徐穎

閱讀類題目在高考英語新課標(biāo)卷中主要是閱讀理解和閱讀填句（七選五）兩類題型，在高考中所占分值為40分，在所有的題型中分值最大，所以同學(xué)們能否在閱讀理解上取得高分，直接決定整個卷面能否取得高分，其重要性不可小覷。閱讀理解重點(diǎn)考查同學(xué)們理解文意，查找具體和細(xì)節(jié)信息，結(jié)合語境推測詞意句意，理清文章基本的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，領(lǐng)會作者的意圖和態(tài)度等方面的能力。本文主要結(jié)合實(shí)例探討閱讀理解中如何讀懂語境，巧解閱讀類題目。

[猜測詞意題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)]

1. 借助信號詞

（1）利用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜詞。

在包含but，however，yet，otherwise，though，on the contrary這些表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞或短語的句子中，其前后的詞有明顯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，結(jié)合這種對比關(guān)系，就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。如：

She is usually prompt for all her class， but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

我們可能不知道prompt的意思，但我們知道but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她一向“準(zhǔn)時”的結(jié)論。

（2）利用因果關(guān)系猜詞。

常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，so， so ... that，such ... that therefore等）表示前因后果。在這些連詞出現(xiàn)的有生詞的句子中，通過因果關(guān)系，依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。如：

The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.

從后面的結(jié)果——“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動”中，可以推測前句中permanent的意思是“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的”。

（3）利用并列與遞進(jìn)關(guān)系猜詞。

這種情形下and，or，neither ... nor ...，equally，in the same way，that is to say，as well as等連詞較為常用。如：

At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.

從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時期”。

2. 借助上下文

（1）借助定義或舉例。

定義關(guān)系常由定語從句或is， be called，be known as， be defined as等詞匯或破折號來表示；或由that is （to say）， in other words，to put it another way利用定義解釋猜詞。如：

Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people； one player tries to get the other down on the floor.

根據(jù)定語從句的解釋不難推測出wrestling是“摔跤”的意思。

It will be very hard but also very brittle ...that is， it will break easily.

從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

Ive found Lucy is quite generous， for example， whenever she meets a beggar， she gives some coins to him.

由舉的例子可知，generous意為“慷慨”。

（2）借助前后解釋。

要認(rèn)真研讀其前或其后的解釋說明，以體會出該詞語的意思。

例1 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷） The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration （合作） with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg.

What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？

A. Artworks B. Projects

C. Donations D. Documents

解析 A。節(jié)選內(nèi)容來自一篇介紹蓬皮杜藝術(shù)中心舉辦的薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利藝術(shù)作品展的說明文。根據(jù)前半句提到的“主要的上好藏品”可知，contributions與the fine selection of the major works是一類事物。

例2 （2015青島高三模擬） This year， a very sweet old lady that I cared for， Alice， had gone through a difficult time. She got dementia and so she had been in the hospital twice. In November I was finally able to get her back to her “home”.

The underlined word “dementia” in Paragraph 2 probably is .

A. a house B. a letter

C. an illness D. a plan

解析 根據(jù)she had been in the hospital twice可推斷，此處表示老人生病了，住了兩次院，故選C項(xiàng)。另外，句中的and so也表明got dementia和住院之間存在明確的因果關(guān)系，所以可以反向推斷dementia意為“生病”。

[指代關(guān)系題]

指示代詞往往出現(xiàn)在意思難以準(zhǔn)確理解的語境中。要弄清指示代詞所指代的對象，必須讀懂相關(guān)句子的具體細(xì)節(jié)，再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)比對。

例3 （2016湖北三校聯(lián)考） Why do we go wrong about our friends—or our enemies？ Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we dont really listen， we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you， “You are a lucky dog.” Thats being friendly. But lucky dog？ Theres a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesnt see it himself. But bringing the dog bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesnt think you deserve your luck.

The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to .

