夏曉華,鐘金妹,鮑 磊,姚敏學(xué)
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無創(chuàng)正壓通氣治療慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的療效分析
夏曉華,鐘金妹,鮑 磊,姚敏學(xué)*
(昆山市第一人民醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)學(xué)科,昆山 215300)
研究無創(chuàng)正壓通氣(NIPPV)治療慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的療效。選取2012年1月至2014年12月昆山市第一人民醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者47例。根據(jù)隨機、對照的原則分為觀察組(=24)和NIPPV組(=23),其中觀察組給予常規(guī)抗感染、祛痰、平喘、持續(xù)低流量吸氧等治療;NIPPV組在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用NIPPV治療。對比治療24h、72h后患者的血氣分析、心率及呼吸次數(shù)等指標。與治療前相比,兩組患者在治療后的第24小時和72小時,呼吸次數(shù)、心率、動脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)和乳酸(Lac)顯著降低(<0.05),動脈血氧分壓(PaO2)和pH顯著上升(<0.05);而且與第24小時相比,第72小時的各值改善更為明顯(<0.05)。兩組患者在治療后第72小時的N末端前腦鈉肽(NT-proBNP)值也有顯著下降(<0.05)。與觀察組相比,NIPPV組患者的呼吸次數(shù)、心率、PaCO2、Lac、pH、PaO2和NT-proBNP均有更為顯著的改善(<0.05)。此外,NIPPV組較觀察組住院天數(shù)與住院費用明顯減少(<0.05)。NIPPV在治療AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中療效顯著,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
無創(chuàng)正壓通氣;慢性阻塞性肺??;呼吸衰竭
隨著我國步入老齡化社會,慢性阻塞性肺疾?。╟hronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的患病率呈持續(xù)增長,已經(jīng)成為危害人民身體健康最重要的慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病[1]。COPD是以不完全可逆的氣流受限為病理特征的一種疾病,由于氣流受限,殘氣量多,呼氣末壓力高,并長期存在缺氧、二氧化碳潴留和(或)營養(yǎng)不良,易導(dǎo)致呼吸肌疲勞[2]。而在COPD急性加重期(acute exacerbation of COPD,AECOPD),由于呼吸系統(tǒng)感染、支氣管痙攣等因素更易加重呼吸肌疲勞,易致并發(fā)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。有創(chuàng)機械通氣(invasive mechanical ventilation,IMV)是治療AECOPD的有效方式,但由于其損傷較大、并發(fā)癥多、病程延長以及費用高等缺陷,在臨床應(yīng)用中受到一定程度的限制[2,3]。近年來,采用無創(chuàng)正壓通氣(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)治療AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭的方法受到了越來越多的關(guān)注。因此,本研究以AECOPD并發(fā)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者為研究對象,在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上給予NIPPV治療,觀察治療前后患者各指標的變化情況,以期為NIPPV在臨床上的應(yīng)用提供有益線索。
選取2012年1月至2014年12月昆山市第一人民醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者47例。入選標準:(1)根據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會制定的《慢性阻塞性肺疾病診治指南診斷標準》確診為COPD;(2)靜息狀態(tài)下,動脈血氧分壓(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)<60mmHg,動脈血二氧化碳分壓(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PaCO2)>50mmHg;(3)神志清楚,依從性好;(4)無應(yīng)用NIPPV禁忌證[1]。排除標準:(1)治療過程中因病情加重需要行有創(chuàng)通氣治療者;(2)治療過程中并發(fā)其他臟器嚴重功能障礙者;(3)自愿退出者;(4)治療過程中死亡。根據(jù)隨機、對照的原則分為觀察組(=24)和NIPPV組(=23)。其中觀察組男17例,女7例,年齡(70.34±9.43)歲;NIPPV組男16例,女7例,年齡(69.23±9.78)歲。
兩組患者入院后均采用抗感染(根據(jù)痰培養(yǎng)及藥敏結(jié)果選擇適宜抗生素)、抗炎、平喘、祛痰、維持水電解質(zhì)及酸堿平衡、營養(yǎng)支持等綜合治療。此外,觀察組采用持續(xù)低流量吸氧(2~3L/min);NIPPV組則采用NIPPV治療。采用美國偉康BiPAP、S/T(Harmony)雙水平呼吸機。設(shè)置參數(shù):自主呼吸/定時模式(S/T模式);氧流量2~6L/min;呼吸頻率12~16次/min;初始吸氣壓為4~5cmH2O,逐步調(diào)至12~20cmH2O;初始呼氣末壓為0cmH2O,逐步升至4~6cmH2O。并且根據(jù)患者病情適宜調(diào)整氧流量、呼氣壓以及吸氣壓,保持氧飽和度>90%,氧濃度保持在30%~45%,通氣時間維持3次/d,3~5h/次,并逐漸縮短通氣次數(shù)及時間,直至完全脫機。
兩組患者的年齡、肝腎功能、空腹血糖及超敏C?反應(yīng)蛋白等方面的差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(>0.05;表1),表明兩組患者基線資料均衡,具有可比性。
與治療前相比,兩組患者在治療后的第24小時和72小時,呼吸次數(shù)、心率、PaCO2和乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)顯著降低(<0.05),PaO2和酸堿度(power of hydrogen,pH)顯著上升(<0.05),且與第24小時相比,第72小時的各值改善更為明顯(<0.05)。兩組患者在治療后第72小時的N末端前腦鈉肽(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)值也有顯著下降(<0.05)。與觀察組相比,NIPPV組患者的呼吸次數(shù)、心率、PaCO2、Lac、pH、PaO2和NT-proBNP均有更為顯著的改善(<0.05;表2)。
與觀察組患者相比,NIPPV組患者的住院時間明顯縮短[(12.52±1.85)(14.87±1.75)d],住院費用顯著降低[(7582.15±1425.63)(8752.56±1644.52)元],差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(<0.05)。
COPD是一種以持續(xù)氣流受限為特征的疾病,在急性加重期時,通氣與換氣功能障礙會進一步加重,易致組織缺氧和CO2潴留,從而引發(fā)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。早期保證足夠肺泡通氣、糾正組織缺氧是AECOPD治療的首要任務(wù)。
表1 基線資料比較
NIPPV: non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; FBG: fasting blood glucose; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
表2 兩組患者治療前后各觀察指標
