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      九種不同能量玉米副產(chǎn)物的膳食纖維組成與能量、粗纖維和豬氨基酸消化率的關(guān)系(續(xù))

      2016-05-18 07:37:30GutierrezSeraoKerrZijlstraPatience愛荷華州立大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院埃姆斯500美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室埃姆斯愛荷華州500阿爾伯塔大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)食品與營(yíng)養(yǎng)科學(xué)系加拿大埃德蒙頓ABT6GP5
      中國(guó)飼料 2016年24期
      關(guān)鍵詞:木糖副產(chǎn)物聚糖

      N.A.Gutierrez,N.V.L.Serao,B.J.Kerr,R.T.Zijlstra,J.F.Patience(.愛荷華州立大學(xué),動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,埃姆斯,500;.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室,埃姆斯,愛荷華州,500;.阿爾伯塔大學(xué),農(nóng)業(yè)食品與營(yíng)養(yǎng)科學(xué)系,加拿大,埃德蒙頓,AB T6G P5)

      九種不同能量玉米副產(chǎn)物的膳食纖維組成與能量、粗纖維和豬氨基酸消化率的關(guān)系(續(xù))

      N.A.Gutierrez1,N.V.L.Serao1,B.J.Kerr2,R.T.Zijlstra3,J.F.Patience1
      (1.愛荷華州立大學(xué),動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,埃姆斯,50011;2.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室,埃姆斯,愛荷華州,50011;3.阿爾伯塔大學(xué),農(nóng)業(yè)食品與營(yíng)養(yǎng)科學(xué)系,加拿大,埃德蒙頓,AB T6G 2P5)

      中國(guó)豬營(yíng)養(yǎng)國(guó)際論壇是由美國(guó)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)、上海亙泰實(shí)業(yè)集團(tuán)和上海優(yōu)久生物科技有限公司聯(lián)合主辦,以“凝聚全球科研力量,驅(qū)動(dòng)豬業(yè)創(chuàng)新思維”為宗旨,力邀全球一流的機(jī)構(gòu)、專家和學(xué)者,傾力打造一個(gè)動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域具有國(guó)際性、前沿性和權(quán)威性的論壇。該論壇每?jī)赡昱e辦一屆,聚焦行業(yè)發(fā)展中的熱點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn),通過專家學(xué)者和企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者之間進(jìn)行開放建設(shè)性的學(xué)術(shù)探討、理論研究和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流,整合全球動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)領(lǐng)域前沿的技術(shù)和研究成果,推動(dòng)行業(yè)發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造和提升產(chǎn)業(yè)價(jià)值。www.asaschina.org2013;Stein等,2006)。然而,HP-DDG中GE和DM的ATTD,比先前報(bào)道值?。↘im等,2009;Widmer等,2007),這可能是本試驗(yàn)中使用的HPDDG中加入玉米皮導(dǎo)致DF的含量偏高。

      另一方面,不同原料的NDF回腸表觀消化率無(wú)明顯差異(P=0.11),但全腸道表觀消化率有明顯差異(P<0.05)。3種DDGS原料中NDF的AID和ATTD有差異,表明大約18%的NDF在后腸發(fā)酵,這與Urriola等(2010)報(bào)道的數(shù)據(jù)一致。但在CB-S和CB中,NDF的ATTD值低于AID值。先前研究報(bào)道,麥麩(Jorgensen等,1996)和中低纖維日糧(Wilfart等,2007)的DF值不穩(wěn)定,這歸因于取樣或分析誤差,以及相對(duì)高的變異造成。部分DF組分和Cr2O3進(jìn)入消化道被分離,也可能對(duì)DF消化率估計(jì)值的可靠性產(chǎn)生不利影響(Graham等,1986)。此外,DDC中NDF的ATTD值是136.8%,遠(yuǎn)超過100%。被測(cè)原料中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量較低時(shí),很難準(zhǔn)確地確定其AID和ATTD,因?yàn)槠錉I(yíng)養(yǎng)值由差值計(jì)算,且分析方法可能不足以精確測(cè)定低含量養(yǎng)分的值。