A. being friendly B. a bit of envy

C. lucky dog D. your luck

解析 B。本句上文說“假設(shè)某人跟你說你很幸運(yùn)，那是友好的表現(xiàn)”，接下來有一個反問：“真的是這樣嗎？這句話里有些嫉妒的成分。也許他自己都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)?！钡竭@里，我們可以推斷it指的是a bit of envy。接著通過“但帶了個‘狗字讓你有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)失落。他的意思也許是他并不認(rèn)為你配得上你的好運(yùn)氣?！本透梢源_定說話人含有妒意了。

[七選五閱讀]

除了可以借鑒猜詞題、指代題的語境分析方法外，同學(xué)們要尤其注意辨別篇章的語境線索，如指稱、邏輯、詞語重現(xiàn)、連接等等。

例4 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）

Building Trust in a Relationship Again

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 36 That is a risk. But you cant be successful when theres a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

Unfortunately， weve all been victims of betrayal. Whether weve been stolen from， lied to， misled， or cheated on， there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore. 37 Its understandable， but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again， we have some steps you can take to get you there.

38 Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well-being.

39 If youve been betrayed， you are the victim of your circumstance. But theres a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives， well have our trust tested or violated.

You didnt lose “everything”. Once trust is lost， what is left？ Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle， look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead， its a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

A. Learn to really trust yourself.

B. It is putting confidence in someone.

C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E. Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.

F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G. Seeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.

解析 BEACG。這是一篇介紹人際關(guān)系中如何重新建立信任的文章。

第1句介紹信任的概念，“信任是一種從過去經(jīng)驗(yàn)中習(xí)得的行為”，接下來就是第36空。第36空后介紹“那是一種冒險(xiǎn)”，可知36空應(yīng)為進(jìn)一步解釋信任的內(nèi)涵，即It is putting confidence in someone， 選B（it 指代trust）。

第2段用unfortunately話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，開始介紹了背叛的形式以及人們不再敢于相信別人。第37空后又表示it is understandable（可以理解），所這里填的就應(yīng)該是不相信人的理由。E選項(xiàng)（Theyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.）符合題意。它與上一句構(gòu)成順承關(guān)系，又是下一句的原因。

根據(jù)第2段最后一句we have some steps you can take to get you there可知，第38、39空都應(yīng)填建立信任的步驟。答題務(wù)必弄懂每段所講的意思。第38空所在這段講自信的好處，所以分標(biāo)題應(yīng)為“要自信”，答案A符合。第39空所在的這段講對待背叛的態(tài)度，解釋中多次出現(xiàn)victim這個關(guān)鍵詞，不難推測出C答案。

涉及分標(biāo)題的題目就相對簡單多了，這兩題都可根據(jù)詞語重現(xiàn)輔助判斷。廣義上講，詞語重現(xiàn)不僅是詞匯的簡單重復(fù)，還可能是詞匯以不同詞類、詞性、數(shù)、格、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等形式出現(xiàn)，要注意識別。

最后一段講人應(yīng)該正確看待背叛。第40空前講要學(xué)會感激生活中好的一面，空后有instead， 表示這反而是一種健康的方式，能讓你克服這種經(jīng)歷（被背叛），為正面的成長和寬恕創(chuàng)造空間。所以第40空應(yīng)該填含否定意義的內(nèi)容，即講“這不是什么”，和“這反而是什么”構(gòu)成一個完整的意思表達(dá)。G（看到積極的一面并不意味著你是在無視已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事）符合。instead是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系信號詞。

閱讀理解是對綜合能力的考查，包括語言基礎(chǔ)知識、文化背景常識以及基本的邏輯思維能力。因此，除了掌握語境分析的方法外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)重視基礎(chǔ)詞匯、語法和句型，把握語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作方法，并有意識地積累英美文化常識、自然、社會知識，這樣才能有效提高閱讀理解能力，做好高考閱讀類題目。