北京卷,35)
(4)_____(consider) to be one of the most devoted scientists,Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize on October 5,2015.
(5)_____(consider) everything,Tu Youyou is well worth winning the Nobel Prize on October 5,2015.
【參考答案】(1)considering (2)Considering(3)considering (4)Considered (5)Considering
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞;②固定句型中的動(dòng)名詞;③邏輯主語(yǔ)不與句子主語(yǔ)一致的分詞;④分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)中的“consider”后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),其前面有一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞,且跟主語(yǔ)之間是主謂關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)。題(2)的空格處填Considering,是介詞,意思是“鑒于……”,句意為:多可惜!鑒于他的能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn),他可能會(huì)做得更好。以分詞或不定式作狀語(yǔ)不要求邏輯主語(yǔ)一致的有:adv.+speaking,judging from(by),including,given,according to,supposing,provided,providing,seeing that(因?yàn)椋琣dmitting that(盡管)等。題(3)中的“be worth”后跟動(dòng)名詞,不能用不定式,其中動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。再如need doing=need to be done。題(4)中consider的意思是“認(rèn)為”,與句子主語(yǔ)“Chinese scientist Tu Youyou”之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)。forbid,consider(考慮),allow后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),也可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。題(5)中considering everything= taking everything into consideration,意思是“總的說(shuō)來(lái)”,其中considering的用法同題(2),也可以用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)“everything considered”。
Group 8
(1)I remembered_____(lock)the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.(改編自2012·安徽卷,24)
(2)Please remember______(lock) the door before you leave the office,or someone will enter the office without permission.
(3)Please stop_____(lock) the door. Otherwise your purse would be stolen.
(4)Please stop_____(lock) the door. I forgot to carry my purse,which is lying on the tea table.
【參考答案】(1)locking/having locked (2)to lock(3)to lock (4)locking
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①remember后跟動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)的意義不同;②stop后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞的意義不同。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but可看出“門(mén)鎖上了”,remember后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),表示“記得做過(guò)某事”,跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)表示“記得要做某事”,如題(2)。類(lèi)似用法的詞還有:forget,regret,mean,can’t help等,雖然這樣的及物動(dòng)詞接賓語(yǔ)既可以是不定式,也可以是動(dòng)名詞,但是意義明顯不同。題(3)根據(jù)otherwise后面的虛擬語(yǔ)氣可看出是建議停下正在做的事情,以便鎖上門(mén),用“stop to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu),不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。題(4)根據(jù)“東西忘在茶幾上”可看出是要求“不要鎖門(mén)”,用“stop doing”結(jié)構(gòu)。
Group 9
(1)______(work) for two days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. (改編自2015·天津卷,8)
(2)______(work) out the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times. (改編自2014·陜西卷,20)
(3)What we expect from you is_____(work) hard rather than hardly working. (改編自2014·安徽卷,31)
(4)I______(work) on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers swam before my eyes. (改編自2012·全國(guó)卷一,33)
(5)I can’t stand______(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses to stop talking while she works. (改編自2006·北京卷,35)
(6)The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third were used regularly. Now we have 60_____(work) all day long. (改編自2006·浙江卷,7)
(7)Although the______(work) mother is very busy,she still devotes a lot of time to her children. (改編自2000·上海卷,53)
(8)You must keep on______(work) in the evening,unless you are sure you can finish the task in time. (改編自2005·安徽卷,22)
【參考答案】(1) Having worked (2)To work(3)working (4)had been working (5)working(6)working (7)working (8)working
【考點(diǎn)設(shè)置】①只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ);②現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ);③動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ);④現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí);⑤使役動(dòng)詞have后跟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);⑥謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別;⑦分詞的時(shí)態(tài);⑧分詞與不定式作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
【思路點(diǎn)撥】題(1)中的“managed to finish”表明已經(jīng)完成,因此work的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該在其之前完成,再根據(jù)“for two days”可知應(yīng)用完成時(shí),“Steve”與“work”之間是主謂關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)作狀語(yǔ)。題(2)由“consulted Professor Russell”可看出表示的是目的,不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。題(3)中的“rather than”連接的是對(duì)等成分,再由“hardly working”可推出應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。題(4)從“for the whole afternoon”可知,整個(gè)下午都在做數(shù)學(xué),從后面句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去式可知應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。題(5)中的stand表示“忍受”,后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞還有understand,enjoy,finish,tolerate,bear,delay,suggest,pardon,risk,deny,excuse,mention,practise,admit,imagine,insist on,give up,put off,can’t help等。題(6)中的have是使役動(dòng)詞,“all day long”表示“一整天都在工作”,用“have sb. doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。題(7)中的work是不及物動(dòng)詞,此處用其現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語(yǔ),意思是“職業(yè)女性、職業(yè)母親”。題(8)中的keep on后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
(作者單位:安徽省蚌埠市懷遠(yuǎn)第一中學(xué))