鄒義源 賀智榆 陳孝均 等
【摘要】 目的:探討應(yīng)用鎖定鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)和胸三角肌兩種不同手術(shù)入路在治療肱骨近端骨折中的臨床治療效果。方法:選取2012年2月-2014年4月本院收治的肱骨近端骨折患者59例作為研究對(duì)象,將其隨機(jī)分為經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組27例和經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組32例,兩組均運(yùn)用鎖定鋼板對(duì)肱骨近端行切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定手術(shù)。比較兩組術(shù)中、術(shù)后的多項(xiàng)相關(guān)指標(biāo)及術(shù)后12~15個(gè)月的肩關(guān)節(jié)功能Neer評(píng)分情況。結(jié)果:59例均獲得隨訪,平均隨訪14.8個(gè)月;經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組相對(duì)于經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組在切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)中失血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后引流量、骨折愈合時(shí)間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后兩組均未發(fā)生明顯并發(fā)癥;術(shù)后12~15個(gè)月的肩關(guān)節(jié)功能Neer評(píng)分,經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組優(yōu)良率為84.6%,經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組優(yōu)良率為82.4%,兩組優(yōu)良率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:應(yīng)用鎖定鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)和胸三角肌兩種不同手術(shù)入路均是治療肱骨近端骨折的有效方式。與傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)胸三角肌入路相比,經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)中出血少、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、骨折愈合快、肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可作為治療肱骨近端骨折的首選方法。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 肱骨近端骨折; 鎖定鋼板; 肩峰前外側(cè)入路; 胸三角肌入路
Clinical Effects of Two Different Approach for Treating Proximal Humeral Fractures with Locking Plate/ZOU Yi-yuan,HE Zhi-yu,CHEN Xiao-jun,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2016,13(08):042-045
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of two different approach through anterolateral acromial approach and deltopectoral approach for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures with locking plate.Method:Totally 59 patients with proximal humeral fractures were selected in our hospital from February 2012 to April 2014,they were divided into the through anterolateral acromial approach of 27 cases and through deltopectoral approach of 32 cases.All patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with locking plate.The indexes of intraoperative,postoperative situation and clinical effect (Neer score) at 12-15 months postoperatively were observed and compared.Result:All cases were followed up,averaging 14.8 months.The incision length,intraoperative bloodloss,operation time,postoperative drainage,fracture healing time of the through anterolateral acromial approach group showed statistically differences compared with the through deltopectoral approach group(P<0.05).Two groups were not apparent complications after surgery,the rate of excellent and good at 12-15 months postoperatively was 84.6% respectively in the through anterolateral acromial approach,while 82.4% respectively in the through deltopectoral approach group.The differences had no statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:Both of anterolateral acromial approach and deltopectoral approach are effective in treating proximal humeral fractures with locking plate,and can obtain excellent outcomes.Moreover,anterolateral acromial approach has advantage of less trauma,less blood loss,shorter operative time,rapid recovery of fracture healing and shoulder joint function.This approach is the first choice for proximal humerus fracture.
