物盡其用

Using What Already Exists

麥德林位于一片山谷之中。它的水庫(kù)位于環(huán)繞城市的山丘頂端。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目展現(xiàn)了廢棄水庫(kù)如何以其他方式再次服務(wù)于人民。

哥倫比亞在過(guò)去10年間書寫著自己經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛的故事。矛盾的是，這個(gè)曾經(jīng)的問(wèn)題少年正在成為一個(gè)突出的優(yōu)等生：她就是麥德林——哥倫比亞第二大城市。它的年經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)10%，遠(yuǎn)超全國(guó)平均水平4%。2013年3月，花旗銀行和華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)將麥德林評(píng)為“世界創(chuàng)新之都”——排在紐約和特拉維夫之前。大量國(guó)際企業(yè)紛至沓來(lái)，建造基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并提供技術(shù)性工作：例如，豪瑞就在麥德林建立了一個(gè)共享服務(wù)中心，支持運(yùn)營(yíng)公司在拉丁美洲的所有事務(wù)。然而就在20年之前，絕沒有人愿意主動(dòng)去麥德林。這座城市在1993年之前一直處在大毒梟帕布羅·艾思科巴的暴力統(tǒng)治深淵之中。艾思科巴被擊斃后，城市經(jīng)歷了一段更為嚴(yán)重的暴力增長(zhǎng)：卡特爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與艾思科巴的繼承人相互斗爭(zhēng)，麥德林的謀殺率是全球最高的。

2002年，一切開始改變，這主要?dú)w功于充滿活力的草根政治參與。城市規(guī)劃官員將精力聚集在潛在獲益最大的地區(qū)，也就是城市里最窮的街區(qū)，那里犯罪率最高，民眾急切需要其改變，并顯示出強(qiáng)烈的支持政府的意愿。這些地區(qū)綿延于環(huán)繞麥德林的山上。大體規(guī)則是：住的地方離谷底越遠(yuǎn)，你就越窮。

這些街區(qū)，過(guò)去大部分都是由鱗次櫛比的兩層住宅組成，如今這些住宅被大型公寓建筑所取代，由此而密度上升?？杖钡耐恋厣辖ㄆ鹆诵碌挠變簣@、學(xué)校和公園。城市拓展并改善了街道體系，建造了新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。自此之后，一幅由外形奢華的纜車將山上最窮的人與山谷連接起來(lái)的美好畫面，向世界宣告著這座城市的驚人復(fù)興。

城市的蝶變?yōu)辂湹铝众A來(lái)盛譽(yù)。一個(gè)例子就是2008年豪瑞獎(jiǎng)拉美區(qū)金獎(jiǎng)，頒發(fā)給曾經(jīng)極為危險(xiǎn)的Comuna 13區(qū)的改造項(xiàng)目。不過(guò)這座城市并未滿足于榮譽(yù)而止步不前。政府繼續(xù)利用每一次機(jī)會(huì)，續(xù)寫它的成功故事。

其中一次契機(jī)來(lái)自UVA 孤兒院的飲用水水庫(kù)。這是一處典型的水庫(kù)設(shè)施，坐落于一座可以俯瞰城市的山頂，由陡坡上密集的居住區(qū)所包圍。這兩座巨大的水庫(kù)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，最近被兩座新水庫(kù)所取代。由于拆除老水庫(kù)十分昂貴，又浪費(fèi)資源，作為城市規(guī)劃部門的“麥德林公共事業(yè)部”（EPM）組織了一次競(jìng)賽，收集將它改造以適應(yīng)其他功能的想法。參賽者中包括馬里奧·卡馬戈和路易斯·托姆貝兩位年輕建筑師，他們的事務(wù)所Colectivo720位于哥倫比亞西部最大城市卡利。

Colectivo720事務(wù)所提出的改造設(shè)計(jì)贏得了這次競(jìng)賽，這個(gè)方案多元而綜合。這片區(qū)域包括兩個(gè)廢棄水庫(kù)和兩個(gè)新水庫(kù)，過(guò)去都是封閉的，而今后將完全對(duì)外開放，成為一個(gè)公園，以及舉辦文化和體育活動(dòng)的設(shè)施——它的用途有著無(wú)限可能。地面的步行體系是延續(xù)性的，與周邊街區(qū)緊密相連。