      所有原料的必需氨基酸AID差異顯著(P<0.05)。本試驗(yàn)中,DDGS中必需氨基酸的AID值與此前公布的數(shù)據(jù)(NRC,2012;Urriola等,2009;Stein等,2006)相近。CGMM和CGnM中必需氨基酸的AID與先前公布的值相同(NRC,2012;Almeida等,2011),但比歐洲國(guó)家研究的值稍?。⊿auvant等,2004)。此外,HP-DDG中必需氨基酸的AID都小于Kim等(2009)和Widmer等(2007)的研究結(jié)果,這可能是由于不同來源的HP-DDG的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)組成不同,導(dǎo)致與此前報(bào)道的結(jié)果有差異。

      不同原料的DE和ME值有明顯差異(P<0.05)(表5)。DDC和CGnM的DE和ME值最大,因?yàn)槠銬F含量較低,淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)含量較高。與此相反,CB的DF含量較高,淀粉和粗脂肪含量較低,導(dǎo)致其DE和ME要比其他玉米副產(chǎn)品小(P<0.05)。另一方面,CB-S中高含量的粗脂肪,導(dǎo)致其DE和ME含量高于CB(P<0.05),并與CGmM接近。HP-DDG的DE和ME與DDGS-CV和DDGS BPX的值接近。DDGS-RO的粗脂肪含量較DDGSCV低,因此DE和ME也比DDGS少(P<0.05)。Anderson等(2012)測(cè)定相同來源不同批次的玉米副產(chǎn)物的DE和ME含量,CB-S,CB,DDGS-RO,HP-DDG和CGmM的值都比本試驗(yàn)中的值大??赡苁怯捎贏nderson等(2012)是通過收集育肥豬的全尿液和糞便獲得的數(shù)據(jù),而本研究是通過Cr2O3內(nèi)標(biāo)法定點(diǎn)采生長(zhǎng)豬的糞便樣品。盡管如此,本試驗(yàn)所用原料的DE和ME值與。Sauvant等(2004),Pedersen等(2007)研究結(jié)果一致。

      3.4 不同性狀類別最佳纖維組分最佳纖維組分可以解釋每種原料的DF含量差異。對(duì)11種選定的纖維成分的各種性狀的擬合優(yōu)度進(jìn)行評(píng)估和排名,發(fā)現(xiàn)玉米副產(chǎn)物中DE和ME的AID和ATTD的變化可以通過NSP單糖殘基的含量來解釋(表6),主要是木糖和阿拉伯糖以及它們的聚合物阿拉伯木聚糖。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明與分析原料的粗纖維組成(ADF、NDF和TDF)相比,玉米副產(chǎn)物中組成粗纖維的單糖是預(yù)測(cè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)組成的良好指標(biāo)。

      表5 分析各玉米副產(chǎn)物的消化能和代謝能值(以日糧為基礎(chǔ))

      玉米及其副產(chǎn)物中,葡萄糖和木糖的聚合物含有豐富的NSP,并且分別以纖維素和阿拉伯木聚糖的形式存在(Knudsen,2001、1997)。纖維素是葡萄糖聚合物,是玉米細(xì)胞壁中最豐富的多糖。盡管NSP中葡萄糖含量很高,但它僅僅是NDF的ATTD的最佳擬合模型。葡萄糖含量對(duì)NDF中ATTD的影響可能與纖維素聚合物的高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān),這些結(jié)構(gòu)是不溶于水的。因此,在谷物中纖維素一般比阿拉伯木聚糖難降解,但在玉米顆粒的不同結(jié)構(gòu)組成之間,纖維素的降解率有很大的差異(比如:麩皮纖維素與胚乳纖維素)。木糖是阿拉伯木聚糖的骨架,并不同程度取代了阿拉伯糖。對(duì)于大部分營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性,木糖比葡萄糖或半纖維素更適合作為擬合指標(biāo)。這意味著相對(duì)于纖維素或半纖維素,木糖在DF中的含量與玉米副產(chǎn)物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更具相關(guān)性。纖維素和半纖維素已經(jīng)用來預(yù)測(cè)豬(Anderson等,2012)和雞(Rochell等,2011)日糧中的代謝能。玉米籽粒中不同部位的阿拉伯木聚糖的微生物降解率差異很大,在果皮和種皮中幾乎不降解,在胚乳中達(dá)到85%~90%(Bach Knudsen,1997)。阿拉伯木聚糖在玉米的糊粉層可包裹脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)(Benamrouche等,2002),這可以解釋為何NSP木糖和阿拉伯木聚糖是飼料原料消化率和能量值性狀最合適的擬合指標(biāo)。對(duì)于賴氨酸和平均水平的非必需氨基酸的AID,半乳糖是最適合的NSP單糖,但對(duì)于其余的氨基酸半乳糖排名不如NSP木糖。另一方面,甘露糖是甘露聚糖的骨架,但在谷物中含量很少(Choct,1997),因此玉米副產(chǎn)品中的含量很低。相較于其他的單糖,NSP半乳糖和NSP甘露糖的排名較低,可能與它們形成的多糖的低含量和功能相關(guān)。