【Key words】 Proximal humeral fractures; Locking plate; Anterolateral acromial approach; Deltopectoral approach
First-authors address:Sichuan Medical University,Luzhou 646000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2016.08.012
肱骨近端骨折是臨床上比較常見(jiàn)的骨折之一,國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其發(fā)生率占全身骨折的4%~5%[1],對(duì)于移位明顯和不穩(wěn)定骨折的患者多需手術(shù)治療。本院選取2012年2月-2014年4月應(yīng)用肱骨近端鎖定鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路和經(jīng)胸三角肌入路治療肱骨近端骨折患者59例進(jìn)行回顧性分析,以探討這兩種不同手術(shù)入路的臨床療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2012年2月-2014年4月本院收治的59例肱骨近端骨折患者,男23例,女36例;年齡27~82歲,平均(64.68±7.93)歲。致傷原因:平地摔傷41例,車(chē)禍傷11例,運(yùn)動(dòng)傷7例。骨折按Neer分型:二部分骨折21例,三部分骨折29例,四部分骨折9例。手術(shù)均在傷后2~14 d內(nèi)完成,平均4.2 d。隨機(jī)分為經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組27例和經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組32例,兩組患者的性別構(gòu)成比、年齡、骨折類(lèi)型、致傷原因等一般資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 手術(shù)方法 患者采用沙灘椅體位,確保術(shù)中能夠?qū)﹄殴墙诉M(jìn)行前后位和腋位的X線透視,氣管插管全麻或臂叢麻醉下進(jìn)行手術(shù)。
1.2.1 經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組 從肩峰表面開(kāi)始作長(zhǎng)約6 cm縱行切口,起于肩峰前外側(cè)0.5 cm處,遠(yuǎn)端到達(dá)三角肌。通過(guò)辨認(rèn)三角肌肌腹之間的脂肪纖維紋,找到三角肌前束和中間束肌肉間隙[2]。在肌間隙近端切開(kāi)約5 cm,暴露肱骨大結(jié)節(jié),游離進(jìn)入肩峰下和三角肌下區(qū)域后,通過(guò)手指觸摸找到腋神經(jīng)并確定腋神經(jīng)的真正位置。保護(hù)腋神經(jīng),將切口向下分離顯露肱骨干近端。手法牽引復(fù)位的同時(shí),通過(guò)近端軟組織手術(shù)窗,利用縫扎在肩袖上的縫線牽拉技術(shù)和克氏針撬撥技術(shù)幫助骨折復(fù)位,糾正肱骨頭的內(nèi)外翻和旋轉(zhuǎn)畸形、修復(fù)重建內(nèi)側(cè)肱骨距、復(fù)位大小結(jié)節(jié)骨折塊,并用克氏針臨時(shí)固定復(fù)位的骨折塊。選擇肱骨干有5個(gè)LCP結(jié)合孔的鎖定鋼板,于三角肌的深面通過(guò)肌肉間隙緊貼肱骨骨膜向遠(yuǎn)端插入。確認(rèn)鋼板近端距離大結(jié)節(jié)最高點(diǎn)8~10 mm,偏結(jié)節(jié)間溝后方4 mm,通過(guò)鋼板上的小孔向肱骨頭內(nèi)打入2枚克氏針臨時(shí)固定鋼板位置。在鋼板遠(yuǎn)端另做皮膚小切口,通過(guò)下方軟組織手術(shù)窗利用手指觸摸確認(rèn)鋼板遠(yuǎn)端在肱骨干居中位置后,先于近側(cè)端的LCP結(jié)合孔用1枚3.5 mm皮質(zhì)骨螺釘將接骨板固定于肱骨干并擰緊加壓,再通過(guò)近端軟組織手術(shù)窗,經(jīng)導(dǎo)向筒鉆孔后于鋼板近端向肱骨頭內(nèi)擰入5~6枚鎖定螺釘[3];通過(guò)下方軟組織手術(shù)窗,鉆孔后擰入2~3枚鎖定螺釘。
1.2.2 經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組 切口始于喙突,向肱骨的三角肌粗隆部方向延伸。在近端找到頭靜脈后向外側(cè)牽開(kāi),暴露三角肌胸大肌肌間隙。在聯(lián)合腱外側(cè)切開(kāi)胸鎖筋膜,保留近端的喙肩韌帶,從胸大肌止點(diǎn)上緣向遠(yuǎn)端切開(kāi)1~2 cm。暴露肱骨近端骨折,清除血凝塊。在胸大肌深方找到肱二頭肌長(zhǎng)頭肌腱,肩關(guān)節(jié)外展位牽引,暴露三角肌下間隙,進(jìn)行骨折近端操作[4]??p線穿過(guò)大、小結(jié)節(jié)腱性部分并留作牽引,復(fù)位肱骨頭與肱骨干后,再將大、小結(jié)節(jié)骨折塊復(fù)位并用克氏針臨時(shí)固定。選擇肱骨干有5個(gè)LCP結(jié)合孔的鎖定鋼板,將其置于肱骨近端外側(cè),確認(rèn)鋼板近端距離大結(jié)節(jié)最高點(diǎn)8~10 mm,偏結(jié)節(jié)間溝后方4 mm,克氏針臨時(shí)固定鋼板位置。先用1枚3.5 mm皮質(zhì)骨螺釘將接骨板固定于肱骨干并擰緊加壓后,經(jīng)導(dǎo)向筒鉆孔于鋼板近端向肱骨頭內(nèi)擰入5~6枚鎖定螺釘,遠(yuǎn)端亦擰入2~3枚鎖定螺釘[5]。
兩組患者在完成置釘后,均需在C型臂X線機(jī)透視下仔細(xì)檢查骨折復(fù)位以及內(nèi)固定的可靠[6],肩關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng)良好后,拔除臨時(shí)固定的克氏針。徹底止血、清洗傷口,修復(fù)可能存在的肩袖損傷,通過(guò)鎖定鋼板上的小孔用縫線縫合肩袖處的肌腱將大小結(jié)節(jié)固定在鋼板上增加肩袖的穩(wěn)定性[7],并逐層關(guān)閉切口。
1.3 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后將患肢用三角巾胸前懸吊,指導(dǎo)患者在術(shù)后2周內(nèi)進(jìn)行輕度的鐘擺運(yùn)動(dòng)。2周后進(jìn)行輕柔的被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)練習(xí)(重點(diǎn)練習(xí)前屈、外展和輕度的內(nèi)/外旋)。6周時(shí)去除三角巾懸吊,進(jìn)行更積極的被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)避免關(guān)節(jié)囊僵硬。當(dāng)3~6個(gè)月出現(xiàn)影像學(xué)骨性愈合跡象時(shí),可漸進(jìn)的負(fù)重功能鍛煉。在整個(gè)康復(fù)過(guò)程中,鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行患側(cè)肘、腕、手等各關(guān)節(jié)主、被動(dòng)活動(dòng)及前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
