文/錢婉麗

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——細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技巧

文/錢婉麗

細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章中的細(xì)節(jié)與具體事實(shí)的把握能力，內(nèi)容常涉及具體事實(shí)、原因和結(jié)果等，屬于閱讀理解中的基礎(chǔ)層次題。這類題的解題技巧為：一是根據(jù)題干合理運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技法快速閱讀全文，定位細(xì)節(jié)信息點(diǎn)；二是遵循由整體到細(xì)節(jié)的原則，把握作者的思路，按全文——段落——詞語的步驟來解題；三是根據(jù)設(shè)問內(nèi)容，再根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和所給選項(xiàng)的比較，排除干擾項(xiàng)，找到正確答案。

一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題中常見的設(shè)問方式

1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？

2.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage？/The passage doesn't mention.

3.According to the passage，when（where，why，how，who）...？

4.The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT...

5.What is the example of...as described in the passage？

根據(jù)題干設(shè)置的情況分為兩類:直接理解題和間接理解題。直接理解題的題干和正確選項(xiàng)的表述基本與原文一致；間接理解題在設(shè)題上，題干與正確選項(xiàng)往往為文中材料的同義詞或同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:

【中考真題1】（2015年杭州卷，保留原題號）For shy people，it can be difficult to make friends，speak in class，and even get a good job.But scientists say you can get over your shyness.They suggest trying new things and practicing conversation. And don't forget if you are shy，you are not the only one.

54.Scientists suggest that shy people can get over their shyness by.

A.blaming their failure on outside reasons

B.trying new things and practicing conversation

C.getting themselves away from their shy parents

D.trying to understand reasons for their shyness

解析：題設(shè)中的關(guān)鍵詞scientists，suggest，get over their shyness和正確選項(xiàng)trying new things and practicing conversation均在文中可以直接找到，屬于直接理解題。答案為B。

【中考真題2】（2015年杭州卷，保留原題號）Teenager Jake Denham was a skiing（滑雪）with his family in the USA when he fell over and lost one of his skis.His family didn't know that he had a problem.They kept on skiing.When they got to the foot o f the mountain，there was no sign o f Jake.

45.Jake's parents didn't know that he was missing until_____.

A.they reached the foot of the mountain

B.they began to ski down the mountain

C.a team of workers found Jake

D.Jake lost one of his skis

解析：此題為間接理解題，信息點(diǎn)設(shè)置在這一段的最后一句話，但命題方式在題干和正確選項(xiàng)的表述上均有變化。題干中he was missing為文中there was no sign of Jake的同義表達(dá)，而文中when they got to the foot of the mountain在正確選項(xiàng)A中變成了：（until）they reached the foot of the mountain。中考試題中間接理解題的比例越來越高，在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，我們應(yīng)該多注意同義表述的積累。

二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題中常見的命題點(diǎn)

把握好細(xì)節(jié)理解題中常見的命題點(diǎn)，我們在尋找閱讀理解題的答案時(shí)就會少一些周折。那么，細(xì)節(jié)理解題的常見命題點(diǎn)有哪些呢？

1.信息列舉處。文章若出現(xiàn)多個(gè)并列內(nèi)容，常是命題者設(shè)置問題之處。

【中考真題3】（2015年溫州卷，保留原題號）More and more people may start to consider owning a smart home，because it makes life much more convenient.It can help keep your room at a certain temperature.It can record what happens inside the home and send the video to your phone.When you are on vacation abroad，you can use a smart home controller to switch on or o ff the electricity when necessary. Some smart homes can receive a visitor，allowing him to come in and offering him a d rink.They can even feed the cat and water the plants.

39.Which of the following is TRUE about a smart home according to the passage？

A.Smart homes can't help feed pets nowadays.

B.Smart homes cost a lot of money at present.

C.You can't control your smart home in other countries.

D.It's hard for hackers to get in formation from smart homes.

解析：文中列舉了一系列智能家居給生活所帶來的便利，命題者針對這一列舉信息，設(shè)置了A、C、D三個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)，且均為與原文意義相反的說法。答案為B（B項(xiàng)的答題依據(jù)省略）。

2.舉例與打比方之處。文中舉例或打比方的內(nèi)容也是細(xì)節(jié)理解題的常見命題點(diǎn)，所以我們要多留意對引出例子或比喻的標(biāo)志詞，如as，such as，for example，for instance等。

【中考真題4】（2015年南寧卷，保留原題號）Time management is the greatest challenge for me in high school.I have to take good care of my subjects，activities，social life and rest.I was often angry with my family members just because I didn't plan my time we ll.For example，I might shout at them for troubling me when I was working.And sometimes I might say something bad to them when I missed dead lines，even if it was actually my fault for cramming every thing in（把所有的事情堆積起來）at the last minute.

