定語從句的句型及關(guān)系詞的運用

張前清

定語從句是用一個句子對另一個句子的一個成分或部分進(jìn)行修飾與限定，被修飾的詞叫先行詞，由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)。定語從句的類型有限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有that，which，who，whose，as，where，when，why等。關(guān)系詞是連接從句與先行詞的橋梁，它在句中起連接作用并充當(dāng)從句中的某個成分，如主語、賓語、定語、狀語等。

定語從句是高中階段的一個重點語法內(nèi)容，在高考中占有一定比重。在書面表達(dá)中能熟練掌握并使用定語從句是考查同學(xué)們運用英語能力的一個重要方面，也是作文評分的亮點。對定語從句，要求知曉定語從句的概念，限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別，正確分析引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植⑦x擇使用。

[定語從句的句型]

（1）主語+that/which引導(dǎo)的定語從句+謂+賓

（2）主語+who/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句+謂+賓+狀

（3）主語+（whose名/of which/of whom/one of which/two of whom）引導(dǎo)的定語從句+謂+賓

主語+（which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句/who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句）+謂+賓+狀

主語+謂+賓，（which側(cè)主/as側(cè)賓）

as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，主+謂+賓

China has a long history during which many of the worlds greatest poets were active. 中國歷史悠久，在這個悠久的歷史長河中世界上很多偉大的詩人很活躍。

Sunday is a holiday， when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，這一天人們不上班。

We have such grapes as you never saw. 我們有你從未見過的葡萄。

Her brother who is now a solider always encourages her to go to college. 她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。

All the books， which have pictures in them， are well written. 所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。

As is expected， the England team won the football match. 正如所期待的，英國隊贏得了足球賽。

定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一定充當(dāng)句子成分，并根據(jù)充當(dāng)?shù)某煞诌x擇使用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語或賓語；關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。弄清關(guān)系詞使用的限制條件；注意保持時態(tài)和數(shù)的一致。

[關(guān)系詞的運用]

定語從句在句中作定語，修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞（限制性定語從句），也可以修飾主句的一部分或主句（非限制性定語從句）。

關(guān)系詞按照它們在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞挚梢苑譃殛P(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。關(guān)系代詞有：which，that，who，whom，whose，as，but，關(guān)系副詞有：when，where，why，as，that。

關(guān)系詞在句中到三個方面的作用：

1. 連接。正像任何一個從句與主句之間都需要連接詞一樣，定語從句中起連接主句和從句的詞就是關(guān)系詞。雖然有時關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略關(guān)系詞，但作為定語從句與主句的連接，關(guān)系詞是必不可少的。

2. 在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個成分。關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)代詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，即作主語，賓語，表語或定語。其中，whom一般只作賓語，whose只作定語并表示所屬關(guān)系，as用于such或same之后，but用于不定代詞之后；關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只作狀語。其中that用于先行詞是the way并且從句需要關(guān)系副詞時（相當(dāng)于in which）或在the time when等結(jié)構(gòu)中代替when。如：We didnt like the way that he treated us. How did you spend the time that you were in Hangzhou？

3. 代替先行詞。先行詞即被修飾的名詞或代詞。關(guān)系詞代替先行詞有三個層面的含義：

（1）代替先行詞的意義。這就意味著關(guān)系詞是沒有自己固定的意義的（非限制性定語從句中的as和which往往譯成“這”），它在句子中的意義由先行詞決定。

（2）代替先行詞的人稱和數(shù)。關(guān)系詞的人稱和數(shù)由先行詞決定，這一點在關(guān)系代詞作定語從句的主語時尤其重要。如：He is a man who never leaves todays work till tomorrow. All these books， which have been donated by visiting professors， are to be used by the postgraduates.

（3）定語從句中不會再出現(xiàn)先行詞或指代先行詞的代詞。也就是說，如果一個從句中出現(xiàn)了先行詞或指代先行詞的代詞，那么這個從句就不會是定語從句。如：This is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out. 應(yīng)該為一個such ... that結(jié)構(gòu)中的結(jié)果狀語從句；而This is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. 才是一個由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句。再如：As we expect， he finished the work on time. 此句中我們就不能在expect后接上賓語it，否則就不是一個定語從句。

練習(xí)

一、閱讀下列各小題，根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示， 用句末括號內(nèi)的英語單詞完成句子。

1. The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people， （其中許多人離開） their village homes for a better life in the city. （leave）

2. Life is like a long race （這里我們和他們競爭） to go beyond ourselves. （compete）

3. Barack Obama will deliver a speech to 1，000 local Youths during his visit to Shanghai， （大多數(shù)來自） Fudan University and Tongji University. （belong）

4. （你說話和行為的方式） lead people to believe that you have a good education or not. （way）

5. Although Ive bought lots of toys for my little son， （沒一個是他喜歡的）. （favorite）

6. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity （視覺比聽覺更重要）. （matter）

7. This article may shock some sensitive readers， （我向他們表示歉意） in advance. （offer）

8. Eco-travel is a form of travel （把普通旅游和學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)合在一起）. （combine）

9. All media around the world reported the terrible earthquake （一萬多日本人在其中喪命）. （lose）

10. （種植） in the south where its warmer， this crop will produce an even richer harvest. （plant）

二、選擇題。

1. This is the school we visited three days ago.

A. where B. /

C. when D. what

2. This is the factory we worked a year ago.

A. where B. that

C. which D. on which

3. Nearby were two canoes they had come to the island.

A. which B. in which

C. that D. /

4. Do you work near the building color is yellow？

A. that B. which

C. its D. whose

5. Is this school we visited three years ago？

A. the one B. which

C. that D. where

6. The woman is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.

A. whose B. who

C. whom D. which

7. Because of my poor memory， all you told me has been forgotten.

A. that B. which

C. what D. as

8. Do you remember those days we spent along the seashore very happily？

A. when B. where

C. which D. who

9. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera he lost last week.

A. which B. that

C. whom D. as

10. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there？

A. who B. /

C. that D. when

11. The man you talked just now is a worker.

A. who B. whom

C. to whom D. to who

12. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month.

A. the nurse is talking to him

B. whom the nurse is talking

C. the nurse is talking to

D. who the nurse is talking

13. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions were asked in French.

A. where B. who

C. in which D. which

14. The foreign guests， were government officials， were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of them B. most of that

C. most of whom D. most of those

15. I know only a little about this matter， you may ask knows better than I.

A. whoever B. whomever

C. anyone D. the one

[參考答案]

一、1. many of whom left

2. where we compete with others

3. most of whom belong to

4. The way （that /in which） you speak and act

5. none of them is his favorite

6. where sight matters more than hearing

7. to whom I offer apology

8. which/that combines normal tourism with learning

9. in which more than 10，000 Japanese lost their lives

10. Planted

二、1～5 BABDA 6～10 BACDC

11～15 CCDCA