1.4 評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 手術(shù)均由同一組醫(yī)生完成,由另外2名高年資骨科醫(yī)生進(jìn)行門(mén)診回訪和評(píng)價(jià)。觀察并比較兩組患者手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后引流量、骨折愈合時(shí)間等指標(biāo)。術(shù)后1年采用Neer評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)的疼痛、功能、活動(dòng)度和解剖恢復(fù)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,滿分100分,按總分評(píng)定治療效果。優(yōu):>90分,良:80~89分,可:71~79分,差:≤70分。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,比較采用 字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比較 經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組相對(duì)于經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組,在切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流量、骨折愈合時(shí)間方面比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);59例均獲得隨訪,平均隨訪14.8個(gè)月,兩組優(yōu)良率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 兩組患者并發(fā)癥情況比較 兩組患者術(shù)后均未發(fā)生傷口感染、神經(jīng)損傷、肱骨頭壞死、螺釘松動(dòng)等并發(fā)癥。
3 討論
肱骨近端骨折在臨床上并不少見(jiàn),臨床上多由于間接暴力原因所致,由于肩袖損傷和肱骨頭血運(yùn)破壞明顯,故保守治療后關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)效果不佳[8]。目前臨床治療肱骨近端粉碎性骨折首選內(nèi)固定手術(shù)[9-10]。鎖定鋼板能夠通過(guò)分散和內(nèi)聚的角穩(wěn)定螺釘,提高骨質(zhì)中固定和抗拔出的強(qiáng)度,因此被廣泛地應(yīng)用于肱骨近端骨折的臨床治療中[11-12]。
傳統(tǒng)的切開(kāi)復(fù)位鋼板內(nèi)固定經(jīng)胸三角肌入路,術(shù)中需廣泛暴露創(chuàng)傷部位以保證解剖復(fù)位效果,對(duì)軟組織及血供破壞大,骨折愈合時(shí)間長(zhǎng),肱骨頭缺血壞死發(fā)生率高;術(shù)中經(jīng)胸三角肌間隙于肱骨近端外側(cè)置入鋼板,因外側(cè)軟組織遮擋置入螺釘時(shí)局限性較大,肥胖、肌肉發(fā)達(dá)或局部嚴(yán)重腫脹者常無(wú)法有效實(shí)施,若術(shù)中旋轉(zhuǎn)肱骨干后再置入螺釘,則骨折臨時(shí)復(fù)位后再移位風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加;因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后肩關(guān)節(jié)腫痛劇烈不利于早期功能鍛煉,肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)明顯受限及肩周慢性炎癥發(fā)生率居高不下,肩關(guān)節(jié)經(jīng)功能鍛煉恢復(fù)到正常功能的康復(fù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)[13]。經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路鎖定鋼板內(nèi)固定是近年來(lái)在臨床得到廣泛應(yīng)用的一種微創(chuàng)術(shù)式[14],可在不影響骨折部位內(nèi)環(huán)境情況下,有效促進(jìn)骨折部位血運(yùn)恢復(fù)和骨折愈合。多中心的臨床研究證實(shí),經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路鎖定鋼板內(nèi)固定用于粉碎性或骨質(zhì)疏松性肱骨近端骨折治療具有更優(yōu)的生物力學(xué)特性,術(shù)中對(duì)腋神經(jīng)的保護(hù)避免醫(yī)源性神經(jīng)損傷是治療的關(guān)鍵[15-16]。
本研究中,經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組在手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量方面顯著優(yōu)于經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組,說(shuō)明經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路較常規(guī)胸三角肌入路具有手術(shù)切口小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、出血少等優(yōu)點(diǎn);經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組患者骨折愈合時(shí)間顯著優(yōu)于經(jīng)胸三角肌組,證實(shí)經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路鎖定鋼板內(nèi)固定有助于加快肱骨近端粉碎性骨折患者創(chuàng)傷愈合進(jìn)程;術(shù)后1年經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路組肩關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分優(yōu)良率與經(jīng)胸三角肌入路組無(wú)明顯差異性,提示兩種入路在治療肱骨近端骨折中肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)方面療效相當(dāng)。
綜上所述,應(yīng)用鎖定鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路和經(jīng)胸三角肌入路治療肱骨近端骨折均安全有效,但經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路具有創(chuàng)傷小、骨折愈合快、肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。若要明確哪種入路更為優(yōu)良,則需要進(jìn)一步增加患者數(shù)量、多中心的長(zhǎng)期隨訪來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-10-13) (本文編輯:蔡元元)