華玉
摘 要: 在高中英語教學(xué)中,寫作無論是老師的教還是學(xué)生的學(xué)始終都是一個(gè)薄弱的環(huán)節(jié),這兩方面結(jié)果始終不盡如人意,我們一直都在探索可以提高英語寫作能力的方法。本文通過基于“寫長(zhǎng)法”設(shè)計(jì)的高中英語教學(xué)案例實(shí)踐,反思“寫長(zhǎng)法”在高中英語寫作教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用,為今后英語寫作教學(xué)提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞: 寫長(zhǎng)法 高中英語寫作 教學(xué)案例 教學(xué)反思
英語書面表達(dá)在高考中占的分值比重很大,要英語取得高分,毫無疑問,提高英語寫作能力很有必要。在高中英語教學(xué)實(shí)際中,學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)得分率不是很高。很多學(xué)生厭惡寫作,有的甚至不愿意進(jìn)行寫作活動(dòng),書面表達(dá)白卷現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。有的學(xué)生聽到英語寫作就頭痛,覺得無話可說,完全是胡拼亂湊,最后詞不成詞,句不成句,更是難以成篇,英語寫作的教與學(xué)都困難重重。為了掃除學(xué)生的寫作心理障礙,加大學(xué)生的語言輸出量,讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生成就感,王初明教授提出的“寫長(zhǎng)法”倡導(dǎo)在英語學(xué)習(xí)的中級(jí)階段,以寫為先導(dǎo),以長(zhǎng)度為可控變量,以寫促學(xué)。本案例就是以“寫長(zhǎng)法”為指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)的。
以The United kingdom writing教學(xué)案例為例:
教材分析:本教學(xué)內(nèi)容選自《普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教材英語》(人教課標(biāo)版)高二上冊(cè)必修五第二單元“The United Kingdom”的speaking and writing部分,根據(jù)課本閱讀文本的內(nèi)容,加上學(xué)生寫作薄弱的這一學(xué)情特點(diǎn),本課是單純作為獨(dú)立的寫作課來單獨(dú)構(gòu)思的。
學(xué)情分析:根據(jù)之前對(duì)于閱讀文章的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生對(duì)英國(guó)的國(guó)情及文化背景知識(shí)有一定的了解,也學(xué)習(xí)一些新單詞和句子,如何把所學(xué)的內(nèi)容利用到寫作當(dāng)中學(xué)以致用是英語老師始終關(guān)心的問題。
設(shè)計(jì)思想:鑒于學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)一些詞匯和句子,但不一定能使用的情況,在寫作教學(xué)中需設(shè)置一些容易讓學(xué)生很快可以進(jìn)入寫作的情境。所以一開始我采用的是仿寫的方法,首先是句子的仿寫,然后是語篇的仿寫。在學(xué)生慢慢進(jìn)入寫作狀態(tài)之后,再利用閱讀文章的文本直觀展示,進(jìn)入本堂課寫作的重點(diǎn)。然后從詞匯的準(zhǔn)備、語篇的準(zhǔn)備再一次為學(xué)生打開寫作通道。而且在題目的設(shè)置上,采用開放式話題寫作,力求讓學(xué)生真正做到有話可寫,充分發(fā)揮他們的語言運(yùn)用能力,希望達(dá)到可以讓學(xué)生不再害怕寫作的效果。多媒體能很好地利用各種教學(xué)資源,且直觀性強(qiáng),所以我采用多媒體課件形式,讓學(xué)生更直觀了解寫作語篇的整體性,借此提高他們的寫作興趣。
Teaching goals
1.Target Language:
Important and useful words:
wonderful famous/world-famous special romantic popular splendid fancy grand historic wonderful unusual exciting excellent huge
Learn the usage of some important sentences.
2.Ability goals:
Enable the students to write passages by using what they learnt.
3.Learning ability goals:
Help the students learn how to write passages by using what they learnt.
Teaching important and difficult points:
How to arouse students interest of English writing.
How to improve students writing ability.
Teaching methods:
Task-based approach.
Teaching aids:
A computer and a projector.
Teaching procedures:
Step Ⅰ Revision and Lead-in
Task 1:Fill in the blanks.
Ask the students to fill in the blanks using the words and expressions learnt in the text.
The United Kingdom ___(由……組成)four countries:England,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland,___ is known to the world in a flag ___ (call) the Union Jack.The four countries do work together in some areas,but they have developed different ___(教育的)and legal systems.England,the largest of the four countries,is ___(大致)divided into three zones.Its capital,London,has been influenced by the invaders of England,and you will find the greatest ___ (歷史的)treasure in it.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過課文語篇填空,一方面可以檢查學(xué)生對(duì)于已學(xué)過的閱讀文章的了解程度,達(dá)到復(fù)習(xí)詞匯的目的,另一方面可以加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握,為接下來的寫作做好基本的詞匯準(zhǔn)備。
Task 2:Imitate some important sentences.
Ask the students to write sentences according to the given model.
例句:The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums,art collections,theatres,parks and buildings.
仿寫:作為奧運(yùn)項(xiàng)目,射擊穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,1896年奧運(yùn)會(huì)只有三個(gè)項(xiàng)目,現(xiàn)今有17項(xiàng)。
模仿要點(diǎn):將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并成一句,并很好地運(yùn)用with+N.作定語。
例句:Now when people refer to England you find Wakes included as well
仿寫:當(dāng)人們談到我們班的高材生時(shí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆也包括其中。
模仿要點(diǎn):句子結(jié)構(gòu):when...you will find sb included as well
例句:There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries.
仿寫:你沒有必要花很多時(shí)間做英語練習(xí)而不加思考。
模仿要點(diǎn):句子結(jié)構(gòu):there is no need to do sth
例句:It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.
