朱亞瓊,周 明,彭 楠
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高齡男性肌少癥患者的活動(dòng)能力與下肢肌肉質(zhì)量和肌力的相關(guān)性研究
朱亞瓊,周 明,彭 楠*
(解放軍總醫(yī)院南樓康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100853)
探討高齡(>85歲)男性肌少癥患者的活動(dòng)能力與其下肢肌肉質(zhì)量和下肢肌力的相關(guān)性。根據(jù)亞洲肌少癥工作組(AWGS)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),入選2014年6月至2015年2月于解放軍總醫(yī)院門診部查體的87名高齡肌少癥男性患者,年齡(89.5±4.4)歲,平均相對(duì)骨骼肌肉質(zhì)量指數(shù)(RASMMI)為(6.04±0.62)kg/m2。分別對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行身體成分測(cè)試、握力測(cè)試、下肢肌力測(cè)試(分別測(cè)試髂腰肌、股四頭肌、脛前肌及腘繩肌的最大等長(zhǎng)肌力),并研究上述指標(biāo)與活動(dòng)能力測(cè)試如步速(6min最大步行速度測(cè)試)、計(jì)時(shí)“起立?行走”時(shí)間測(cè)試(TUGT)、5次起坐時(shí)間測(cè)試(FTSST)和閉目單腿站立測(cè)試的相關(guān)性。步速、TUGT、FTSST、閉目單腿站立時(shí)間主要與年齡(=?0.567,=0.018;=0.742,=0.001;=0.632,=0.007;=?0.489,=0.047)、下肢肌肉質(zhì)量(=0.489,=0.045;=?0.579,=0.012;=?0.641,=0.003;=0.476,=0.048)和下肢脂肪含量(=?0.517,=0.032;=0.513,=0.031;=0.528,=0.015;=?0.533,=0.012)相關(guān)。步速、TUGT、FTSST、閉目單腿站立時(shí)間與髂腰肌肌力(=0.313,=0.000;=?0.887,=0.000;=?0.666,=0.003;=0.515,=0.035)和與股四頭肌肌力(=0.251,=0.017;=?0.775,=0.000;=?0.612,=0.013;=0.671,=0.002)相關(guān)。高齡肌少癥老人的活動(dòng)能力與身體成分及下肢肌力相關(guān)程度較高。脂肪含量高而下肢肌肉質(zhì)量低的老年人活動(dòng)能力相對(duì)差;下肢肌力高的老年人活動(dòng)能力較好,尤其以股四頭肌、髂腰肌肌力為代表。
老年人;肌少癥;肌肉質(zhì)量;肌力
肌少癥(sarcopenia)是國(guó)內(nèi)外老年醫(yī)學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn),它是指隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),機(jī)體的四肢肌肉質(zhì)量下降、脂肪組織增加,肌肉的爆發(fā)力、耐力下降及機(jī)體功能不同程度減低引起跌倒、殘疾等不良事件發(fā)生的“老年綜合征”[1]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)我國(guó)>80歲老年人肌少癥的發(fā)病率>50%[2]。肌少癥對(duì)老年人的危害大,使老年人的跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、致殘率和死亡率均增加[3]。肌力弱的高齡老人行走困難、易跌倒,活動(dòng)受限,甚至日常起居亦受影響,生活質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重降低。當(dāng)前,較為缺乏>85歲的高齡老人的活動(dòng)能力與其身體成分和下肢肌力的相關(guān)性分析資料及研究。因此,本研究希望在針對(duì)我國(guó)高齡肌少癥患者提供恰當(dāng)干預(yù)方式的研究方面提供一定的理論基礎(chǔ),并進(jìn)一步了解增加肌肉質(zhì)量與肌力對(duì)老年肌少癥患者活動(dòng)能力的影響。
選擇2014年6月至2015年2月于解放軍總醫(yī)院門診部查體的老年男性肌少癥患者87例,年齡(89.5±4.4)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)能夠獨(dú)立行走;(2)自愿參加本研究。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)近期疼痛、骨折、手術(shù)史;(2)簡(jiǎn)易智能量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)<27分;(3)言語(yǔ)、聽力障礙;(4)深感覺(jué)障礙;(5)嚴(yán)重前庭功能障礙;(6)嚴(yán)重骨骼、肌肉系統(tǒng)疾??;(7)嚴(yán)重心腦血管系統(tǒng)疾??;(8)嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病;(9)疾病急性發(fā)作期等。男性肌少癥的診斷根據(jù)亞洲肌少癥工作組(Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia,AWGS)意見:年齡≥60歲的老年人步速<0.8m/s或握力下降<26kg,同時(shí)伴有相對(duì)骨骼肌肉質(zhì)量指數(shù)(relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index,RASMMI)下降<7.0kg/m2[4]。
身體成分測(cè)試采用雙能X線(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)骨密度儀;握力測(cè)試采用握力計(jì)(JAMAR);下肢肌力測(cè)試采用美國(guó)進(jìn)口便攜手持式測(cè)力儀(FET3),分別測(cè)試髂腰肌、股四頭肌、脛前肌及腘繩肌的最大等長(zhǎng)肌力,測(cè)量范圍0.37~90.82kg(精確度:±0.01kg)。
測(cè)試方法如下。(1)平均骨骼肌肉質(zhì)量指數(shù):DXA測(cè)試大腿肌肉質(zhì)量、四肢肌肉質(zhì)量、全身肌肉質(zhì)量、全身脂肪含量、大腿骨礦鹽含量、全身骨礦鹽含量,并計(jì)算體脂百分比。(2)肌力測(cè)試:上肢握力測(cè)試;下肢肌力測(cè)試[5],包括屈髖肌(髂腰?。?,伸膝肌(股四頭?。惚城。勄凹。┖颓ゼ。N繩?。?。(3)活動(dòng)能力測(cè)試:6min最大步行速度測(cè)試;計(jì)時(shí)“起立?行走”時(shí)間測(cè)試(time up and go test,TUGT);5次起坐時(shí)間測(cè)試(five times sit-to-stand test,F(xiàn)TSST);閉目單腿站立時(shí)間測(cè)試。
