王滿香 陳瓊榮
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結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌病理學(xué)異質(zhì)性及與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
王滿香陳瓊榮
探討結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌臨床病理及分子病理異質(zhì)性。結(jié)合臨床病理診斷積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn),并復(fù)習(xí)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌的臨床病理特征、微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性及對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌病理形態(tài)特征及微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性狀態(tài)方面的差異,導(dǎo)致不同的臨床生物學(xué)行為,對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)及預(yù)后均不相同。結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌是一類異質(zhì)性腫瘤,臨床病理和分子病理相結(jié)合的精準(zhǔn)病理診斷,有利于臨床治療方案的選擇和預(yù)后分層。
結(jié)直腸腫瘤;預(yù)后;黏液腺癌;異質(zhì)性
黏液腺癌(mucinous adenocarcinoma,MAC)是結(jié)直腸癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的少見(jiàn)病理類型,約占結(jié)直腸癌的5%~15%[1],以顯著的細(xì)胞外黏液產(chǎn)生為其特點(diǎn)。目前2010年版WHO消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類認(rèn)為結(jié)直腸的黏液腺癌是一種低分化腺癌,不再對(duì)其進(jìn)行組織學(xué)分級(jí)[2]。但我們臨床積累的資料以及文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示黏液腺癌的病理形態(tài)特征、臨床生物學(xué)行為、對(duì)治療的反應(yīng)以及預(yù)后并不完全相同,黏液腺癌其實(shí)是一類異質(zhì)性較大的腫瘤。在個(gè)體化醫(yī)療日盛的今天,人們開(kāi)始深入研究黏液腺癌的臨床病理特點(diǎn)、臨床預(yù)后及預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值、分子生物學(xué)及遺傳學(xué)特征等方面,目前有了一些比較一致的結(jié)果,但還有很多方面存在爭(zhēng)議。本文擬從黏液腺癌的病理形態(tài)特征及微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性方面初步探討?zhàn)ひ合侔┑漠愘|(zhì)性及其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。
根據(jù)2010版WHO的定義,腫瘤>50%成分為細(xì)胞外黏液,黏液內(nèi)漂浮惡性上皮細(xì)胞,形成腺泡、腺管狀、條索狀或單個(gè)散在分布(包括印戒細(xì)胞)等,可診斷為黏液腺癌;而腫瘤<50%成分為黏液的不歸入黏液腺癌,應(yīng)診斷為腺癌伴有黏液成分(adenocarcinoma with mucinous component,AMC)[2]。
黏液腺癌具有獨(dú)特的臨床病理特征,與普通腺癌相比,患者年齡輕,女性多見(jiàn),術(shù)前CEA水平較高,近端結(jié)腸常見(jiàn),腫瘤體積大,分期晚,多灶復(fù)發(fā)及腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移率高,高頻微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性比率高[3-9]。對(duì)于黏液腺癌的預(yù)后,存在截然不同的觀點(diǎn)。部分研究者認(rèn)為黏液腺癌是分化差的癌,侵襲性強(qiáng),預(yù)后不良[4,6,10];也有人認(rèn)為黏液腺癌預(yù)后并不比普通腺癌差[11-12]。已有大量的研究對(duì)多項(xiàng)臨床病理特征進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究,以期探討其對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。一項(xiàng)大宗病例分析發(fā)現(xiàn),男性、伴有腸梗阻癥狀及侵襲性生長(zhǎng)模式為黏液腺癌的高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素;具備其中1項(xiàng)、2項(xiàng)或3項(xiàng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的黏液腺癌患者,其5年癌癥特異性生存率分別為95.6%、52.1%和0.0%[9]。臨床上黏液腺癌好發(fā)于青壯年,而青壯年患者往往進(jìn)展快,預(yù)后差[13]。