仿寫:很遺憾由于下雨運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)不能如期舉行。
模仿要點(diǎn):句子結(jié)構(gòu):It is a pity that...
例句:What interested her most was the longitude line.
仿寫:父母親最擔(dān)心的是我們的安全和健康。
模仿要點(diǎn):主語從句作主語
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:讓學(xué)生根據(jù)課文中的重要句子進(jìn)行句子仿寫,并告訴學(xué)生模仿的重點(diǎn),不僅可以進(jìn)一步復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)的句型,而且在仿寫句子的時(shí)候加深記憶和理解,有助于學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用。另外,在仿寫時(shí),學(xué)生不會(huì)覺得在寫的時(shí)候無從下手,更不會(huì)覺得寫是一件很難的事情,可以消除學(xué)生的抗拒心理。
Task 3:Imitate writing a letter.
Ask the students to write a reply letter according to the given letter.
Sample letter:
Dear Bob,
How are you recently?Im glad to tell you that Im going to study in Britain next year.Therefore,Im eager to learn more about Britain.Could you offer any information to me?
As far as I know,the weather is very changeable in Britain,is that true?I hope you can tell me more about the climate in Britain so that I can make preparations in advance.Ive also heard that the underground systems in many big cities are well developed.Does it mean that I can travel around just by taking the underground?
Of course,what I care about most is the school life in Britain.I think it will be very interesting and exciting,but can you give me more details about it?Do you have to do a lot of homework just as we do?Can overseas students participate in all kinds of activities in your school?
By the way,Id like to know whether I can find any Chinese food in Britain or not.You see,Im not sure whether or not I can get used to the foods in your country.Im looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely
Li Lei
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:讓學(xué)生仿寫作文有助于學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的把握,而且這篇作文剛好是針對(duì)我們的閱讀文章的寫作反饋。不僅如此,讓學(xué)生注意連接詞的運(yùn)用,學(xué)生在寫回信時(shí)甚至就可以重復(fù)使用所給的高級(jí)詞匯,讓學(xué)生覺得寫作其實(shí)是一件快樂的事情,讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都參與寫作,體會(huì)到寫作的成就感。
Step Ⅱ Reading and writing
Task 1:Reading.
Read the passage “Why not visit our local castle”and prepare for the writing.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:在簡(jiǎn)單的寫作之后,讓學(xué)生回到課本的閱讀文本當(dāng)中,進(jìn)一步了解更多的閱讀信息,學(xué)習(xí)更多的詞匯和句子的表達(dá)。
Task 2:Preparations for writing:
1.Show some interesting adjectives.
wonderful famous/ world-famous special romantic popular splendid fancy grand historic wonderful unusual exciting excellent huge
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:為寫作做好詞匯的準(zhǔn)備,避免文章出現(xiàn)詞匯匱乏的情形。
2.Learn to express 5 points (what,when,where,why and how)
What
Example:這個(gè)偉大的石堡是世界上最偉大的石堡之一。
When
1.It was constructed in
2.It was built/set up in/when/ before/after...
Where
1.It is only five minutes away from the main road.
2.It is 3 hoursdrive from...to...
3.It is located in... It lies in...
4. It is next to...
Why
You can enjoy/admire/find...
You will be attracted by it.
You will feel thrilled/ amazed/shocked/ excited by...
How
how to persuade people to go there
how to reach there
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)句式和語篇的把握,讓學(xué)生形成寫作的思維。
Task 3:Writing:Why not visit ___________?
Ask the students to write about the place they know quite well.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:聯(lián)系閱讀文本,設(shè)置開放性的寫作話題,讓學(xué)生有話可說,有句可寫,寫作,不再是一個(gè)問題。
Step Ⅲ:Summary and homework
Ask the students to swap with their partner and check for any errors.
Ask the students to read more passage on visiting places and try to remember some beautiful sentences.
設(shè)計(jì)意圖:讓學(xué)生互相交換作業(yè)、實(shí)行互評(píng)、相互學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的問題,進(jìn)一步改正。號(hào)召學(xué)生加強(qiáng)課外閱讀,為寫作增添素材,拓寬自己的知識(shí)面。語言的學(xué)習(xí)重在積累,這樣才可以實(shí)現(xiàn)全面提升。
教學(xué)反思:多媒體課件的使用增強(qiáng)了課堂容量和教學(xué)的直觀性。本節(jié)課旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)英語和用英語的能力,學(xué)用結(jié)合,促進(jìn)積極思維和有效表達(dá),在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)希望激發(fā)學(xué)生參與活動(dòng)的熱情,讓學(xué)生在比較輕松愉快的生活情景中掌握知識(shí),結(jié)果大部分學(xué)生對(duì)仿寫展現(xiàn)出很大的熱情,積極地參與寫作當(dāng),一定程度實(shí)現(xiàn)這堂課的教學(xué)目標(biāo)。但是在寫作時(shí),仍然不能很好地靈活運(yùn)用詞匯和句式,高級(jí)詞匯的運(yùn)用效果不明顯。根據(jù)“寫長(zhǎng)法”的指導(dǎo)思想,有目的地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行閱讀材料和寫作教學(xué)的結(jié)合,適當(dāng)?shù)匾龑?dǎo)學(xué)生寫長(zhǎng)句子,寫作自然就容易起來。今后將加強(qiáng)“寫長(zhǎng)法”寫作練習(xí)或是相關(guān)語言運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)訓(xùn)練。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]王初明.外語“寫長(zhǎng)法”的教學(xué)理念.《外國(guó)語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)研究》,2002(1):99-105.中央編譯出版社.
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