NIPPV: non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; Lac: lactic acid; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Compared with before treatment,*<0.05; compared with 24 hours after treatment,△<0.05; compared with the observation group,#<0.05
Lac作為機體無氧代謝的產(chǎn)物,在排除患者有劇烈運動、服用雙胍類藥物等影響血乳酸濃度的因素后,血乳酸濃度可以作為判斷組織低灌注、缺氧程度及酸堿紊亂類型的指標,與病情的嚴重程度和預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[4]。且血乳酸濃度下降和早期Lac清除率升高等表現(xiàn)與病情轉(zhuǎn)歸相一致,能較早地反映患者的病情變化,是判斷疾病預(yù)后的獨立預(yù)測因素[5]。所以檢測血乳酸值變化能有效地指導(dǎo)我們對AECOPD患者進行合理的治療。
NT-proBNP與腦利鈉肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)是腦利鈉肽前體(pro-brain natriuretic peptide,proBNP)的裂解產(chǎn)物,兩種多肽來源相同且等摩爾分泌,但是NT-proBNP幾乎完全經(jīng)腎小球濾過清除且半衰期更長,所以一般情況下血清NT-proBNP的摩爾濃度是BNP的6倍[6]。因此,目前臨床上主要檢測的是NT-proBNP。COPD發(fā)展到后期時,由于長期缺氧導(dǎo)致肺血管重塑,可能合并有肺動脈高壓甚至慢性肺源性心臟病(chronic pulmonary heart disease,CPHD)。BNP是反映右心室負荷過重的重要標志物之一,血漿BNP水平與平均肺動脈壓具有一定正相性[7?9],且BNP在COPD患者療效的評價上也有顯著的相關(guān)性[10,11],所以治療后NT-proBNP的下降程度也可作為判斷病情變化和預(yù)后的輔助評價指標之一。本研究的47例患者入院時NT-proBNP值普遍偏高,這可能與AECOPD患者組織缺氧、CO2潴留加重、感染、酸中毒、肺動脈壓增加及神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的激活等因素有關(guān)。所以經(jīng)治療后,NIPPV組NT-proBNP顯著下降可作為病情好轉(zhuǎn)的表現(xiàn)。此外,BNP是COPD急性發(fā)作的獨立危險因素。當高水平BNP的COPD患者合并較為隱匿的左心衰竭,若臨床上未予警惕和重視,則會增加患者的病死率[12?14]。
本次研究結(jié)果顯示,NIPPV組患者在治療后第24小時和72小時的呼吸次數(shù)、心率、PaCO2、Lac、pH和PaO2等指標較觀察組均有更為顯著的改善(<0.05)。有力地說明了NIPPV能夠更為有效地改善患者的肺氧合功能、緩解呼吸衰竭并提高全身組織氧供應(yīng)。本研究表明了NIPPV的應(yīng)用可減低心率及心臟的靜脈回血量,減少心臟做功,改善氧合,保護心肌功能。另外,NIPPV組的住院時間與住院費用較觀察組明顯減少。
綜上所述,NIPPV是治療AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的一種安全、有效的治療措施,可使部分患者避免因行有創(chuàng)通氣所造成的損傷及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,早期應(yīng)用能夠阻止病情惡化,甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)病情。NIPPV使用方便,可作為AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的常規(guī)治療措施。
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(編輯: 呂青遠)
Efficiency of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure
XIA Xiao-Hua, ZHONG Jin-Mei, BAO Lei, YAO Min-Xue*
(Emergency Department, the First People’s Hospital of Kunshan City, Kunshan 215300, China)
To determine the curative effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of the patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure.Forty-seven AECOPD patients complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure who admitted in our department from January 2012 to December 2014 were recruited in this study. They were randomly divided into the observation group (=24) and the NIPPV group (=23). All patients were given conventional treatment, including antibiotics, expectorant, anti-asthma and persistent low flow oxygen therapies. The NIPPV group was additionally treated with NIPPV. The blood gas analysis results, heart rate, breathing rate and serum level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were compared between the 2 groups before and at 24 and 72 hours after the treatment.Compared with the values before treatment, the heart rate, breathing rate, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and serum level of lactic acid (Lac) were decreased significantly (<0.05), while, PaO2and pH value were elevated significantly at 24 and 72 hours after treatment in both groups (<0.05), with those of the latter time point more significantly (<0.05). The serum level of NT-proBNP was also reduced in the 2 groups at 72 hours after treatment (<0.05). Compared with the observation group, the NIPPV group had more marked improvements in the heart rate, breathing rate, pH value, PaO2ad serum levels of Lac and NT-proBNP (<0.05). What’s more, this group also had significantly shorter hospital stay and reduced costs than the other one (<0.05).NIPPV has remarkable curative effect in the treatment of AECOPD patients complicated with type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and it is worthy of being widely applied in clinical practice.
noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; respiratory failure
R563
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.01.009
2015?07?22;
2015?09?01
姚敏學(xué), E-mail: yaominxue@hotmail.com