這是否意味著年齡是黏液腺癌獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素呢?Yeo等對(duì)2426例結(jié)直腸癌患者進(jìn)行年齡分組,≤40歲為第一組(Group 1,G1),41~50歲為第二組(Group 2,G2),超過(guò)50歲為第三組(Group 3,G3),比較各組臨床病理特征和預(yù)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)G1組黏液腺癌發(fā)生率較高,分化較差,區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率高,但5年癌癥特異性生存率沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[11]。也就是說(shuō),年輕組雖然分期更晚,伴有預(yù)后不良因素,但其預(yù)后并不更糟,所以年齡不是獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素。還有研究者認(rèn)為黏液腺癌的發(fā)生部位與預(yù)后有關(guān)系。Razenberg等認(rèn)為結(jié)腸黏液腺癌比普通腺癌死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低;但直腸黏液腺癌與普通腺癌之間死亡率沒(méi)有明顯差別[14]。Hogan等支持結(jié)腸黏液腺癌較普通腺癌具有更好的預(yù)后[15]。但是John等的數(shù)據(jù)卻得出不同的結(jié)論,他們認(rèn)為直腸黏液腺癌死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比普通腺癌高,而結(jié)腸部位兩者沒(méi)有明顯差別[16]。這些矛盾的結(jié)論讓我們疑惑不已:結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌的預(yù)后與原發(fā)部位有關(guān)嗎?Gao等通過(guò)對(duì)兩組獨(dú)立數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析后發(fā)現(xiàn):發(fā)生于直腸的黏液腺癌是獨(dú)立的預(yù)后不良因素;但結(jié)腸不同部位的黏液腺癌預(yù)后有差別:發(fā)生于右半結(jié)腸者具有較好的預(yù)后,而左半結(jié)腸癌則沒(méi)有這種優(yōu)勢(shì)[17]。一直以來(lái),TNM分期被認(rèn)為是最重要的預(yù)后影響因素。盡管大多數(shù)研究支持黏液腺癌分期更晚,預(yù)后更差[12,16,18-19],但也有人對(duì)此持不同意見(jiàn)。Verhulst等[8]、Kang等[20]的研究認(rèn)為黏液腺癌雖然分期更晚,但預(yù)后并不比普通腺癌差。Jivapaisarnpong等對(duì)多項(xiàng)臨床病理特征作了調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)黏液腺癌預(yù)后差可能僅與該組織亞型本身有關(guān),與性別、年齡、部位、TNM分期、術(shù)前CEA水平等均無(wú)關(guān)[21]。而Langner等認(rèn)為黏液分化(無(wú)論范圍)并不影響預(yù)后,只有腫瘤級(jí)別、血管侵犯、神經(jīng)侵犯、腫瘤出芽等才與預(yù)后相關(guān)[12]。Zlobec等[22]和Betge等[23]都證實(shí)腫瘤出芽具有獨(dú)立的預(yù)后價(jià)值。眾多的研究既有一致的結(jié)果,也有很多的分歧,還需更多深入的研究去發(fā)現(xiàn)與解決問(wèn)題。目前大多數(shù)人認(rèn)同TNM分期、腫瘤侵襲性生長(zhǎng)或出芽、血管侵犯、神經(jīng)侵犯、切緣陽(yáng)性等具有預(yù)后價(jià)值,因此,在日常病理診斷工作中,需仔細(xì)評(píng)估這些因素,給臨床提供更有價(jià)值的信息。
WHO分級(jí)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)腺管形成比例將腺癌分為高分化、中分化、低分化及未分化,僅適用于普通腺癌。對(duì)于黏液腺癌,WHO僅指出上皮的成熟水平?jīng)Q定其分化程度,該亞型具有獨(dú)特的預(yù)后意義,不再對(duì)其分級(jí)[2]。然而黏液腺癌細(xì)胞既有高分化的腺泡狀、條索狀結(jié)構(gòu),也有分化差的單個(gè)細(xì)胞或印戒細(xì)胞(圖1),但目前WHO消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類系統(tǒng)既沒(méi)有給出分化程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也沒(méi)有說(shuō)明與預(yù)后的確切關(guān)系[2];因此,這種未進(jìn)一步分級(jí)的黏液腺癌的診斷不夠精準(zhǔn),也失去了對(duì)臨床治療及預(yù)后判斷的指導(dǎo)價(jià)值。