測(cè)試流程:測(cè)試前1d通知受試者保持正常作息規(guī)律,避免劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。測(cè)試時(shí)光足、單衣。向受試者說(shuō)明測(cè)試的目的和方法,并簽署知情同意書。各項(xiàng)儀器校正完畢無(wú)誤后,進(jìn)行身體成分、上肢握力和下肢肌肉力量測(cè)試、活動(dòng)能力的測(cè)試。
研究對(duì)象均為高齡肌少癥男性,其基本情況見表1。
表1 高齡男性肌少癥患者基本情況表
BMI: body mass index; RASMMI: relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index
步速、TUGT、FTSST、閉目單腿站立時(shí)間主要與年齡、下肢肌肉質(zhì)量和下肢脂肪含量相關(guān)(均<0.05;表2)。
步速、TUGT、FTSST、閉目單腿站立時(shí)間與髂腰肌肌力和股四頭肌肌力相關(guān)(均<0.05)。此外,TUGT還與脛前肌和腘繩肌相關(guān)(均<0.05;表3)。
歐洲老年肌少癥工作小組(European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People,EWGSOP)與AWGS在肌少癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中都強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)體功能即活動(dòng)能力的降低。老年人肌肉質(zhì)量、肌力及活動(dòng)能力均下降,嚴(yán)重降低生活質(zhì)量,被視為老年肌少癥患者的主要負(fù)面影響[6]。本研究闡述了身體成分(肌肉質(zhì)量等)、下肢肌力與活動(dòng)能力的關(guān)系。年齡越大、脂肪含量越高,老年人的活動(dòng)能力越差;肌肉含量(尤其下肢)、大腿骨礦鹽含量越高,老年人活動(dòng)能力則越好?;顒?dòng)能力受多種混雜因素的影響,其中肥胖可能會(huì)增加促炎性細(xì)胞因子如IL-6、TNF-α、C反應(yīng)蛋白等,導(dǎo)致肌肉脂肪化[7,8],使體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)備的肌肉質(zhì)量不足以維持正常的活動(dòng)。我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),步速與下肢脂肪含量、體脂百分比、下肢肌肉質(zhì)量、全身肌肉質(zhì)量、大腿骨礦鹽含量相關(guān)(均<0.05)。有研究表明[9],患有少肌性肥胖的老年人比單純患有肌少癥或肥胖的人群,步速更慢,與我們研究結(jié)果一致。
另有研究顯示[10],全身肌肉質(zhì)量和四肢肌肉質(zhì)量與肌少癥患者5年內(nèi)死亡率相關(guān)。TUGT、FTSST均與下肢肌肉質(zhì)量、大腿骨礦鹽含量呈負(fù)相關(guān),與年齡、下肢脂肪含量呈正相關(guān),說(shuō)明下肢肌肉質(zhì)量及骨礦鹽量有助于起坐、行走等活動(dòng)。1項(xiàng)meta分析提示,對(duì)于>65歲的老年人,BMI≥30和肌肉質(zhì)量低與機(jī)體功能下降相關(guān)[11]。閉目單腿站立測(cè)試反映了機(jī)體的平衡能力,與下肢肌肉質(zhì)量呈正相關(guān),下肢肌肉質(zhì)量高、脂肪含量低則平衡性好,可避免老年人在行走、登高時(shí)跌倒。其次,平衡能力還與年齡相關(guān),Lord等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨年齡增大,平衡能力下降,摔倒次數(shù)增多;King等[13]也發(fā)現(xiàn)平衡能力強(qiáng)弱的分水嶺在60歲,≤60歲平衡能力恒定且較強(qiáng),>60歲每10年下降≥16%。
步速、TUGT、FTSST、閉目單腿站立測(cè)試共同體現(xiàn)了老年人日常生活最為基本的活動(dòng)技巧。測(cè)試過(guò)程中老年人需完成起立、向前直線行走、轉(zhuǎn)身繞過(guò)障礙物、坐下等一系列功能活動(dòng)。本研究顯示,高齡老人活動(dòng)能力與下肢肌力緊密相關(guān),且活動(dòng)能力與髂腰肌、股四頭肌肌力相關(guān)性更高,這也證實(shí)了股四頭肌神經(jīng)肌肉興奮性的破壞與活動(dòng)能力下降相關(guān)聯(lián)的說(shuō)法[14?16]。TUGT還與Berg平衡量表、步速、Barthel指數(shù)呈中度至高度相關(guān)[17]。FTSST有較好的重測(cè)信度(ICC=0.91,95%CI:0.79~0.96),主要反映股四頭肌群的快速激活能力,若激活能力強(qiáng),則步行速度快[14];且FTSST與短期身體活動(dòng)能力得分(short physical performance battery score,SPPB)成正相關(guān)[15,16]。因此,TUGT、FTSST均可作為老年人肌力及活動(dòng)能力下降的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。1項(xiàng)研究顯示[16],對(duì)2 735名社區(qū)老年人進(jìn)行測(cè)試,在去除性別、跌倒史、用藥及獨(dú)居因素后,發(fā)現(xiàn)FTSST是反復(fù)跌倒的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子(OR=1.74,95%CI:1.24~2.45,<0.001)。老年人下肢肌力降低、步態(tài)發(fā)生改變,動(dòng)態(tài)平衡能力較差,因此增加了跌倒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
表2 高齡肌少癥男性活動(dòng)能力與身體成分的相關(guān)性
TUGT: time up and go test; FTSST: five times sit-to-stand test
表3 高齡肌少癥男性活動(dòng)能力與下肢肌力的相關(guān)性
TUGT: time up and go test; FTSST: five times sit-to-stand test