坡地地段的一大部分將會(huì)由屋頂覆蓋，由此形成兩個(gè)可用層。屋頂?shù)拇蠖纯趯⒐饩€引入下一層，并容納垂直交通。底層經(jīng)過(guò)平整后形成活動(dòng)區(qū)域。兩座廢棄水庫(kù)會(huì)是露天的。其中一座會(huì)改造為圓形露天劇場(chǎng)，這是一個(gè)多功能舞臺(tái)，側(cè)面的臺(tái)階也可作為劇場(chǎng)的觀眾席。第二座水庫(kù)會(huì)重新充滿水，建筑師設(shè)想它為一處長(zhǎng)滿水生植物的水花園，還有一道觀景平臺(tái)延伸至水面上。底層的其他區(qū)域還包括半室內(nèi)的聚會(huì)空間、開敞的水上游戲綠地，在建筑靠后的部分還有充足的辦公空間、一間當(dāng)?shù)靥禺a(chǎn)商店、一間網(wǎng)吧和一間大講座室。

上層的可用屋頂會(huì)鋪設(shè)草皮，改造為一個(gè)多功能公園。在這里，人們可以觀看露天劇場(chǎng)及水池，還能欣賞城市令人窒息的全景。大公園中布滿了小型干預(yù)措施、可持續(xù)性項(xiàng)目和有趣的景點(diǎn)。這是一片極其美好的社會(huì)—技術(shù)景觀，附近還有一座全新的、實(shí)用的公共圖書館，以及另一處公園，它們都會(huì)由新的步行道相連。

為了縮減造價(jià)，建筑師最大限度利用了現(xiàn)有的資源。建筑使用了回收材料以及當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄔ旒夹g(shù)。建造過(guò)程將雇傭當(dāng)?shù)毓と?，從而通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目傳遞知識(shí)，建立當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽陧?xiàng)目中的參與感。

建筑師非常關(guān)注運(yùn)營(yíng)及維護(hù)成本。人工照明及相關(guān)的耗能被控制到盡量低的水平——因此他們使用了反射性立面面層，并將天光引入底層。同時(shí)，在后部區(qū)域及晚上仍然需要人工照明；電能是用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的太陽(yáng)能光伏系統(tǒng)供給的。

這些開口有利于交叉通風(fēng)，持續(xù)的微風(fēng)能夠驅(qū)散熱流。綠色屋頂和懸挑屋頂為大片區(qū)域提供庇蔭，保持舒適的溫度。建筑中幾乎不需要空調(diào)，除了網(wǎng)吧之外，那里的電腦需要更強(qiáng)的冷卻系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)?shù)匚h(huán)境使建筑師的工作變得簡(jiǎn)單得多。麥德林被稱作“永恒的春天之都”，海拔高度1500m，年平均氣溫21～22℃，氣候均衡而宜人。建筑師的干預(yù)措施也包括廢棄物管理。一種新研制出的項(xiàng)目有利于玻璃、紙張和硬紙板的回收，這些材料會(huì)用在工藝美術(shù)活動(dòng)之中，提升當(dāng)?shù)厝说沫h(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)。此外，綠色垃圾也經(jīng)過(guò)處理制成化肥。

另一個(gè)項(xiàng)目是推動(dòng)水資源的合理利用。我們采用了多種措施，減少場(chǎng)地上的用水，以此提升當(dāng)?shù)厝藢?duì)節(jié)約用水方式的意識(shí)。其中包括回收雨水及中水以用于灌溉的簡(jiǎn)單技術(shù)。

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目所采用的一系列措施——建筑材料再利用、可再生能源、回收項(xiàng)目、中水利用、與自然結(jié)合——使它成為可持續(xù)性城市開發(fā)的標(biāo)志項(xiàng)目。因此，它也可作為麥德林正在付諸實(shí)踐的積極發(fā)展的有力呈現(xiàn)。（黃華青 譯）

3 總平面/Site plan

4 剖面/Section

Medellín lies in a valley. Its water reservoirs are located atop the surrounding hills. Tis project shows how disused water tanks can be adapted to serve people in other ways.