近年來(lái)一些學(xué)者嘗試對(duì)結(jié)直腸腺癌提出一種新的形態(tài)學(xué)分級(jí),并認(rèn)為這種新的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)優(yōu)于WHO分級(jí)系統(tǒng),具有更高的可重復(fù)性及獨(dú)立的預(yù)后判斷價(jià)值[24-30]。這種新的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)是通過(guò)計(jì)數(shù)分化細(xì)胞簇(poorly differentiated clusters,PDC)為基礎(chǔ)的,簡(jiǎn)稱PDC分級(jí)。PDC定義為腫瘤浸潤(rùn)灶邊緣出現(xiàn)的≥5個(gè)缺乏腺管分化的癌細(xì)胞團(tuán)。Ueno和Barresi等給出了詳細(xì)的分級(jí)方法[25,28]。簡(jiǎn)言之,就是先在低倍鏡下觀察所有的腫瘤視野,找出PDC最豐富的區(qū)域;然后換至20×物鏡,計(jì)數(shù)最豐富區(qū)一個(gè)視野內(nèi)PDC的數(shù)目:<5個(gè)PDC、5~9個(gè)PDC、≥10個(gè)PDC分別記為1級(jí)(Grade 1,G1)、2級(jí)(Grade 2,G2)和3級(jí)(Grade 3,G3)(圖2)。研究表明,與WHO分級(jí)相比,PDC分級(jí)的優(yōu)勢(shì)至少體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更客觀,觀察者之間可重復(fù)性更高;(2)與腫瘤進(jìn)展及癌癥相關(guān)死亡率的相關(guān)性更強(qiáng);(3)對(duì)無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存率及癌癥特異性生存率具有獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值;(4)與其它臨床病理特征相關(guān):侵襲性生長(zhǎng)模式、出芽、淋巴管侵犯、隱匿性淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等;(5)結(jié)合微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分級(jí),能更有效地對(duì)患者進(jìn)行預(yù)后分層,制定術(shù)后個(gè)體化治療方案。甚至有人對(duì)內(nèi)鏡活檢樣本采用此分級(jí)系統(tǒng),發(fā)現(xiàn)除了可重復(fù)性高之外,縱向?qū)Ρ韧换颊呋顧z樣本及根治術(shù)后樣本,PDC分級(jí)的前后一致性也較WHO分級(jí)高;并且PDC分級(jí)可能預(yù)測(cè)淋巴結(jié)受累或pTNM分期情況,另外還可提示手術(shù)標(biāo)本中可能出現(xiàn)的高度侵襲性的組織學(xué)特征,如出芽、血管侵犯、神經(jīng)侵犯、浸潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng)邊界等[27]。筆者在日常診斷工作中,亦發(fā)現(xiàn)黏液腺癌形態(tài)學(xué)的異質(zhì)性較大,預(yù)后差別也很明顯,PDC分級(jí)高的黏液腺癌,容易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(未發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù))。綜上所述,PDC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)WHO分級(jí)系統(tǒng),其最大優(yōu)勢(shì),就是適用于所有結(jié)直腸癌,包括黏液腺癌,并與預(yù)后獨(dú)立相關(guān),可推薦納入黏液腺癌的常規(guī)分級(jí)診斷中。
圖1 黏液腺癌的不同分化程度(HE染色,×200)。A和B示黏液湖中漂浮的高分化的腺泡狀、條索狀異型腺體;C顯示中分化異型腺體;D示差分化的單個(gè)癌細(xì)胞或印戒細(xì)胞
圖2 高倍鏡下PDC分級(jí)(HE染色,×400):A示<5個(gè)PDC,為1級(jí)(G1);B示5~9個(gè)PDC,為2級(jí)(G2);C示≥10個(gè)PDC,為3級(jí)(G3)
大約15%的散發(fā)性結(jié)直腸癌和幾乎全部的Lynch綜合征相關(guān)結(jié)直腸癌是通過(guò)微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性(microsatellite instability,MSI)途徑發(fā)生的,而MSI是由于DNA錯(cuò)配修復(fù)基因(mismatch repair,MMR)突變導(dǎo)致的。常見(jiàn)的MMR基因包括hMSH2,hMSH6,hMLH1,hPMS2這4種。Lynch綜合征相關(guān)結(jié)直腸癌是一種常染色體顯性遺傳病,約占全部CRC的2%~4%,是由一種或多種MMR基因發(fā)生胚系突變導(dǎo)致微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性的發(fā)生,除了導(dǎo)致結(jié)直腸癌外,還可促發(fā)子宮內(nèi)膜癌、膽管細(xì)胞癌等腸外腫瘤[31]。由于MLH1基因啟動(dòng)子發(fā)生甲基化使該基因沉默、發(fā)生微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性而致的CRC,人們稱之為散發(fā)性MSI性結(jié)直腸癌,約占全部CRC的12%左右[32]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外病理科通常采用免疫組化檢測(cè)MMR蛋白表達(dá)和/或通過(guò)PCR檢測(cè)微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)偏移情況來(lái)篩查這類結(jié)直腸癌患者。免疫組化顯示MSH2或MLH1及其結(jié)合蛋白(分別為MSH6、PMS2)表達(dá)缺失,或單獨(dú)存在MSH6或PMS2缺失,提示存在MMR突變和MSI-H。