61.Why was the writer angry with the family members？

A.The writer was weak in subjects.

B.The writer didn't plan the time well.

C.The writer had no chance to plan activities.

D.The writer's social life was boring.

解析：文中用for example引出兩個(gè)具體事例，來證明作者生家里人的氣，常常是因?yàn)樽约簺]有很好地計(jì)劃自己的時(shí)間。答案為B。

3.指示代詞出現(xiàn)處。指示代詞的指代內(nèi)容可以較好地反映考生對細(xì)節(jié)和上下文語義邏輯的理解。

【中考真題5】（2015年天津卷，保留原題號）Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific.It is one o f the smallest countries in the world.But for those who are interested in adventure and sport，there is a lot to do.Vanuatu's islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world:volcano（火山）surfing and land diving.

61.In Line 2，what does the word“those”mean？

A.People.B.Animals.C.Activities.D.Islands.

解析：根據(jù)句意“但對于那些對冒險(xiǎn)和運(yùn)動(dòng)有興趣的人們來說，有很多事情可以做”，可知，此處的those指的是people（人們）。答案為A。

4.特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號后的內(nèi)容。表示同位語的逗號，表示解釋的破折號、括號和冒號，以及表示引用的引號等，是常見的命題點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樘厥鈽?biāo)點(diǎn)符號后的內(nèi)容，往往是對前面內(nèi)容的解釋或說明。閱讀時(shí)多留意并領(lǐng)悟這些標(biāo)點(diǎn)的作用，其后的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容就不難理解了。

【中考真題6】（2015年寧波卷，保留原題號）Patrick Johnson，an artist for The Washing ton Post，found some treasure in his new house-35，000 dollars in a place where no one could see it.Although he had car and house payments（貸款）in his head，he still decided to return all o f the money to the previous（先前的）owner of the house，Mr.William s.Would you have done the same？

34.Patrick decided to return the money to_____.

A.his wife B.the bank C.their sons D.M r.Williams

解析：文中歸還錢款的對象為the previous owner of the house，Mr.Williams，這一表達(dá)中的逗號為同位語的標(biāo)志。如果能留意到這一點(diǎn)，找到答案M r.Williams就很容易了。

5.數(shù)字方面的問題。命題者常會就文中所出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字設(shè)置問題，如年齡、大小、價(jià)格、年份、數(shù)量等。我們需找出相關(guān)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)及對應(yīng)的情況，經(jīng)過分析、對比、計(jì)算后才能得出正確答案。

【中考真題7】（2015年黃岡卷，保留原題號）This year's com petition will be held on August 24.Sign-ups（報(bào)名注冊）are still being accepted for five dollars per person or two dollars for children 12 and under.Once a ll the day's phones have been thrown，they are taken to a recycling center.

66.A child at the age of ten must pay dollars for the sign-up.

A.0 B.2 C.5 D.6

解析：第二句提到了報(bào)名費(fèi)用為每人5美元，12歲及以下的孩子報(bào)名費(fèi)用每人2美元。所以10歲的孩子報(bào)名得付2美元，因此答案選B。

三、細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題技巧的其他注意點(diǎn)

1.仔細(xì)閱讀題干，快速定位信息范圍；

2.把握好主題與事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)系，明確主題可以幫助自己更有效地判斷細(xì)節(jié)的正誤；

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)不可能是孤立的，所以必須聯(lián)系前后文理解語義、判斷邏輯（因果、條件、類比、時(shí)間空間等）；

4.把握好文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)，弄明白細(xì)節(jié)的服務(wù)對象，避免張冠李戴的情況發(fā)生；

5.閱讀理解是在文本基礎(chǔ)上理解并回答問題，切忌自我發(fā)揮或憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)、感覺答題；

6.正確理解句中代詞的指代關(guān)系。

7.對于問題選項(xiàng)中表絕對意義的詞應(yīng)該仔細(xì)推敲，以免掉入命題陷阱。如:first（第一），least（最不），always（總是），never（永不），all（所有），none（一個(gè)也不），any（任何）和表示唯一性的詞匯only（只有），just（僅僅）等。

8.文章中的數(shù)字、日期、時(shí)間既是設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)，也是我們在閱讀時(shí)快速掃讀定位信息的好幫手，應(yīng)當(dāng)引起重視。因?yàn)轭}設(shè)中很少是文章中已出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字或日期，所以需根據(jù)命題要求做適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)字運(yùn)算。