Colombia has been the author of its own economic success story for the past ten years. Paradoxically, its former problem child is proving to be a particularly celebrated model student: Medellín, the country's second largest city. With an economic growth rate of ten percent annually, this city outstrips the national average of four percent. In March 2013 Citibank and the Wall Street Journal named Medellín "the most innovative city in the world" – ahead of New York and Tel Aviv. International companies are heeding the call of the city in great numbers, building infrastructure and offering skilled jobs; for example, as Holcim has done thereby establishing a shared service center to support all its activities in Latin America. Yet only 20 years ago no one voluntarily went to Medellín. Te city was in the death grip of the powerful drug lord Pablo Escobar until 1993. When Escobar was shot, the city experienced an even greater increase in violence: Cartel leaders fought over the inheritance of Escobar, and Medellín had the highest murder rate in the world.

5 場(chǎng)地三維模型及規(guī)劃功能/3D model of the site and the proposed intervention

6-8 公共空間/Proposed public spaces

In 2002 things began to turn around, primarily thanks to vigorous grassroots politics. City planning officials concentrated their efforts where the potential gain was greatest: in the poorest neighborhoods of the city, where the crime rate had been the highest, where the people urgently needed change and showed the strongest will to support it. Tese are the areas that have spread up the hills surrounding Medellin. The general rule is: The further from the valley you live, the poorer you are.

Many of these neighborhoods, which previously consisted mainly of two-story houses butted wall to wall, have been densified by replacing the houses with large multi-unit buildings. New kindergartens, schools, and parks were built on the cleared land. The city expanded and improved the street system and created new infrastructure. Since then, pictures of luxurious-looking cable cars, which link the poorest people in the hills to the valley below, have heralded the city's astounding revitalization around the world.

The metamorphosis has earned Medellín great recognition. An example of this is the Holcim Awards Gold 2008 for Latin America, which went to a transformation project in the once highly notorious district Comuna 13. But the city has not rested on its laurels. Te authorities continue to useevery chance to continue the success story.

One such opportunity was offered by the UVA Orfelinato drinking water reservoir. Typical for such facilities, it is situated on a hill overlooking the city, and it is in the middle of a steeply-sloped residential area. The two giant tanks had become out dated and were recently substituted by two new ones. Demolishing the old reservoir tanks would have been very expensive and a waste of resources, so the city planning department"Empresas Públicas de Medellín"(EPM) organized a competition to gather ideas to adapt them for other uses. Te competition participants included Mario Camargo and Luis Tombé, the two young architects who run the firm Colectivo720 in Cali, the largest city in western Colombia.

The intervention that Colectivo720 proposed, and with which they won the city's competition, is diverse and comprehensive. Previously inaccessible, the entire area, including the two disused tanks and the two new ones, will be fully open to the public as a park and venue for cultural events and sports activities – the uses are virtually unlimited. Te site is uninterrupted and linked to the various surrounding neighborhoods.

A large portion of the sloping site will be covered with a roof, thereby creating two usable levels. Large openings in the roof will allow light to reach the lower level and accommodate vertical circulation. Te lower area will be re-graded to make the area level; the two disused water tanks will not be covered. One of them is to be transformed into a round outdoor auditorium, a multi-use arena with steps that double as amphitheater seating. The second tank will be refilled with water. The architects envisage this as an aquatic garden full of water plants and with a viewing pier extending out over the water. Other areas on the lower level include covered gathering spaces and open green spaces where water games can be held, and toward the rear is plenty of space for offices, a shop for local products, an internet cafe, and a large auditorium.

The usable roof deck of the upper level will be carpeted with turf and converted into a multifunctional park. From here you can see the openair auditorium and the pond, and enjoy a breathtaking panorama of the city. Small interventions, sustainable programs, and interesting attractions are spread throughout the large park. Tis is a sociotechnical landscape of exceptional beauty – and very close to a new, well-used public library and another park to which it will be connected by new pedestrian paths.