免疫組化作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)簡(jiǎn)便的方法可用作初步篩查,如果有缺失,進(jìn)一步可采用PCR-毛細(xì)管電泳法檢測(cè)微衛(wèi)星某些位點(diǎn)偏移情況。高頻微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定(high frequency MSI,MSI-H)的定義為至少2個(gè)微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)(≥40%)改變;低頻微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定(low frequency MSI,MSI-L)是出現(xiàn)1個(gè)位點(diǎn)改變或多于1個(gè)但在更多位點(diǎn)中<40%發(fā)生改變;微衛(wèi)星穩(wěn)定(microsatellite stability,MSS)時(shí),沒(méi)有微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)發(fā)生改變[31-32]。研究顯示,II期和III期結(jié)直腸癌合并MSI-H時(shí),預(yù)后相對(duì)較好,但接受5-氟尿嘧啶化療并不獲益,而對(duì)含伊立替康和奧沙利鉑的化療方案有效[33]。
伴發(fā)MSI-H是結(jié)直腸癌一種明確的有利預(yù)后因素[33-35]。WHO指出黏液腺癌不同于普通腺癌,具有獨(dú)特的預(yù)后意義,多數(shù)黏液腺癌伴發(fā)MSI-H,為低級(jí)別腫瘤,而伴隨MSS或MSI-L的黏液腺癌為高級(jí)別腫瘤[2]。這種單純依據(jù)MSI狀態(tài)的分級(jí)與臨床實(shí)際似乎存在一個(gè)矛盾:既然黏液腺癌多數(shù)為MSI-H,而具有MSI-H的腺癌表現(xiàn)為低度惡性,因此多數(shù)黏液腺癌預(yù)后應(yīng)該較好;但臨床上多數(shù)黏液腺癌預(yù)后不良;有什么因素導(dǎo)致這種矛盾現(xiàn)象呢?有研究將組織學(xué)分級(jí)與MSI狀態(tài)結(jié)合來(lái)判斷對(duì)預(yù)后的影響。Rosty等[36]將738例結(jié)直腸癌分別按照組織學(xué)分級(jí)分為低級(jí)別組(low grade,LG)和高級(jí)別組(high grade,HG),據(jù)MSI狀態(tài)分為MSI-H和MSI-L/MSS。通過(guò)比較分析發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)合組織學(xué)分級(jí)和MSI狀態(tài)可將結(jié)直腸癌重新分為兩組:(1)低級(jí)別組,包括組織學(xué)低級(jí)別者(無(wú)論MSI狀態(tài))和組織學(xué)高級(jí)別同時(shí)具有MSI-H者;(2)高級(jí)別組,為組織學(xué)為高級(jí)別同時(shí)伴有MSI-L/MSS者;僅高級(jí)別組總死亡率和癌癥特異性死亡率高,而低級(jí)別組相應(yīng)比率較低。因此筆者認(rèn)為這種新的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)可以更好的對(duì)患者進(jìn)行預(yù)后分層。雖然WHO并未對(duì)黏液腺癌進(jìn)行組織學(xué)分級(jí),但在常規(guī)診斷工作中結(jié)合癌組織的分化程度,我們可判斷其組織學(xué)級(jí)別,再結(jié)合MSI狀態(tài),因此,上述分級(jí)至少可部分解釋我們前面提出的問(wèn)題;當(dāng)然,還需要更多的研究去證實(shí)這一新的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)性和實(shí)用性。最近,PDC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)的倡導(dǎo)者們對(duì)PDC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)與MSI的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了探討[37],發(fā)現(xiàn)該P(yáng)DC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)與Rosty等[36]結(jié)合組織學(xué)分級(jí)和MSI狀態(tài)的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)并不矛盾,因?yàn)楦呒?jí)別的PDC結(jié)直腸癌一般合并MSS而預(yù)后不良,因此PDC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)加入MSI狀態(tài)后結(jié)果依然不變。當(dāng)然該研究病例數(shù)有限(40例),尚需大宗病例進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