本項(xiàng)研究存在一些不足之處。首先,樣本量相對(duì)較小,不足以有效推測(cè)中國(guó)高齡人群的狀況。其次,排除了過(guò)度虛弱及失能受試者,這可能對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定的影響。此外,目前對(duì)肌少癥的診斷并無(wú)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),若分別應(yīng)用AWGS、EWGSOP推崇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),得出的研究結(jié)果可能存在差異,因而我們?cè)诮窈蟮墓ぷ髦袘?yīng)進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。
綜上所述,高齡老人的活動(dòng)能力與身體成分及下肢肌力相關(guān)性較高。脂肪含量高而肌肉質(zhì)量低的老年人活動(dòng)能力相對(duì)較差,而下肢肌力高的老年人活動(dòng)能力好,尤其以股四頭肌、髂腰肌肌力為代表。北京社區(qū)>80歲的老年人中,肌少癥的發(fā)生率較高。以后的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)注重肌少癥和少肌性肥胖對(duì)高齡老人產(chǎn)生的臨床影響。
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(編輯: 劉子琪)
Correlation of functional activities and muscle mass with lower limb muscle strength in aged sarcopenic men
ZHU Ya-Qiong, ZHOU Ming, PENG Nan*
(Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
To investigate the correlation of functional activities and lower limb muscle mass with muscle strength in the aged sarcopenic men.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS), 87 men at an average age of (89.5±4.4) years were diagnosed as sarcopenia from those who took physical examination in Outpatient Department of our hospital from June 2014 to February 2015. Their average relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (RASMMI) was (6.04±0.62)kg/m2. Physical composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), grip strength by a dynamometer named JAMAR, and maximum isometric strength of iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior and hamstrings by a dynamometer named FET3. Physical composition, lower limb strength test, 6-min walking test, timed up and go test (TUGT), five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), and one-legged stance test with eyes closed were performed respectively to investigate the correlations of above indices with the test results.The walking speed, TUGT, FTSST, and time for one-legged stance were correlated with age (=?0.567,=0.018;=0.742,=0.001;=0.632,=0.007;=?0.489,=0.047), muscle mass (=0.489,=0.045;=?0.579,=0.012;=?0.641,=0.003;=0.476,=0.048) and fat mass (=?0.517,=0.032;=0.513,=0.031;=0.528,=0.015;=?0.533,=0.012). In addition, the indices of walking speed, TUGT, FTSST, and time for one-legged stance showed correlation with maximum isometric strength of iliopsoas (=0.313,=0.000;=?0.887,=0.000;=?0.666,=0.003;=0.515,=0.035) and maximum isometric strength of quadriceps femoris (=0.251,=0.017;=?0.775,=0.000;=?0.612,=0.013;=0.671,=0.002).There exists a high correlation of functional activities and physical composition with lower limb muscle strength in aged sarcopenic men. The elderly with high fat content and low muscle mass have relatively poor physical activity, and those with high lower limb muscle strength have good physical activity, especially for iliopsoas and quadriceps femoris muscle strength.
aged; sarcopenia; muscle mass; muscle strength
R592; R337.2
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.02.030
2015?07?30;
2015?12?15
彭 楠, E-mail: pengnan301@163.com