To minimize construction costs, the architects are using primarily what is already available; Recycled materials and local construction methods will be used for construction. The use of local workers enables knowledge transfer through simple training programs, and builds engagement with the project.

The architects paid particular attention to operation and maintenance costs. The need for artificial lighting and the associated power consumption is being kept as low as possible –which is why they are using reflective surfaces and skylights to bring daylight through the lower level. Still, artificial lighting is required for the rooms in the rear areas and at night; the power is supplied by an on-site photovoltaic system.

Openings allow cross ventilation; the constant breeze dissipates the heat. The green roof and the roof overhang shade large areas to keep temperatures comfortable. Air conditioning is not required except in the internet cafe, where the computers need greater cooling. The local microclimate makes the architects' job easier. Medellín is known as the "capital of eternal spring," thanks to its altitude of 1,500 meters above sea level, and the perfectly-balanced climate with average temperatures of 21 to 22 degrees Celsius. Some of the various interventions on the site involve waste management. A newly developed program facilitates and encourages the collection of glass, paper, and cardboard; the materials are used for arts and crafts projects, increasing the environmental awareness of the population. In addition, green waste is processed and composted.

Another program supports the rational use of water resources. Various methods are applied to reduce water consumption on the site – thus raising people's awareness of possible ways to minimize water use. These include simple technologies for collecting rainwater and graywater used for irrigation.

The variety and number of measures – reuse of building materials, renewable energy sources, recycling programs, graywater use, integration of nature – make this project a symbol of sustainable urban development. And thus also a concrete demonstration of the positive development that Medellín is currently making a reality.

9 人工照明及水處理/Artificial lighting supply and water handling

問(wèn)：UVA 孤兒院有哪些參賽要求？

馬里奧·卡馬戈：只有很少的條件。最重要的就是必須讓公眾受益。

路易斯·托姆貝：有一個(gè)初步的任務(wù)書。它是通過(guò)一個(gè)參與性過(guò)程建立的，EPM已經(jīng)提前確定了當(dāng)?shù)厥忻竦男枨蠛驮竿?。在今天的麥德林，公眾參與到此類項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氖?，我想我們也不能高估這種做法的重要性。

問(wèn)：你們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的目標(biāo)是什么？

托姆貝：我們從一開始就明確的是，希望能保留地段上積極的特質(zhì)，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)多功能設(shè)施——物盡其用。

問(wèn)：你們將回收材料用在了哪里？

托姆貝：我們所需的一些混凝土，比如在屋頂上，將會(huì)用回收混凝土與新的混凝土混合制成，這樣能減少混凝土所需的石材骨料。我們還會(huì)利用地段上挖掘出的老水管，作為裝飾性元素或當(dāng)作花盆。

卡馬戈：我們用回收塑料制作家具。另外還會(huì)用廢舊車胎制作沙箱及自行車停車架。我們?cè)谝磺屑?xì)節(jié)中尋求可持續(xù)性的解決策略。

10 屋頂景觀/Rooftop view

問(wèn)：回收材料與整體項(xiàng)目有關(guān)嗎？還是說(shuō)只是一個(gè)象征性的姿態(tài)？

卡馬戈：回收利用是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)策略中一個(gè)重要的可見部分。我們的目標(biāo)是建造真正可持續(xù)性的建筑，因此項(xiàng)目匯總的每一個(gè)層面都會(huì)最大化地滿足這個(gè)目標(biāo)。

問(wèn)：哥倫比亞對(duì)于回收利用的意識(shí)有多強(qiáng)？

卡馬戈：在全國(guó)各地的學(xué)校，都開辦了使用回收材料的藝術(shù)和工藝研修課程。大學(xué)也在推動(dòng)對(duì)回收利用的重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。這種意識(shí)無(wú)疑是在增長(zhǎng)的。

托姆貝：順便一提，為廢棄物建立分離的收集和回收機(jī)制，也是由EPM發(fā)起而導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。