近年來(lái),隨著個(gè)體化醫(yī)療的發(fā)展及精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療觀點(diǎn)的提出,國(guó)內(nèi)部分大型醫(yī)院已相繼成熟地開(kāi)展微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性狀態(tài)的檢測(cè)[38],通過(guò)免疫組化檢測(cè)錯(cuò)配修復(fù)(MMR)蛋白缺失和/或通過(guò)PCR-毛細(xì)管電泳法檢測(cè)微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)偏移,并用以指導(dǎo)臨床治療方案的選擇及預(yù)后判斷。分子病理發(fā)展的日新月異使多種腫瘤相關(guān)基因被相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)并進(jìn)入臨床,而且為臨床醫(yī)生制定個(gè)體化治療方案、為防癌咨詢及潛在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者早期干預(yù)治療提供理論依據(jù)。
總之,黏液腺癌具有獨(dú)特的臨床病理特征,經(jīng)典病理學(xué)認(rèn)為這是一種特定類型的低分化腺癌,不再對(duì)其分級(jí)[2]。但最近的研究顯示黏液腺癌其實(shí)是一類異質(zhì)性腫瘤,其生物學(xué)行為的差異迫切需要病理醫(yī)師結(jié)合病理形態(tài)學(xué)和分子病理學(xué)對(duì)其進(jìn)行分級(jí),如Rosty等富有成效的探索,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)合其病理組織學(xué)分級(jí)與MSI狀態(tài)的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)可以有效的對(duì)患者進(jìn)行預(yù)后分層[36];此外,Barresi等倡導(dǎo)的PDC分級(jí)系統(tǒng)也值得我們借鑒[24-30,37],并在臨床實(shí)踐中檢驗(yàn)這些理論,以便我們能對(duì)黏液腺癌患者給出個(gè)體化的精準(zhǔn)診斷,并指導(dǎo)臨床治療方案的選擇和預(yù)后判斷。
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The heterogenicity of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma and its association with prognosis
Wang Manxiang,Chen Qiongrong.Department of Pathology,Hubei Cancer Hospital,Hubei 430079,China
Chen Qiongrong,Email: qiongrongchen@hotmail.com
To discuss the heterogenicity of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma in respect of clinicopathological and molecular pathology.Review of the relevant literatures combining with our experience of pathological diagnosis,we summarize the morphological characteristics,the status of microsatellite and the effect on the prognosis of patients with mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma.There are obvious difference among the morphological characteristics and the status of microsatellite in the patients with mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma,which cause different clinic biologic behaviors,different response to treatment and so different prognosis.Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is a kind of heterogeneous cancer.The precise diagnosis combining with the morphology and molecular pathology drawed by the pathologists,which is benefit to select the therapeutic regimen and helpful for prognostic stratification for the patients.
Colorectal neoplasms;Prognosis;Mucinous adenocarcinoma;Heterogenicity
2016-06-24)
(本文編輯:楊明)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2016.05.012
湖北省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.2013CFC022)
430079武漢,湖北省腫瘤醫(yī)院病理科
陳瓊榮,Email:qiongrongchen@hotmail.com
王滿香,陳瓊榮.結(jié)直腸黏液腺癌病理學(xué)異質(zhì)性及與預(yù)后的關(guān)系[J/CD].中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志,2016,5(5):428-433.