白鎢資源綠色冶煉與高值開發(fā)利用技術(shù)

萬林生 聶華平 譚敦強(qiáng)

摘 要：本課題廢棄延續(xù)近百年的酸、堿冶煉工藝，對現(xiàn)行鎢冶煉體系進(jìn)行革命性變革，創(chuàng)造了新一代“銨鹽不變體系白鎢閉路冶煉工藝”，并解決了工藝中的重大關(guān)鍵技術(shù)難題，創(chuàng)造了國內(nèi)外全新的無酸堿閉路循環(huán)白鎢冶煉工藝體系，實現(xiàn)我國白鎢高效綠色冶煉的目標(biāo)。同時采用不同等級的白鎢取代黑鎢作為生產(chǎn)原料來制備超細(xì)晶鎢基硬質(zhì)合金棒料。在深入剖析相關(guān)原理的基礎(chǔ)上，調(diào)整或優(yōu)化、改進(jìn)鎢產(chǎn)品深加工生產(chǎn)工藝及工裝設(shè)備，對雜質(zhì)元素進(jìn)行精確控制，揚長避短，制備出了高性能的超細(xì)晶鎢基硬質(zhì)合金棒料。 具體研究內(nèi)容有：對白鎢礦的磷酸銨分解、磷酸銨回收、鎢酸銨體系深度脫磷、鎢酸銨溶液深度除鉬、錫、砷、硅、APT結(jié)晶母液回收、APT結(jié)晶氨尾氣回收等工藝過程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的基礎(chǔ)研究和工藝研究，并建設(shè)完成了一條年產(chǎn)1000噸APT的白鎢冶煉示范生產(chǎn)線。同時，對采用不同等級的白鎢取代黑鎢作為生產(chǎn)原料來制備超細(xì)晶鎢基硬質(zhì)合金棒料的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進(jìn)行了研究。研究了白鎢礦中雜質(zhì)元素對硬質(zhì)合金制備過程中不同階段產(chǎn)物形貌、晶粒度、結(jié)構(gòu)、性能等的影響，剖析了白鎢中雜質(zhì)元素在生產(chǎn)工藝中的作用機(jī)理，建立雜質(zhì)元素對超細(xì)晶鎢基硬質(zhì)合金組織、性能及生產(chǎn)工藝的影響機(jī)制；通過改進(jìn)工裝設(shè)備、調(diào)節(jié)燒結(jié)壓力和添加微量抑制劑等工藝措施，開發(fā)出了超細(xì)硬質(zhì)合金棒料雜質(zhì)精確控制技術(shù)，以白鎢制備的APT為原料，制備出了硬質(zhì)合金YG6。 生產(chǎn)線運行表明：白鎢礦不變體系閉路循環(huán)冶煉工藝制取的APT化學(xué)質(zhì)量符合國家0級品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)與國內(nèi)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)比較表明：金屬回收率提高2.6%，達(dá)到98.1%。原輔材料消耗成本降低7200元/t？APT，各項指標(biāo)優(yōu)于國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)行白鎢冶煉工藝。工藝過程可實現(xiàn)零排放，具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境效益前景。同時，高值利用部份的實驗結(jié)果表明：以白鎢為原料制備的YG6樣品物理性能達(dá)到了項目指標(biāo)要求，其抗彎強(qiáng)度最高3056N/mm2，密度為14.91g/cm3，硬度91.5HRA。達(dá)到了采用黑鎢為原料制備的YG6樣品性能。

關(guān)鍵詞：鎢；白鎢礦；綠色冶煉；高值利用；硬質(zhì)合金

This subject abandon the acid、alkali smelting process lasted for nearly one hundred years to achieve a revolutionary transformation of the tungsten smelting system， creating a new generation of“scheelite closed smelting process in ammonium invariant system”， and solves the key technical problems in the process ， creates the new no acid and alkali closed circulating scheelite smelting process system， to realize China's “High efficient& green goals” of scheelite smelting. At the same time， this subject study the preparation of ultrafine crystalline tungsten carbide bar with different grade of scheelite instead of black tungsten as the raw material. Based on the in-depth analysis of the principles， adjustment， improvement or optimization of tungsten products deep processing production process and equipment， the impurity elements for precise control， foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses， to produce high performance ultra fine grain tungsten carbide bar. The running of production line shows that： the chemical constant quality of APT which prepared in the closed loop smelting process system of scheelite with 0 grade national standard. Comparison shows that the technical and economic index and advanced technology at home and abroad： the metal recovery rate was improved by 2.6%， reaching 98.1%. Raw and auxiliary materials consumption and reduces the cost of 7200 yuan /t ？ APT， each index is better than the existing domestic and international white tungsten smelting process. The process can achieve zero emissions， has good prospects for economic and environmental benefits. At the same time， experimen results of high value utilization show that：the physical properties of YG6 samples prepared by scheelite meet project requirements， the bending strength up to 3056N/mm2， the density is 14.91g/cm3， the hardness of 91.5HRA. The YG6 properties of sample was prepared by using the black tungsten.

Key words：Tungsten；cheelite；Green smelting；High-value utilization；Hard alloy

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