問(wèn)：哥倫比亞很快走上了成功的正軌。是什么在驅(qū)動(dòng)這種轉(zhuǎn)變？

卡馬戈：我認(rèn)為這與今天的信息科技有關(guān)。我們更容易了解在其他國(guó)家發(fā)生的事情，可以借鑒新的思想、傳遞經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的理念。用理性的話來(lái)說(shuō)，地域的界限正在消失。

問(wèn)：信息科技帶來(lái)的好處全球都適用，然而并不是所有國(guó)家都像哥倫比亞這樣實(shí)現(xiàn)了如此大的飛躍?？R戈：是的。哥倫比亞取得進(jìn)步的另一原因，當(dāng)然是它有很強(qiáng)的政治意愿來(lái)改善當(dāng)下的境況。有時(shí)在我看來(lái)，這就像是一場(chǎng)裹挾著一切降臨的雪崩。改良的意愿如此強(qiáng)烈而積極，人們都為自己的成就而驕傲，沒人愿意讓已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的成果輕易溜走。

托姆貝：學(xué)校也對(duì)這個(gè)發(fā)展做出很大的貢獻(xiàn)。終究，我們的進(jìn)步是民主化進(jìn)程的結(jié)果。社會(huì)希望看到進(jìn)步，因此他們也只會(huì)為那些能夠帶來(lái)進(jìn)步的政治家投票。

卡馬戈：政府和市民正在合作。你可以看到，我們的項(xiàng)目在幫助將麥德林還給市民。至今為止，這片地段都是禁止入內(nèi)的；而未來(lái)，每個(gè)人都可以盡情享受這個(gè)公園。

問(wèn)：在麥德林，我們很驚訝地看到如此大量的綠化空間。這個(gè)城市是否還需要更多的公園呢？

托姆貝：這同樣是保存現(xiàn)有空間的問(wèn)題——城市的擴(kuò)張如此之快，越來(lái)越多的廢棄區(qū)域被重新利用。我們的設(shè)計(jì)干預(yù)或許只是滄海一粟，但它對(duì)臨近的街區(qū)將產(chǎn)生極大的影響。

問(wèn)：在你們提交競(jìng)賽材料時(shí)，預(yù)計(jì)建設(shè)會(huì)在2014年10月開始。但時(shí)間已經(jīng)過(guò)去了，卻并沒有開始。這是為什么呢？

卡馬戈：這很常見，事情推進(jìn)總是比預(yù)想的要花更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，不過(guò)拖延對(duì)項(xiàng)目也有好處：我們研究得更加深入，試圖將公園和附近的圖書館密切連接。我們的想法是將社區(qū)的室外公共空間更好地整合起來(lái)。項(xiàng)目建設(shè)開始于2015年4月，并將在2015年年底完工。人們對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的熱情很高，在政府內(nèi)部同樣如此。在麥德林不遠(yuǎn)的未來(lái)，還會(huì)有更多像這樣的水庫(kù)需要改造。因此，我們這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的象征意義——以及獲得2014年豪瑞可持續(xù)建筑獎(jiǎng)拉美區(qū)金獎(jiǎng)的榮譽(yù)——是不可限量的。獲獎(jiǎng)之后，我們將項(xiàng)目實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)力更強(qiáng)了。（黃華青 譯）

11 室外觀禮臺(tái)/Outdoor auditorium

12 觀禮臺(tái)和日光廳堂/Auditorium and light hall

13 水、日光以及城市景觀強(qiáng)調(diào)了與場(chǎng)所的認(rèn)同、提升了該場(chǎng)所的城市地標(biāo)屬性/Water, light and the city landscape accentuate identity with place, and enhance an urban landmark.

Q: What were the requirements of the UVA Orfelinato competition?

Mario Camargo (MC): There were only a few conditions. The most important one was that the solution must benefit the public.

Luis Tombé (LT): And there was a rudimentary room program. Te basis for this was a participatory process by which the EPM had previously clarified the needs and wishes of the local citizens. Te involvement of the people in such projects in Medellín is taken for granted today, and I don't think we can overestimate the importance of this approach.