      為了簡(jiǎn)化評(píng)估DF含量的影響以及通過DF含量充分預(yù)測(cè)飼料成分的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值,每個(gè)類別都選擇一個(gè)最佳擬合的DF組分(表7)。阿拉伯木聚糖含量是GE,DM,NDF和DF的AID最佳擬合的DF組分。對(duì)于剩下的3個(gè)類別,NSP木糖殘基是最適合的DF組分,包括GE,DM,NDF的ATTD,AA,DE和ME的AID。Zijlstra等(1999)報(bào)道,木聚糖比NDF能更好地預(yù)測(cè)小麥樣品之間的差異。通過比較DF含量和Ingred模型的擬合優(yōu)度,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ingred比DF含量能更好地解釋大部分特性的變異性。但是,DF含量用于預(yù)測(cè)GE(550.3)和DM(562.2)的AID模型時(shí),比Ingred(GE 555.4和DM 570.1,)更合適。Ingred在模型中的影響包括其他分析組分如粗蛋白質(zhì),粗脂肪,淀粉,礦物質(zhì),和DF含量的綜合作用,這些組分一起描述原料特性的多樣性,比單獨(dú)用DF含量描述更好。在預(yù)測(cè)豬飼料原料中DE和ME值的公式中,Noblet和Perez(1993)報(bào)道ME值隨著蛋白和粗脂肪含量升高而升高,隨著礦物質(zhì)、粗纖維、NDF或半纖維素的含量降低而降低。隨著模型中加入的化學(xué)組分越多,預(yù)測(cè)的可靠性越高。其他飼料原料化學(xué)組分的營(yíng)養(yǎng)消化值和能量值預(yù)測(cè)模型也已被開發(fā)出來(Urriola等,2013;Anderson等,2012)。

      表6 膳食纖維不同性狀的最佳擬合排名

      雖然DF含量解釋原料特性多變性的效果不如Ingred,但是DF含量對(duì)大部分特性的預(yù)測(cè)效果顯著(表8)。例如,阿拉伯木聚糖的含量對(duì)GE(P= 0.02)和DM(P=0.04)的AID,NSP木糖含量對(duì)GE和DM的ATTD呈三次方相關(guān)(P<0.01);蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸、色氨酸和平均必需氨基酸的AID(P<0.05),以及ME值(P<0.01)均呈三次方相關(guān)。此外,NSP木糖含量與DE呈線性相關(guān)(P=0.02)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與以前的數(shù)據(jù)相同,能量、DM的ATTD和全日糧中CP含量呈線性下降,同日糧中不溶性DF呈線性增加(Le Goff和Noblet,2001)。在本試驗(yàn)中,賴氨酸和蘇氨酸的AID不會(huì)受到NSP木聚糖含量的影響(P>0.05)。NSP木糖含量對(duì)NDF的AID和ATTD影響效果不同。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NDF的AIID不受NSP含量影響(P>0.05),但NDF的ATTD受到NSP木糖含量的影響呈三次方(P<0.01)。

      總之,不同的玉米副產(chǎn)品中能量、日糧纖維、必需氨基酸消化率、消化能和代謝能之間存在很大變化,部分變化是由于原料中的DF含量差異。阿拉伯木聚糖和NSP木糖殘基是DF的組分,可以很好解釋由DF含量導(dǎo)致的變異和玉米副產(chǎn)品中能量、DM、NDF的消化率和DE、ME值,而沒有嚴(yán)重的預(yù)見丟失。玉米副產(chǎn)品中賴氨酸和多數(shù)氨基酸的AID不適合用DF含量模型預(yù)測(cè)。

      表8 不同營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)中適合最佳擬合的膳食纖維(DF)的回歸系數(shù)和模型

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