Q: What were your goals when you developed your project?

LT: For us it was clear from the beginning that we wanted to preserve the site's positive qualities and create a multifunctional facility – using what already exists.

Q: Where are the recycled materials being applied?

LT: Some of the concrete we need, for instance for the roof, will be made from recycled concrete as aggregate in the new concrete, reducing the volume of quarried rock required. We will also use the old water pipes which were excavated from the site; they will serve as decorative features or will be converted into planters.

MC: We are using recycled plastic for the furniture. And we will makes and boxes and bicycle stands from old car tires. We are looking for sustainable solutions across every detail.

Q: Are the recycled materials relevant to the overall project – or are they more of a symbolic gesture?

14 長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)景象：建筑師將社會(huì)性需求與技術(shù)性需求融合，以創(chuàng)建“社會(huì)—技術(shù)化”的景觀/Long-term view: the architects merge social imperatives with technical requirements to create a "socio-technical" landscape.（圖片來(lái)源/Photo: Aníbal Gaviria, Mayor of Medellín）

MC: Recycling is an important and visible part of our strategy. Our aim is to create a genuinely sustainable project; so every aspect of the project is being optimized according to this target.

Q: How strong is the awareness of recycling in Colombia?

MC: At schools around the country there are now workshops in which recycled materials are used in arts and craft classes. Universities are also pushing a new vision of the importance of recycling. Awareness is definitely growing.

LT: Incidentally, getting set up for separate collection and recycling of waste is the result of an EPM initiative.

Q: Colombia found the path to success very quickly. What are the drivers for the transformation?

MC: I think it has a lot to do with today's information technology. We can better take on board what happens in other countries, we can get ideas, and transfer proven concepts. In rational terms, there are fewer and fewer limits.

Q: The benefits of IT apply globally – yet not all countries are making such a leap forward as Colombia. MC: Tat's true. Another reason for the progress being made in Colombia is certainly that there's very strong political will here to improve the situation. Sometimes it all seems to me like an avalanche that carries everything along with it. There's a strong competitive spirit to improve things; people are proud of what they achieve, and no one is willing to let what has been achieved slip away easily.

15 光明未來(lái)：建筑形態(tài)與現(xiàn)存元素相適應(yīng)，以確保最小的影響，以獲得可承擔(dān)的可持續(xù)性建筑/Bright outlook: The architectural form adapts to the pre-existing elements to ensure minimal impact, and results in an affordable and sustainable building.（圖片來(lái)源/Photo: Aníbal Gaviria, Mayor of Medellín）

LT: Schools are also significantly contributing to the development. Ultimately, our progress is a consequence of the democratic process. The community wants to see things improved, and they are ready to vote for politicians who will achieve this.

MC: The government and the people are cooperating with each other. You can see that in our project: It's helping to give Medellín back to its citizens. Until now, the site was off limits; but afterwards, everybody will be able to use the park.

Q: In Medellín, one is struck by the large number of green areas. Does the city really need more new parks?

LT: It's also about conserving existing space – the city is growing fast, and more and more rundown areas are being rehabilitated. Even if our intervention is only a small measure, it has great significance for the immediate neighborhood.

Q: Your entry stated that construction would begin October 2014. This date has passed without anything happening. Why?

MC: As often happens, things took a bit longer than we first thought – but the delay benefitted the project: We studied further, and tried to link our park even better with the nearby library. The idea is a more integrated outdoor public place for the community. Construction began in April 2015, and will be completed by the end of the year. There is great enthusiasm for the project, also in the city government. And there are more such reservoirs in Medellín that need to be revamped in the near future. The symbolic power of our project – and the honor to have been recognized with the Holcim Awards Gold 2014 Latin America – is therefore not to be underestimated. Receiving the prize has increased our commitment to materializing the project.

16 建筑師想要保留場(chǎng)所的優(yōu)勢(shì)并利用現(xiàn)存條件設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)多功能的設(shè)施/The architects wanted to preserve the site's positive qualities and create a multifunctional facility – using what already existed. （圖片來(lái)源/Photo: EPM）